Earticle

This paper aims to establish the grammatical relationship between the syntactic positions of S-adverbs and information structure. The crosslinguistic properties of S-adverbs are as follows: i) S-adverbs have a focal stress only in a post-subject position; ii) S-adverbs cannot occupy a post-subject position when subject is focused; iii) S-adverbs in a pre-subject position are usually interpreted as topic. To analyze these properties, a new approach toward S-adverbs is attempted in this paper. This approach actively applies two important Minimalist theories, that is, Agree and phase. Under the Agree mechanism suggested here, the Probe C0 carrying an uninterpretable feature [uF] seeks for its Goal containing an [iF]. By Agree, every S-adverb bearing an [iF] can be independently licensed by C0, a phase head. On the other hand, under the phase-based focusing mechanism made in this paper, only the highest syntactic element (either subject or S-adverb) can receive a focal stress in the spellout domain of the CP phase (i.e. TP). In other words, the spellout domain is a focus domain for S-adverbs. Unless it has a focal stress, neither subject nor S-adverb can survive in the focus domain. For this reason, S-adverbs occurring in a pre-subject position are the outputs of anti-focus movement, and thus they are usually interpreted as topic.

This paper examines the meaning of ‘becoming a jailbird’ through the behaviors of Starbuck in Vonnegut’s Jailbird. Starbuck, a Harvard graduate, works as an official in the Nixon administration. He is then summoned as a Watergate co-conspirator and ends up going to jail. When he is released from the prison, he happens to meet his first lover, a shopping bag-lady and president of RAMJAC and is finally changed by her mercy and good will, and is freed from his pessimistic view and despair. But later, in the face of Kathleen’s sudden death, he conceals her will, despite her testament, and goes to jail. As a result, this delays the collapse of RAMJAC and helps the poor and people in need. Before he returns to the prison, he fulfills his self-bestowed responsibility as did Billy of Slaughterhouse-Five, by prescribing corrective lenses for Earthlings thanks to his trip to Tralfamadore. When Starbuck tries to save many people from the corrupted society and the greed of capitalistic system, it shows his spirit of sublimity and sacrifice. At his trial, he invokes the Sermon on the Mount in his unceasing quest for justice. Consequently, Vonnegut seeks justice as a realizable goal through the behaviors of jailbirds such as Starbuck and Trout. Through Jailbird, a mixture of fictionality and historical fabrication, Vonnegut lets us know that we need the love of mankind in order to coexist and realize peace and justice in this absurd world.

This paper aims to examine the meaning of the Bundren’s Journey in Faulkner’s As I Lay Dying. Many critics insist that the Bundren’s journey is the heroic adventure because it shows us man’s power to act and to endure. This perspective, however, does not make sense when we consider the predicament of alienation and isolation which the Bundrens suffer from. Thus, I explore the meaning of funeral journey in terms of “failed love.”In As I Lay Dying William Faulkner shows multiple narrators revolving around Addie’ dead body. We can find out failed love among family members in the Bundrens in multiple perspectives. They all suffer from alienation and isolation. Although Addie is very different from Anse in view of their life styles, they live a life of alienation and isolation. Darl is the family sacrifice, an unwanted son. Betrayed by Dewey Dell and assaulted by Jewel, Darl is taken away to the asylum. Jewel is depressed because of the loss of his affectionate horse. Cash is not comfortable because he has a broken leg. Dewey Dell and Vardaman are also in anxiety and fear. Finally, even though Anse gets a new wife, William Faulkner manifests that we should realize the importance of mutual communication and love in order to keep a healthy family through the Bundrens’ funeral journey.

Effective communication strategies (CSs) has been shown to enhance L2 learners’ proficiency by a number of researchers. This study investigated Korean college EFL learners’ interactions to see what factors encourage the learners to use effective communication strategies in interpersonal communications. For this, the interpersonal interactions of six pairs, two high-high proficiency pairs (H-H), two high-low proficiency pairs (H-L), and two low-low proficiency pairs (L-L), were recorded twice and analyzed for the amount of token and CSs and choice of CSs. Interviews, observations, and personal backgrounds were also collected for this qualitative study. The results showed that interactional moves have more powerful influence on the use and choice of CSs rather than learners’ proficiency. The learner’s role in the interaction, the proficiency gap with the interlocutor, and collaborative relation appeared as strong factors that affect the amount of output and choice of effective strategies.

This article examines the devil’s world and strategies for tempting human beings to sin as represented in Lewis’s The Screwtape Letters. Lewis uses a technique never used before in his time. This story is a series of letters from a senior devil(Screwtape) to his trainee (Wormwood). Thirty one letters give readers an interesting point of view into human behavior. Lewis enables readers to understand the concepts of how evil works while helping them recognize the existence of spiritual warfare and the dynamics of temptation. Through the devil’s strategies of tempting human beings, Lewis shows that the battle between good and evil happens in our hearts and behavior as well as the physical realm. No one escapes from the workings of devil, which is a humbling realization. Devil uses so many different worldly things and thoughts to deceive us. However, so many times we are not knowledgeable about it until we have been had. Lewis emphasizes the importance of prayer in spiritual warfare in that prayer plays a significant role in how Christians think of God as well as how they relate to their families and people around them. Prayer helps them keep their faith strong through trials as a result of bringing the resources of God into their lives.

The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the achievement process’s characteristics of HSGPA(High School Grade Point Average) of whole grades, NAAT (National Academic Achievement Test) of three years, and CSAT(College Scholastic Ability Test) on English. This study carried out the analysis of correlation and regression between HSGPA and CSAT Scores on English in an Academic High School. In addition to qualitative data from HSGPA and CSAT, this study conducted survey by subject students to analyze the role of the affective component. The results show that the achievement of students who have already accumulated learning strategies by or before first year was usually higher than those who don’t. The level of knowledge of lower grade has also determined whether the students could have good achievement or not in their future. According to the analyses from the survey research, the significant variables that made main impacts on the students’ achievement were parents’ SES(Social Economic Status), educational background, teacher’s encouragement, private academic education time, and individual study hours. Among them, parents‘ SES was highly related with students’ CSAT scores, while positive relationship with teachers and stable study hours gave significant influence on HSGPA scores of students. In sum, the HSGPA, based on the results of this paper, had the excellent advantages as the college admission qualifications.

The aim of this paper is to search and suggest the practical usage device on politeness of English and Korean. Politeness is a kind of activity for good manners and it makes our society friendly and live. If someone talks with each other through politeness, their speakings are friendly and good communication activities. When they communicate with each other through politeness, a kind of good manners, they can understand each other well and easily. We have a concept of politeness although it is conscious or unconscious thought. English and Korean have some practical usage devices about politeness. First, it is a cultural difference between Korea and America. America is a linear social structure and Korea is a hierarchical social structure. Second, we can say it at the speaker’s and hearer’s consciousness structure. So, we have to use language with a conscious or nonconscious politeness. Third, we are able to find it at the difference of educational levels. People of higher educational levels use good manners through politeness when they talk, however, people of lower educational levels talk with slangs and use bad manners through non-politeness when they talk. Fourth, we can say it at our living habits. In general, people using politeness are diligent, kind, kindhearted and friendly. But people not using politeness are lazy, non-conceptual, wasteful, unkind. Fifth, we can find and say it at the difference from family members. Large family members are kind, kindhearted and talk with good manners but, generally, nuclear family members are less kind, kindhearted, friendly, diligent than large family members. In conclusion, when we talk about the difference of politeness and practical usage device on politeness of English and Korean, Korean is more polite language than English language. Politeness is very important manner, so we have to keep on using politeness through good ways when we talk to each other.

This essay explores the way that Shakespeare dramatizes an ekphrasis process with the wager between Iachimo and Posthumus in Cymbeline. Recent critics have defined ekphrasis as the verbal representation of visual representation. Many Shakespearean critics increasingly consider Shakespeare’s drama as powerful examples of ekphrasis. In this way, it is possible that ekphrasis should be central to the study of Shakespeare. The wager between Iachimo and Posthumus is a masculine competition for verbal representation and Imogen’s beauty or her body becomes an object for the ekphrasis battle. Thus, the descriptive contest can be seen as an triangle relationship and in Cymbeline, ekphrasis is represented as a strategy by which men describe the female body in order to triumph in a verbal contest with other men. Above all, Iachimo’s description of Imogen and decorations in her bedroom, especially tapestry is one of the best examples of the verbal representation of visual objects in Shakespearean drama. In particular, it is remarkable that Iachimo first calls the hanging in Imogen’s bedchamber an “arras” and then later a “tapestry.” Through the shift in textile terminology, he skillfully dramatizes tapestry ekphrasis. As tapestry is not on the stage but described by Iachimo, Shakespeare requires the audience /reader to see it in the mind’s eye. In bringing pictures to the mind’s eye, ekphrasis can provide images that are not represented on the stage. Eventually, in Cymbleine, Shakespeare’s ekphrasis is presented as a trope that can create a powerful illusion of presence, describing the absent object that we cannot see on the stage.

At the end of the 19th century there was an apocalyptic atmosphere of anxiety and degeneration in the aftermath of the enthusiasm and prosperity that accompanied the imperialism and industrialization of that era. It was sometimes represented as a beast lurking inside an individual, a demonic magic picture, or a dark ugly area located inside a metropolitan city. Oscar Wilde, the representative of decadent aestheticism of fin-de-siecle, shows the poor people and dark slums of London as well as the aristocratic dandies and the rich decorative houses in his only novel The Picture of Dorian Gray. Wilde, a disciple of beauty and sensuous pleasure, has persistently represented his ideals of aestheticism, individualism, hedonism, art for art’s sake, and decadence in his critical essays such as “The Critic as Artist,” “Pen, Pencil and Poison,” and “The Soul of Man under Socialism.” In his novel The Picture of Dorian Gray, he also depicts his theory of art, however, he keeps an ironic distance from his work and brings in an ironic and skeptical tone forgoing the assertive and confident tone which is noticeable in his critical essays. Wilde’s spokesman Sir Henry Wotton praises the aesthetic and hedonistic life, and his disciple Dorian Gray pursues the decadent aesthete’s life seeking pleasure of the senses. However, Wilde reveals corruption and monstrosity hidden behind beautiful appearances, using the magic picture motif and showing the gothic atmosphere of all types of corrupted degenerates. The dualistic plot of the aesthetic and the gothic makes this novel appear to be a story of aestheticism and its subversion. The Picture of Dorian Gray is an important text in that it shows the relationship between the aestheticism and anxiety of fin-de-siecle. Wilde reconsiders his aesthetic ideas in his own work and tries to examine not only their enchantment, but also their limits and traps at the end of the century. This paper aims to interpret The Picture of Dorian Gray as a self-reflexive novel of the fin-de-siecle aesthetic writer.

In English and Korean, addressee honorification is realized in the vocative construction. In the concept of Chomsky’s (1993, 1995) earlier version of Minimalist Program, checking is in the Spec-head relation between the subject and [uHon] of the subject-honorific marker si on T or between the vocative element and [uHon] on Voc. When the honorific vocative element appears in Korean, its corresponding verbal ending marker (e)yo occurs as a head of VocP. Other unchecked syntactic features, the residual unchecked honorific feature percolates up to higher level, let’s say, to Voc, head of VocP to discharge the unchecked feature for the vocative elements such as caney, Kim sepang, or a pen name, which induces the so-called si addressee honorification (i.e., si politeness). In English. Force on C triggers addressee honorification in that the unchecked honorific feature on C percolates up to Voc and discharges its feature in the Spec-head relation with the vocative element in Spec-Voc. The vocative element must appear overtly or covertly. The source of the unchecked honorific feature percolating up to Voc is C in English or T in si addressee honorification of Korean. The addressee honorific marker (e)yo is on Voc from which it discharges its honorific feature.

The purpose of this article is to approach Konglish, which is the Korean style broken English, from the perspective of nativism not from the behavioristic one. I view Konglish as a natural language development in the process of Korean’s acquiring English as a foreign language, which is very similar to the interlanguage development made by other foreign language speakers of English. To explain the features of Konglish in detail, I provide very specific reasons and examples via three aspects such as linguistic(L1 transfer), socio-psycholinguistic, and educational ones. According to my own experience and observation as an EFL learner and teacher educator in Korea, I suspect that Konglish is, by and large, due to the English language education at Korean public schools from K-12, including the curriculum, teachers, learning materials, and assessment methods. Based on the critical analysis of each of these factors, I offer several practically applicable ideas and solutions in order to change the current situation, bringing in a small paradigm shift for English language education at Korean public schools. In conclusion, I do not hesitate to strongly voice that Konglish is not a shameful and negative phenomenon made by L1 transfer over English but an active and positive sign for Korean speakers of English to develop their English communication skills.

It has been criticized that the cultural contents of English education were too much focused on the culture of English speaking countries. As a way to integrate culture with language learning, it is recommended to utilize the culture comparison materials not limited to the Anglo-American culture as topics of language learning. This study aims to investigate the effect of comparing cultural content-based game activities on students’ intercultural competence. For this purpose, two types of game activities were implemented to two classes for 16 weeks. The data from the survey, in-depth interview, and teacher observation were collected and analyzed to find out the significant effect of the game integrated culture activities on students’ language skill, their culture knowledge, and affective aspects. It was found that students had balanced attitude toward both their own culture and the target culture. The result of the study showed that the experimental class had more positive effects on improving interest in English learning and culture learning. This indicated that it is necessary to try more diverse culture integrated approaches to enhance language learners’ intercultural competence.

The group of the Imagists in the early decades of the twentieth century advocated the poetics that stressed the importance of objectivity, exactness, and conciseness of expression in poetry. This tendency resulted in a kind of short poems putting emphasis mainly on visual effects, which seemed to be too superficial to portray the emotions laid deep in human psyche. Some of Pound’s Imagist poems, however, depict emotions from bereavement, separation, and suffering caused by man’s mortality. This paper proposes to analyze two contrasting poems of Ezra Pound, “April” and “Liu Ch’e” which deal with the theme of death. Both poems exemplify a structure typical of Imagist poems: the juxtaposition of a concrete description and a laconic line of metaphorical interpretation. The first of these poems describes the dismemberment of king Pentheus by the Dionysian maenads for opposing Dionysos. The poem does not utter any sorrow for the death but attains a reconciliation by suggesting the cosmic order governing the nature. Whereas this poem deals with the communal death of a Western mythical figure, the second poem “Liu Ch’e” deals with the actual death in a private world of Eastern history. Pound transformed the poem from Giles’ translation into a totally new kind of Imagist poem. The last line in Pound’s adaptation effectively communicates the emperor’s sorrow by presenting a concrete and metaphorical image.

This article applies Scott Bryson’s ideas of place-making and space -consciousness to Emily Dickinson’s some nature poems. Dickinson’s model of both ideas makes us get over our alienation by making a place through desirable relationship with nature and realize our epistemological limitation about nature by valuing space. Voluntarily alienated from the world, Dickinson devotes herself to her place, particularly nature at home, which is for her the substitute of the religion which dominated the cultural atmosphere of Amherst in her time. Even her alienated female work at home becomes a desirable model to steward nature in contrast with the industrial exploitation of nature. Her attuned celebration of the punctual repetition of nature creates Amherst as her place and her warm hearted communion with diverse natural beings enlivens her place. In spite of Dickinson’s well-versed devotion and sensitive observation about nature, however, she admits she can never know nature. She enjoy the feeling of wonder and freedom toward endless discoveries which her realization of the epistemological limitation about nature permits. Dickinson’s model encourages us to nurture topophilac devotion to our place and at the same time to appreciate nature’s real autonomy.

This essay examines the differences between William Wordsworth and Ralph Waldo Emerson in their understanding of the relationship between the poet and his readers. Whereas Wordsworth’s poetics is mainly concerned about how to maximize the possibility of sympathetic communication between the poet and the readers, Emerson’s poetics focuses primarily on the poet’s liberation from the imprisonment of the senses and conventions. This difference in their focus arises from their differing definitions of the self. Although Wordsworth’s intense interrogation of different aspects of his own consciousness evinces his awareness of the complicated structure and texture of what constitutes the self, he still thinks within the frame of the eighteenth-century assumption about the uniformity of human nature. On the other hand, vehemently opposed to any attempt to conform to accustomed values and patterns of living, Emerson rejects the eighteenth-century view that posits the common and uniform nature of human beings. For Emerson, nature is constantly in flux, and when one stops endeavoring to become one’s true self, one is cut off from the circuit of power one can tap into to be actualized. Emerson believes the poet’s liberation ultimately extends to his readers’ liberation, which is why he is relatively uninterested in the possibility of communication between the poet and the readers.