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The goal of this paper is to capture the behavior of pronouns and reflexives based on sloppy identity. One major point of surface anaphora in Korean is that Korean pronouns, unlike English pronouns, cannot give rise to the strict/sloppy ambiguity. An interesting property of the Korean overt pronoun ku ‘he’ is that it can never induce the sloppy reading, due to the same restriction prohibiting a bound variable interpretation, unlike English pronouns. This, in turn, suggests that the Korean overt pronoun kunye ‘she’ cannot also exhibit the sloppy reading, unlike English pronouns. This asymmetry between English and Korean may be accounted for by assuming that the quantificational force applies to English with regard to sloppy identity, while it cannot apply to Korean. Another central idea of this paper is that Korean reflexives share common properties with English reflexives with regard to the obligation of the sloppy reading, but ku-casin ‘he-self’ may constitute further support for its pronominal status. That is, it may give rise to the strict/sloppy ambiguity under VP ellipsis, regardless of local binding and non-local binding. It is worth mentioning that deep anaphora in Korean admits the strict/sloppy ambiguity. A demonstrative may in general be understood as a context of copying or as a context of anaphora. Under copying, sentences which include a demonstrative behave like the comparable VP-deletion structure, regardless of locality, whereas under a context of anaphora, deep anaphora gives rise to the strict reading without a linguistic antecedent.

Even while he was in good health, Keats was conscious of his early death and dedicated his life to his art with a desperate urgency, achieving the culmination of his brief poetic career amid the vortex of his acute distress and emotional turmoil. As it is written in The Book of Job, suffering and death are inevitable in our lives as they were in all of Keats’s major poems. Even in The Eve of St Agnes, which might be easily mistaken as a simple fairy-tale or romance, Keats is in fact wrestling with the problem of evil and suffering, and dramatizes the conflict between the dream and the reality of passionate love. To try to blink or even transcend human suffering is merely a task of a dreamer or a poetaster. But the true poet would not assume to escape from the harsh reality either through the comfort of the traditional belief or through the illusion of the visionary imagination. He would struggle to find consolation—however momentary and vulnerable—in the very context of the sorrowful world, and finally make the sublunary world beautiful by his own particular perception of human suffering. It is very sad that our life and its beauty are transitory. But it is the very fact of transience that makes them more meaningful. As Keats says, “the poet and the dreamer are distinct, diverse, sheer opposite, antipodes; and the height of poetry can be reached only by those to whom the miseries of the world are misery, and will not let them rest.”

John Donne is well known in English literature as the founder of the metaphysical poets. When Donne was ordained a priest in the Church of England in 1615 he continued to use the metaphysical conceit in his sermons and theology by “yoking together” the Calvinist and Arminian positions regarding the doctrine of grace. The Church of England was decided Calvinist under King James I but moved toward the Arminian view of theology when Charles I ascended to the throne. Calvinist and Arminians argue as to whether the grace that is offer by God can or cannot be resisted by man. By dividing grace into two parts, Donne maintained that prevenient grace could not be resisted but that subsequent grace could be resisted and required human effort to work in concert with prevenient grace. Donne also maintained a moderate Calvinist conformity by adding that God does not force men to receive His grace but compels them to answer his call by drawing them with an inward call. Donne’s sermons and theology can therefore be seen as a moderate approach to the Calvinist and Arminian theological positions in order to find a solution to the question of the concurrence of the grace of God and the free will of man.

This paper aims to re-think the double-sided aspect of the African- American ideology of ‘flight’ through Toni Morrison’s novel, Song of Solomon. Morrison concentrates on African-Americans who intended to live freely by casting off prejudice and oppression. The free life Morrison wants to portray is attained through a flight without ever leaving the ground. The true meaning of flight emerges when Milkman experiences many trials and errors in his life. His pilgrimage and growth allow him to build a free life in a period when material northern values and traditional southern values coexisted. Milkman could be re-immersed into the Southern tradition of his ancestors and it enables him to gain a whole understanding of the nature of the culture and the true meaning of song of Solomon in which the African-American vernacular is rooted in. Milkman realizes Morrison’s true meaning of flight with the help of Pilate and Guitar, who live a free, positive and harmonious life with their feet fixed on the ground.

This essay explores the shift of natural concept in G. M. Hopkins’ poetic development. His early poems show a distinctively different idea of nature from his later ones, and I argue that his poetry at large departs from the classical and romantic tradition and heads toward the modern ecological conception of nature. Nature, as shown in “An Alchemist in the City” and “The Heaven Haven,” typically serves as a backdrop or ornament for an abstract idea or feeling, so it does not foreground itself as an essential part of the poem. However, this concept of nature undergoes a radical change in Hopkins’ later poetic career. Now his poetry begins to reflect the scientific observation of nature and attempt to capture its detailed biological or ecological aspects from a realistic perspective. In such poems as “The Windhover” and “Harry Plowman” Hopkins not only depicts an object from a realistic viewpoint, but also takes an ecological attitude in doing so. This in turn leads him to think of every creation as having its own unique self, or reality, which distinguishes itself from all the others. All natural things are thus viewed as having an equal existential right. But human egoism, or an anthropocentric world-view, has led to exploit and wreak havoc on nature. Hopkins puts that nature is a unique divine source which humanity has for restoration of its spiritual integrity.

Do language learners prefer insertion or deletion, when they are forced to produce the target speech that is not permissible in native phonology? To answer this question, we analyzed the speech data from 6,887 word data of L1 English, L2 English, and L1 English loanwords, which were elicited from 11 native speakers of American English, 181 Korean adult learners of American English, and 11 native speakers of Korean. We measured the acoustic features that are relevant to insertion and deletion in English. We focused on whether non-native English evidence effects of the native Korean more in the deletion of a consonant, as in [kɑnsɛp] for the English loanword concept; or in the insertion of a vowel, as in [kɑnsɛptɯ]. The results indicate that the learner speech manifests significantly more insertion errors than deletion errors, in both word-level and sentence-level production. The error rate drops drastically after instruction to support that explicit instruction is effective in phonological acquisition of the learner speech.

Recently national Language Education Policy (LEP) in Korea has been introduced in an innovatively changed working condition. The new government in Korea has introduced the new language education policy of ‘Teaching English in English (TEE)’ for every student from elementary to university levels. This innovative policy has been introduced after the announcement of new state-wide English proficiency test, which is being developed by the Korea Institute for Curriculum and Evaluation (KICE). This introduction of a new language test is leading to the implementation of new language education policy and will undoubtedly impact language teaching and practice in public and private schools. Since the new English proficiency test includes speaking and writing sections and the results of the test will serve as an important gate-keeping tool in college entrance processes in Korea, it is expected that the new test will influence the teaching and learning of the English language in general. This paper discusses these issues with empirical data from Korean secondary English teachers and students and suggests that the preparation of policy makers should include both scholarly opinions and practical perspectives from actual language users in Korean society.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of corpus-based approaches to vocabulary learning in high school. The study conducted a four-week long experiment where an experimental group was taught by corpus-based vocabulary learning techniques and a control group was taught by definition-based vocabulary learning techniques. After the experiment, the participants took vocabulary knowledge tests, which intended to measure the following two aspects: 1) knowledge of meaning and use of vocabulary, and 2) receptive and productive knowledge of vocabulary. As a result, the corpus-based vocabulary learning group showed better performance in the aspect of vocabulary use than the definition-based vocabulary learning. group. On the other hand, there was no significant difference between the two groups in the acquisition of word meaning. Also, the study found that corpus-based vocabulary learning had greater effects on the acquisition of both receptive and productive knowledge of vocabulary than definition-based vocabulary learning. Especially, the effects were found to be much more greater on productive knowledge of vocabulary than on receptive vocabulary knowledge. Implications for teaching are also discussed.

This current study explores effects of productivity of English suffixes, such as -al, -ance, -tion, -ment, and of blocking of the word formation rules. The results are as follows: First, the lexicon has Nominal Affixations Rules, which are specified on the lexical item according to their applicability of the rules. And eight verb types are classified with the set of the Nominal Affixation Rules according to whether or not the following rules are applied. Second, common features are as follows: (a) All the verbs to which nominal affixes are attached have prefixes in them. (b) All the verbs to which nominal affixes are attached are two-syllabled words and have the stress on the second syllable. Third, the analysis of the data made us find out the following individual features: (a) Words beginning with the prefixes re-, pro-, de-, con- can have suffixes -al, -tion but not the suffixes -ance and -ment. (b) Words with the prefixes ar- transformed from ad- can have the suffixes -ance and -ment.. (c) Words with the prefixes ac-, ap- changed from ad- cannot have the suffix -ance but can have the suffix -ment. However, words with the prefix directly followed by /q/ can have both -ance and -ment. (d) Word beginning with the prefixes de-, con-, per-, o(b)-, ac- as well as with the word stucture /ad- + Vowel/ cannot have the suffix -al. However, words with the prefix directly followed by /q/ can have the nominal suffix -al. The results can only have the descriptive adequacy but not the explanatory adequacy; therefore, this kind of study on the blocking can be opened to a further research.

Getting Out is a play which the heroine pursues subjective ego in a patriarchal society. In Getting Out, Marsha Norman created two central characters: Arlene, a woman sent to a prison for a second-degree murder, robbery, forgery and prostitution, and who is get portrayed as a positive force and Arlie, the negatively portrayed foil of the same woman. This transformation process of the heroine has three stages. In the first stage, Arlie comes to recognize her crimes and tries to commit suicide as she has a weak self. This stage is called the recognition stage. In the second stage, Arlene confesses her past to Ruby, her neighbor. Ruby knows the terror of solitude and the frustration of menial jobs, so Ruby knows all the line men use and protects Arlene from them. This stage is called the bond stage. In the third stage, Arlene refuses men’s seduction and finds the right job in which she works hard at. This stage is called the independent stage. In conclusion, Arlene comes to have subjective and active self through three stages. Arlene comes to find a new self by Ruby’s bond. She comes to be subjective self which has confidence, option, female desire, judgement and business want.

This study investigates a relationship between explicit knowledge of rules and accuracy in article use for advanced Korean learners on a controlled methodology and a detailed classification system of articles. The purpose is to examine if teaching English article rules to L2 learners improves accuracy in their using articles. The participants were seventy-two college and graduate students. The students completed a fill-in-the-article test and a knowledge-of-rules test. The quantitative analyses of the data revealed that there is a significant correlation between rule knowledge and article use in an overall way. Specifically, explicit knowledge of rules and article accuracy were strongly correlated in the usages of ‘no article’ ∅ such as the zero article ∅1 in Type 1, 3, and 4 and the null article ∅2 in Conventional use. These findings suggest that formal instruction of articles is effective for advanced Korean learners. Teaching materials should be developed with a focus on the usages of ‘no article’ ∅. Teaching explicit article rules and providing sufficient exercises with the global context may contribute to improving advanced Korean learners’ accuracy in using articles.

Most studies on anaphora resolution have been done not in the discourse but in the sentence, in the generative grammar or formal linguistics. In the computational linguistics, however, many studies on it have been presented in the discourse level. The Centering Theory could be more representative than others. Beaver (2004) have presented a new theory in the perspective of linguistics, called the Centering in Optimality Theory, combining Centering Theory in computational linguistics with Optimality Theory in phonology originally. In this respect, this paper aims to overview, compare, and evaluate two theories, CT and COT. In this paper, we show that the constraints in COT are recognizable from rules and algorithms in CT, and the ordering of constraints in COT is also related to the one of rules in CT. we point out the common and different points between COT and CT. In addition, we discuss some merits and drawbacks of COT, in terms of defeasibility of constraints and processing cost. Finally, we want to say that COT is an anticipated model for discourse anaphora resolution.

The Bluest Eye (1970) written by Toni Morrison illustrates the process of establishment of the racial shame in an African American family in 1940. Pecola, a little black girl, who prays for the bluest eyes for more than one year represents the shameful side of the African American identity as the result of white supremacy among both of the black and the white. Her parents from the South had experienced the symbolic racial humiliating events by the whites respectively on the aspect of gender and race. The parents’ trauma and poverty transmit to their children. And the majority of inhabitants in Lorain having accepted the white supremacy give destructive effect on Pecola. This paper, based on the family theory by John Bradshaw and the trauma theory by Judith Herman, analyzes consequences of the exclusion from the parents and of the daily accumulation of racial humiliating events by the inhabitants. The racial identity of the older generation is degenerated and the younger generation succeeds to the racial shame. Therefore, this paper eventually examines Morrison’s assumption for the survival of the black community to break the transmission of the racial shame.

Tennessee Williams was a short story writer until he became interested in writing plays at the age of twenty-four. When he seriously began to write plays, he reused plots, characters, and ideas that he had already dealt with in short story form. In fact, almost all of his major plays grew more and less directly out of his short stories. “Desire and the Black Masseur” is an appropriate story to explore his plays because it conveys very graphically and grotesquely the basic attitude, that sexual desire is a terribly destructive force, which is at the root of most of Williams’ works. In Summer and Smoke, the fires of desire inside her destroy Alma mentally and physically. Her descent into promiscuity at the end of the play shows how real this destruction has been. In A Streetcar Named Desire, desire as her husband’s homosexuality was responsible for Blanche losing Allan, which loss drove her into the behavior that finally destroyed her. For Blanche, desire in the form of promiscuity has brought about the loss of her teaching position, her respectability, her self-respect, her ideals, and desire in the form of Stanley has caused her to lose Stella, Mitch and finally even her sanity. The destruction that desire brought to Alma and Blanche warns us that there is in store for them the terrible suffering which finally makes their lives intolerable.

This study aims to discuss Derek Walcott’s eco-centric perspectives on the Carib’s colonial history and aftermath. Walcott’s perspectives, like those of eco-critics, are in opposition to those of Western imperialists and capitalists whose dominant thoughts and cultural heritage fundamentally lead to both the oppression of man and the domination of nature. In “Prelude”, “Crusoe’s Island”, “The Star-apple Kingdom”, “The Green Night”, Another Life, and Omeros, Walcott shows how the Caribbean people are victims who have been afflicted and exiled by the West’s colonialists and capitalists. And he tries to heal the people’s colonial wounds; however, Walcott doesn’t have any gods to cure their deep painful wounds. His healing perspective comes from the lonely, painful knowledge learned from isolation and suffering. This knowledge is revealed in his writing which explores the primitive spirit and mythology of Caribbean nature, which represents a mutually coordinated fulfillment of human and ecological values. Yet the truth of Walcott’s knowledge is that human-natural and physical-spiritual fulfillment cannot mean the historical and cultural wounds of Caribbean colonialism without self-overcoming and self-efforts.

According to his theory of theatre in Some Thoughts on Playwriting, Thornton Wilder strongly believes that theatres in his days have been corrupted by a realistic trend. Instead, he praises the golden age of theatre such as the Greek and Shakespearean eras, when both goals of efficacy and entertainment were achieved. During these eras, theatre became a space for celebrating ritual or festival for all the people; therefore, Wilder wants to restore the spirit of ritual/festival in the theatre experience. Wilder’s theory of theatre is exemplified in Our Town written in 1938. In order to examine Wilder’s attempt to restore ritualistic spirit to the plays, I have applied well-known concepts of Victor Turner. Turner characterizes ritual and theatre as liminal phenomena(inbetween/threshold state) where participants experience communitas(“the modality of human being’s interrelatedness”). Furthermore, Turner considers that theatre and ritual share a common ground regarding their emphasis on repetition of human beings’ universal patterns. Our Town is a ritualistic play in that this play creates liminal phenomenon and communitas as well as it uses mime as symbol. Wilder removes realistic scenery and props; instead, actors in Our Town express situations through miming in almost empty space. Thus, actors’ mimed behaviors themselves become symbols of everyday life actions. Through Emily’s realization of life, which itself is a liminal phenomenon, the audience have an opportunity to deliberate on their lives with different and changed perspectives. Even though Emily cannot resurrect from death, the audience can “resurrect” from an ignorant stage like death, where they have not appreciated the significance of life.

It has been commonly noted that rightward movement operations, such as Extraposition and Heavy NP Shift, have discourse and prosodic effects. On the basis of this observation, linguists like McCloskey (1999), Landau (2001), and Göbbel (2007) suggest that rightward movement operations belong to the phonological component. A main advantage of this PF movement approach is that it can derive the strict locality of rightward movement jointly with the Cyclic Spell-Out hypothesis. Rightward movement beyond the boarders of a phase will be impossible since Spell-Out of a phase establishes the linear order of its elements and further operations may not alter this ordering at the next phase. However, the PF movement approach suffers from a major shortcoming. A natural prediction of the PF movement approach is that rightward movement would have no semantic interpretive effects because the moved copies made by it are invisible to LF. However, contrary to this expectation, the empirical data presented in this paper clearly show that an element shifted by rightward movement plays a crucial role to LF interpretation, such as control, binding, parasitic gap incensing, and scopal interpretation. Considering these semantic effects, we should regard rightward movement not as a PF operation but as just another instance of Move ɑ in narrow syntax.

In the title page of Milton’s 1645 volume there are very significant frontispiece and motto. Prefatory engravings and title pages in this period serve as a kind of summary of the themes of the book, alerting the reader to the meaning to grasp. Milton seemed to imply in the motto that he would be a great national “vates,” and at the center of the frontispiece there is a portrait of Milton as a young man. This portrait is surrounded in the corners by representations of four of the Nine Muses: Melpomene, the muse of tragedy, Clio, the muse of history and fame, Erato, the muse of love poetry, and Urania, the muse of astronomy and sacred poetry. It is inferred from this title page that Milton decided to publish a poetic autobiography which would not only display his earlier works but also would declare firmly where he saw his poetic vocation to lie in the future. But at the last scene of his poetic career Milton realized that all the muses except Melpomene had played their roles in his poems. Erato inspired the poet in the earlier lyrics, and Clio and Urania appeared together in Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained. So in order to keep his promise made in the 1645 Poems, he devoted all the remnant of his creative energy to writing a great tragedy. At first the poet-protagonist, Samson, gave vent to his emotions of suffering, blindness, grief, and death(Erato), but he came to accept the providence of God(Urania) who would be sure to lead his nation to a liberated country(Clio). So he was willing to meet a heroic death (Melpomene) in the idolatrous feast of Dagon.

Early development of listening ability has been viewed as vital in the field of teaching English as a Foreign/Second Language (EFL/ESL). Both researchers and teachers have thus been greatly concerned with finding some ways to improve the learner’s listening competence, or better ideas to help learners acquire listening skills in the formal classroom setting. As one way of achieving this goal, this study spells out advantages of using technologically up-to-date audio/video data processing softwares over traditional audio/video players or CD/DVD players. These traditional language teaching aids have been of use and still can be to some extent. But they have been somewhat limited in terms of easier retrieval of necessary language input at the teacher’s will. For instance, when teachers try to use some specific parts of audio-video tapes for test construction, they have to spend a lot of time and energy cutting and pasting them. In addition, the audio/video quality often decreases in the process due to some technical problems. This study shows that both Digital Sound Processors (DSP) like Adobe Audition and Visual Data Processors (VDP) like Virtual Dub can be used so as to overcome those ever-existing limitations and thus to enhance ways of teaching listening. As a case study, this study comes up with a few practical ideas of how to apply language teaching materials made by using audio/video data processing programs to teaching listening, particularly for adult EFL learners.

This essay aims to trace allegorical elements in Howards End. Forster’s world view is founded on the dualism of the ideal and the reality. In this work he tries to extend his vision of life to the social and economic spheres. Here comes the dilemma of how to represent it. In spite of his social and personal realism, his characters and backgrounds of the work inevitably reflect allegorical features. Howards End represent the spiritual values in harmony with nature while the city, London, and automobiles demonstrate the features of modern civilization which include disorder, fluidity and reduction of time and space. The values of backgrounds are also embodied in the main characters. The surrogate of Forster, Margaret tries to integrate her inner life with the outer reality. Her marriage with Mr. Wilcox is a search for a home where inner life and outer life can be combined in an integrated vision of life. The relationship of Helen with Bast can be read as an artistic way for extending Forster’s vision of social integration. This work achieves a temporary order in the chaos of personal and social life with some failures in the implausibility of characterization and plot Even with these flaws, this work can be read as a tribute to the people who venture to risk their lives with courage, and as an allegorical representation of human efforts in search for an ideal.