Earticle

According to the program of the Enlightenment, ‘reason’s light’ reveals the mechanism of the world and expels an unreasonable phenomenon. This is called “the demystification of the world”, which is the ideal of modernity. They ascribe undecipherable phenomenon to supernatural power which they cannot understand. But the Enlightenment thinkers say we can understand the world if we grasp its principle by observations and scientific methods. Detective novel is a realization of scientific ideas and the Enlightenment program. Through observations, scientific knowledge and scientific imagination, detectives can solve the mystery of the crime. The Hound of the Baskervilles deals with a killing game between Holmes and Stapleton. Holmes uses his scientific knowledge against a big hellish hound with burning eyes and a bloody mouth of the Baskerville family. The hound reminds us of the Cerberus in a Greek mythology, and it gives a horrible feeling to the farmers in Dartmoor. But Holmes rejects this fearful feeling because the dog is not a supernatural being, but a real dog with flesh and blood. Holmes’ Science of reasoning casts the light of the Enlightenment on the dark world of crime in The Hound of the Baskervilles, and deconstructs the mysterious legend of the past.

Since Phillis Wheatley’s Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral was published in 1773, Phillis Wheatley has been evaluated as the founding mother of African American literature as well as African American Women literature. However, her reputation and place in the literary history were not so secure because her status as a black female slave forced her readers to consider her socio-political role and symbol rather than anything else. Therefore, “the question of how to interpret and evaluate Wheatley the poet in light of her status as a black female slave in eighteenth-century New England has been the critical crux” for researchers of Wheatley and her poems. Lots of her critics have argued that Wheatley failed to not only meet the urgent needs of African American people suffering under the iron chains of slavery, but identify herself with African American people. But such an estimation of Wheatley seems nothing but the result of their failures to appreciate that Wheatley was a ‘genius in bondage’ and furthermore her main literary strategies were irony, parody, and subversion. So in this article, I want to examine and evaluate her wellknown poems focusing on their historical context and literary devices. As a result, I want to show that Wheatley was an excellent poet who represented the cause of freedom for African American people in her own unique ways, not ignoring to point out the gap and absurdity between crying for American Independence and maintaining slavery system.

This study examines the control, power and system problems of Suzanne Collins’s The Hunger Games through Jean Baudrillard’s cultural theory and focuses on contemporary society and culture. The Hunger Games trilogy is a young adult fantasy novel that is set in Panem, which is a dystopian country in the future. Collins depicts Capitol as a city where children are slaughtered and tyrants are wielding power for entertainment. It also depicts human beings as individuals consumed by greed and desire of power. According to Jean Baudrillard, modern society is a simulated society that is dominated by images and media. It has no distinction between original and copied, reality and virtual worlds. In The Hunger Games, the game is presented as a festival or entertainment but it is a simulacrum of control and surveillance. It defines the relationship between the ruling class and the ruled class as a strategy for concealing power. Collins describes Capitol and the 13th district in Panem as a dystopian world and calls for a critical reflection on modern society. It also reflects the simulacre era in which the real world can no longer distinguish between reality and fantasy.

This research aims to closely read and analyze William Faulkner’s As I Lay Dying critically and deconstructively utilizing ideas from Georg Hegel’s one of the most controversial and influential philosophical masterpieces, Phenomenology of Spirit. As I Lay Dying describes the Bundrens’ absurd odyssey to bury their mother’s corpse, which turns out to be a mosaic of comic, cosmic, and cacophonic narrative narrated by four brothers, a sister, father, and dead mother who also narrates her esoteric and existential story that deconstructs Western idea of family and ethics setting up Hegel’s ‘ethical community.’ This research is divided into two sections: Hegelian interpretation of characters’ inter-conflict and their struggle to recognition; analysis of the family in the novel through deconstructive reading of Hegelian ethical community in the novel. Then I will present how Hegelian negativity and dialectics work and implode within the novel to prove that the Bundren’s Odessey is not a heroic but absurd drama depicting the collapse of Hegelian idea of ethical community.

This essay analyzes John Henry Newman’s poetics through his poems, particularly, in Lyra Apostolica which was a compilation of poems contributed by the members of the Oxford Movement in the 19th century in England. Newman was the main advocate of the movement and played an important role to develop the Tractarian poetics. However, Newman’s poems featured his own view of nature which was entirely different from that of the typical Romantic and Tractarian poems which were frequently regarded as an analogy of the Sacred. He considered nature a sort of obstacle to his achieving focus on religious Truth, which means his poems took a significant step to Victorianism. Newman’s self was isolated from the larger world and had only himself as its counterpart—which can be seen in ‘Nothingness of Matter’ and ‘Melchizedek.’ His God was ‘up there in a different world’ like the archetype found in Victorian literature. Newman, however, strived for his lonely self to have an encounter with God. For this, he determined to continue his gradual forward march through the conviction of his will and the will of God as described in ‘Light in the Darkness.’ This may be the first of an isolated Victorian self trying to connect itself to the unseen Victorian God in the history of Victorian religious poetry.

The aim of this paper is to examine how rhetorical expressions formed from experience are shown on poems and a novel, expecially “Tract,” “Queen-Ann’s-Lace,” and “Flowers by the Sea” of William Carlos Williams and The Old Man and the Sea of Ernest Hemingway. Williams, who has a long career as a physician as well as a poet, tries to ingeniously invent a totally fresh American form of poetry whose subject matters are focused on common circumstances of everyday life and the lives of ordinary people. Hemingway seeks his style basically shaped in reaction to experience of World War I. This is called the “hard-boiled style” that is economical and understated, with which his literary philosophy has affected existentialism. The two writers show various common points by reacting against the elaborate style of 19th-century writers and creating writings which have a meaning built through simplicity and vitality which can help not only pursue the essential meaning of life, but have also a significant impact on modernist literature representing the 20th century.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the identity of black women and the solidarity of black community through “Parody” in Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye. In Anglo-American culture, black women have been held under a dual oppression because they are not only blacks but women as well. So they have come to have their unique Black Literature so that they can demonstrate distorted identities of blacks. The identities of black women Morrison discusses The Bluest Eye result from the white supremacy. The theme of The Bluest Eye shows the matters of the resistance against racial and woman discriminations through parody in the lives of such characters as Pecola, Pauline and Cholly. In the novel, Morrison wishes to show how far apart the ideal life of American White family is from the actual life of the black family(Pecola’s family). Through ‘Negative Incidents’ that could be found in <Autumn>, <Winter>, <Spring>, <Summer>, she parodies them in a way to illuminate the positive identity of blacks as distorted by the whites. She is the most outstanding ‘post-colonial counter discourse’ writer in view of cinematizing new “Much Bluer Eyes” through re-interpreting “the idealistic” from “the negative” for the self-recognition of black women based on “Post-colonial Counter Discourse.”

In this paper, I explore Helena Maria Viramontes’s Under the Feet of Jesus published in 1995, in terms of what I call “postcolonial environmental injustice.” That is, I demonstrate that through the hard life of Estrella’s family, Viramontes shows how Mexican workers have been oppressed in American society. They have been exploited as cheap, “illegal” laborers without legal protection; They have been threatened by dangerous working conditions. In addition, I explore this work with postcolonial approach, on the basis of the historical background that through the Mexican War in 1846 and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 Mexicans lost their lands and property rights; Since then, Mexican laborers have been exploited as “illegal” migrant workers. In short, I demonstrate that in Under the Feet of Jesus, Viramontes shows the postcolonial environmental injustice that has been done on Mexican migrant workers. By shedding a spotlight on these invisible migrant workers who are racially, socioeconomically, and environmentally underprivileged and oppressed, Viramontes ultimately critiques American society.

This paper aims to investigate how Robert Blair’s poems unravels the problems of human mortality set in elegiac occurrence, vicissitude of worldly occasion, and man’s volition bound up with virtue, dignity, and social accountability. Few scholars in literary fields have scrutinized the poetical works of Blair who has been considered as one of the leading figures during the era of sensibility, along with Edward Young and Thomas Parnell. This paper examines Blair’s The Grave, “A Poem Dedicated to the Memory of the Learned and Eminent Mr. William Law,” and an ode translated from a Latin text in light of the entwined relationship among the irresolvable occasion of human mortality, mutability of man’s affairs, and his aspiration related to personal honor within social territory. Blair’s works resonate the issues of innovation and improvement not only in external institutions but also the internal aspect of the human mind. Blair’s primary texts evince his contemplations on the initial nurturing of the human mind and actions before the occurrence of social reformation of his age. Blair embodies man’s meditation on death and also his spiritual awakening into making human life better not only in outward machinery but also the inward facet of the human spirit.

In Prometheus Unbound Shelley presented a solution about the problem of suffering men in Prometheus who tried to save the world from the tyrant Jupiter. Prometheus is a kind of Shelley’s surrogate for his Utopian Idealism. Shelley also focused love to realize his ideal world founded on freedom and social justice. Liberation of Prometheus is connected with the changing mind of Shelley: his hate was removed by the love of Asia. Shelley wished all men free and happy and was sure that real freedom can be obtained not by the external revolution but by the internal mind revolution. Prometheus recognized human virtue can be contorted into self-destructive one if it was not associated with love. Through his unification with Asia, Prometheus could liberate himself and realize his revolution to the ideal world. In this long poem, Love is an eternal value in the changing world and the most valuable virtue and a power to restore life. When a man recovers the power of love and strengthens morality, he becomes a good man who can realize human freedom and social justice. Unbound Prometheus tells us that ‘freedom’ and ‘love’ can make human life richer and happier.

In revenge tragedies during the British Renaissance, playwrights exposed hidden evils and secrets and realized the justice by causing the wicked to face punishment. In addition, they concluded their works with ‘open ending’, revealing the problems of society that were maintained at that time. In The Changeling, Thomas Middleton and William Rowley focus on men’s and women’s changes induced by lust, and especially emphasize punishing women by revealing their immorality through their changes. They raise the moral problem of Beatrice-Joanna, one of the most dramatic and steadily changing female characters, to highlight women’s riskiness in the patriarchal society. By punishing the women who disturb the patriarchal system, the society seems to be rearranged and the justice seems to be realized. Through ‘open ending’, however, we have got to know that men can not control women’s morality, men can not properly judge true nature by their incompetence, and the male society has been built on women’s immorality. The playwrights emphasize that social justice or moral justice can not be expected or sustained.

This paper aims to examine the aesthetics of acceptance in Hemingway’s earlier works. Participating in the war as young persons, earlier protagonists experience the horrendous calamity there. They are faced with death or wounded in the battle field, and feel the afraid of death. After their back-to-society, they suffer from aftereffects caused by war. Krebs in “Soldier’s Home” falls in helplessness and Nick Adams in Hemingway’s earlier short stories has a hard time with shell shock such as insomnia. The consequence is that they got lost in the world of nihilism. Nevertheless, they read books, go fishing and watch the bull-fighting to treat sleeplessness and purify their body and mind, rather than remain in the social mood of nihilism. Especially, Jake in The Sun Also Rises can dignify himself by the manner in which he accepts the inescapable catastrophe. Jake’s graceful acceptance flourishes in protagonists of Hemingway’s later novels who devote themselves to actualizing justice. As a result, this study shows that Hemingway’s earlier works reveal the aesthetic of acceptance, getting over nihilism which was widespread in 1920’s after World War I.

This paper examines the dissolution of family ideology, gender ideology, family blood ties, marriage, and the re-constitution of family members in Harold Pinter’s The Homecoming. The play is particularly problematic and has provoked voluminous critical responses in the sense that the heroin Ruth decides to stay with her husband’s all-male family despite their suggestions that she become a prostitute. Thus, the heart of the matter is to find the reason for her choice and what the dramatist seeks to convey. She inhabits a kind of Alaska, her American home that denies female desire and female voices. Her father-in-law, Max’s home in England is like a wasteland in which the male family members suffer from the absence of a mother-wife relationship. Pinter ultimately re-constitutes the two family members as a Pinteresque alternative family. The males need Ruth taking their dead mother-wife’s place and she needs a home which provides a certain freedom to do as she desires. The play was written in 1964, so when we think of the variable types of families that have come into being today, we can see that Pinter was incredibly ahead of his time. It is his literary practice to resist and dissolve institutionalized custom, fixed ideas, and traditional systems.

Artificial intelligence translation programs have achieved a high level of reliability with respect to the accuracy of their translation output. In this regard, the goal of this research is to investigate to what level the AI translation program, especially the Google translation program, has advanced so far, and how soon the translation program will take us to the next level. To test the accuracy and reliability of the Google translator’s output, numberous Korean data were used for input including those which were carefully made up or collected to elicit lexical and syntactic ambiguities. The tests conducted in this study are aimed at identifying the types of errors that the Google translation program produces. The findings of the tests show that the Google translator makes various types of errors including lexical, syntactical and idiomatic ones. Lexical and syntactical errors are found to be made in the translation of ambiguous sentences in which contexts human translators are unlikely to make any translations errors, which is attributable to the Google translator's inability to understand non-linguistic cues or information. These results indicate there still remain a number of areas in translation that require human intuition and intervention.

The main thrust of this study is to investigate and elucidate the essential nature of English place-names ending in -wich, focusing on the phonological relationship between root-final /r/ and suffix-initial /w/. The pronunciation of the names can be divided into two types: w-deletion or not. If a suffix -wich is attached to a sonorant-final base, /w/ is deleted as in Greenwich [grinɪʧ] and Woolwich [wulɪʧ]. Otherwise, it is not deleted as in Ipswich [ɪpswɪʧ] and Droitwich [drɔɪtwɪʧ]. However, Middlewich and Combwich exhibit different behavior in that they are pronounced as [mɪdlwɪʧ] *[mɪdlɪʧ] and [kʌmɪʧ] *[kʌmbwɪʧ], respectively. More interestingly, the fact that Norwich and Harwich in non-rhotic areas are pronounced as [nɔrɪʧ] and [hɑrɪʧ], instead of *[nɔ.wɪʧ] and *[hɑ.wɪʧ], leads to confusion. In order to solve the puzzle, this study proposes that intrusive-r is emerged in the process, especially in the case of r-deletion during the base-formation. Finally, this paper shows that the phonological behavior in English place-names ending in -wich can be successfully formalized within the framework of both rule-based and constraint-based theories.

Everett (2005) and Wolfe (2016a, b) claim, against Chomsky’s, that culture constrains language, and language is not innate, but a man- made artifact. Their claim is strikingly false in contrast with uniformity, rapidity, critical period, and degenerated data as proposed by Chomsky (1965; 1968; 1972) for explaining language acquisition (growth). However, Chomsky’s (1996; 2010; 2012) claim, which proposes that language faculty is a result of mutation(s), “a great leap forward,” also has many fallacies. First, it is against information theories like the one proposed by Gitt (1996; 2007) that information is a mental and not a material quantity. It is also observed by scientists like Yang (2010) and Gitt (1996; 2007) that mutation(s) do not add new, complex, and specified information. Chomsky’s assumption of language faculty by mutation(s) cannot account for this observation. Chomsky’s language faculty by arbitrary mutation(s) also cannot explain the working together of speech anatomy and the built-in brain for the framework of intelligence of language use and for language faculty itself. I propose that the innate language faculty claimed by Chomsky can be accounted for without difficulty by irreducible complexity and specified complexity claimed by Behe (1996) and Dembsky (1999), respectively.

This study explores the hierarchy of negative prefixes in English and Korean. English prefixes could be divided into class Ⅰ affixes and class Ⅱ affixes. Korean short-form negation has five limitations of prefixes, and Korean short-form negation has broader productivity, precedes negative prefixes, works in post-lexical boundary, and has word boundary. However, Korean negative prefixes have few applications and cannot transgress short-form negation, work in lexical boundary, and has syllable boundary. We could consider Korean short-form negation as a class Ⅱ affixes and Korean negative prefixes as a class Ⅰ affix. We also could apply this hierarchy to Korean-English translation&interpretation. With regards to long-form negation working in sentence boundary as class Ⅲ negation, the model matches each language’s negation to other language’s negation. If there are no appropriate expressions in one category, we move to a higher boundary. However, in spoken text, we return to class Ⅱ affixes when translating English to Korean because short-form negations are used more commonly in spoken text than long-form negations.

This paper aims to review the scope ambiguity in English and Logic, to investigate whether the scope ambiguity in logic is definitely ambiguous, whether English sentences as a natural language including both a universal quantifier and an existential quantifier is logically ambiguous, and whether English sentences are properly translated into logic forms, with reference to the sense relations of lexical words such as homonymy and polysemy, and the square of oppositions among the propositions with quantifier scope such as contraries, entails, contradictories and subcontraries. After reviewing the previous studies at first, in terms of syntactic approaches, semantic approaches and lexical approaches, we examined the sense relations of polysemy, homonymy, auto-hyponymy. and the square of proposition oppositions to review the definition of scope ambiguity in English and in logic. As a result, we found that the quantifier scopes in both English and logic are in the entails rather than ambiguous that a universal proposition A entails an existential proposition I, and English sentences do not correspond to Logic precisely.

The goal of this study is to provide a feature-centered analysis of the Cor-y sequence realizations framed in constraint-based theoretical model. It is argued in this study that a coronal consonant occurring in privileged positions strongly resists weakening processes while it gets strengthened by aspirated in the case of a coronal obstruent stop. The immunity of a coronal appearing in privileged position is ascribed to the effects of positional faithfulness. When a coronal consonant occurs in non-privileged positions, it is subject to phonological processes: a coronal consonant is co-articulated with the following palatal glide undergoing a slight change in its [+ant] feature. This natural weakening of the coronal onset is due to lack of positional faithfulness effect projected from the non-privileged positions such as unstressed medial syllable or coda position. The constraints in the account reflecting such positional faithfulness are highly ranked to secure the faithful featural realization of consonants in privileged positions. Based on a feature-centered account, the palatalization-like process occurring in a word and palatalization over a morpheme boundary might be distinguished by differentiating the degree of feature changes between them.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the writing activities of middle school English textbooks, constructed by the 2009 Revised National English curriculum, and to find out how those writing activities are presented by grades, types of writing, and the achievement standards. In order to accomplish the purpose, the writing activities of the eight kinds of English textbooks were analyzed by the following criteria; (1) the types of writing activities, (2) the writing achievement standards presented in the National Curriculum, and (3) the characteristics of each grade’s writing activities. The results of data analysis indicated that first, those eight English textbooks differ a lot in proportions of each writing type. The percentage of controlled writing decreases and that of guided and free writing increases gradually as the grade goes up. Next, the textbooks fail to evenly distribute the six writing achievement standards at those writing sections of textbooks. Proportions of writing activities presented in the section were so different by grades and by textbooks. Finally, based on the above findings, this study attempted to make suggestions and for the effective English writing instructions in the classroom.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of strategy training, which was implemented in a university TOEIC listening class. To achieve this purpose, three questions were asked: 1) Does this listening strategy training improve students’ TOEIC listening score?; 2) Are there meaningful changes in students’ using listening strategy?; 3) What difficulties are students facing in TOEIC listening comprehension and what is an appropriate training method? To answer the first question, pre and post mock tests were conducted. As a result, the average listening score improved 50 points. To answer the second question, the pre and post survey were conducted. The result of the survey showed that changes in students’ using metacognitive strategies were higher than those in cognitive strategies. To answer the third question, students’ weekly reports were analyzed. The students’ difficulties in TOEIC listening are British pronunciation, native speakers’ rapid pace, limited vocabulary, lack of concentration, etc. This study suggests that instructors should offer opportunities for students to listen more to both British and American pronunciation and practice taking more listening tests through on-line programs.