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The purpose of this paper is to show how English overlapping reference is acquired by Korean learners of English. First, we have provided an answer to the question of whether or not Korean learners of English lend support to the zero transfer position that learners have complete access to Universal Grammar. Korean learners in the study do entertain the hypothesis that learners look for similarities whenever they can find them but do not respect the zero transfer position. Second, the results of our experiment clearly indicate that Binding Condition B may be part of the innate endowment that Korean learners of English bring to the acquisition task. Third, we have argued in this paper that Korean learners do not predict the TSC effect in the acquisition of English overlapping reference. Fourth, we have argued that L2 learners will acquire pronominal binding first, which appears within the NP, then pronominal binding, which appears within the minimal S. Finally, we have contended that in the case of pronominal binding, the acquisition of overlapping reference in L2 English is affected by Principle B.

Predicting and providing an account for the difficulty of English relative clause comprehension for L2 learners has been attempted within frameworks such as noun phrase accessibility hierarchy (Keenan & Comrie, 1977), and filler-gap hypothesis (e.g. O’Grady, Lee & Choo, 2003). The current study probes whether the frameworks can effectively account for native Korean learners’ errors and comprehension of English RCs. The result shows that multiple factors should be considered, rather than a single framework, in order to explain the difficulty of English relative clauses for Korean L2 learners. This research examined 25 intermediate Korean learners of English using a picture selection task. The result and error analysis suggest that several factors such as the number of intervening nodes demonstrated by the filler-gap hypothesis, canonical word order of English, length of relative clauses, and relative marker used in the relative clauses influence the English learners’ comprehension. The findings may assist developing an efficient pedagogical tool for teaching English relative clauses.

This study aims to compare Paula Vogel’ play How I Learned to Drive and Vladimir Navokov’s novel Lolita. In an interview, Vogel said her play, How I Learned to Drive is the homage to Lolita. Therefore their works have correspondences such as adopting the pedophilia as a principle subject, but How I Learned to Drive has a woman narrator, Li’l Bit and Lolita has a man narrator, Humbert. The former is a victim in the sexual abuse, and the latter is a victimizer. In order to dramatize the characterization, two works show differences such as writing techniques, sequences of retrospection, readers’ response and the ending of works. By interpreting Lolita, Vogel as a female writer manages to render Li’l Bit independent and alive unlike Lolita. The adult males’ (Peck and Humbert) early love toward girls (Li’l Bit and Lolita) is tinged with pedophiliac tendency, but gradually, they achieve a moral growth of real love by repenting their vices and asking for the forgiveness from the bottom of their hearts. Peck destroys himself in drink and Humbert shoots Quilty who is considered his double self and shadow for being forgiven. Ironically, while Li’l Bit condones Peck’s vice, she finds her fault which is the ‘Implied Consent’. Like her saying, “I would say that we can receive great love from the people who harm us. My play dramatizes the gifts we receive from the people who hurt us”, she describes Li’l Bit gets psychologically hurt but she learns a defensive driving for her own life from Peck.

This study researches the relationship between anarchism and humanism in Ursula Le Guin’s The Dispossessed. Historically anarchism has been expressed in various theories on humans’ thirst for freedom. Classical anarchism criticizes state and political power and advocates violent actions, while social anarchism maximizes individual freedom, seeks the value of community, and sets a high value on mutual cooperation and solidarity. The representatives social anarchism are Peter Kropotkin and Emma Goldman. Le Guin who is a science fiction and fantasy writer, accepts the principles and theories of anarchism, but also reinterprets them. Le Guin puts greater emphasis on human freedom and potential possibilities than political ideas and theories and seeks to change social and individual life entirely. The protagonist of The Dispossessed, Shevek overcomes limitations through his journey to Urras. He leaves his home planet, Annares, and recognizes that a gap exists in an ideal he seeks. He changes his individuality through the discovery and realization of the wall. Anarchistic ideals never disappeared in The Dispossessed. such ideals are achieved completed through the action of Shevek returning to his home planet, Annares. Shevek’s return is an expression of his will to embody hope and possibility, and completion of human existence. Through The Dispossessed, Le Guin attempted to fully understand anarchism, known for its dangerous and violent theories. However, she was involved in and connected to the individual and society; she did not reject and exclude either of them.

Among English poets of love, John Donne is unique in the diversity and complexity of his explorations. He explores various important aspects of human experience in his poetry. His individual poems express so many, even contradictory attitudes and feelings of love experience. His mind always travels from one type of experience to another. It does not stay in one world in any case. His entire works including love poems, divine poems and sermons show that his attitudes toward the important issues of life and religion are diverse and complex. And his diversity and complexity are the product of his awareness of change, namely, his concept of time as a process of decay. He does not think of mutability as an implacable external force. Rather, he sees that it is a part of himself, and to talk about himself is to talk about change. Many scholars argue that Donne’s variety and complexity are caused by his capricious and inconsistent disposition. But it is more convincing interpretation to say that they reflect the way by which he sees into the world and himself through the diverse kinds of love experience. His poetry articulates the insatiability and infinity of human desire. For all its various attitudes and feelings there exists a persistent desire to be happy and to have everything in his poetry. Although he knows that the human nature of always wanting more than we presently have causes suffering and pain, he never stops wanting more. His greatness lies not just in his diversity and complexity but in his inquiring mind that can never be satisfied no matter what the circumstances are.

Chang-rae Lee’s first novel Native Speaker has been acclaimed as a novel exploring immigrant assimilation and acculturation. As a way of breaking away from such a tradition and recognizing the manifold meanings laden in Lee’s language, this paper investigates Henry’s troubles as resulting from his relationship with his wife, which has gone awry since their son’s death. In this sense, Henry’s narrative can be construed as a response to ‘Lelia’s list,’ which Lelia hands to Henry as a token of separation with her complaints and ideas of Henry written on it. Henry unfolds his innermost feelings and sentiments as a way of explaining who he is and why things are the way they are with him. Filling the gap between Lelia’s list and who Henry really is, Henry’s monologue spills out and spells out the details of his experiences as a son of immigrant family, his job as a spy, his inability to properly mourn the death of his son, and his love for Lelia. By the end of the novel, Henry does achieve his goal of regaining Lelia’s heart and trust. They are together content with each other, liberated from the ‘list’ and its ominous influence.

This essay mainly examines the ideal of a Victorian gentleman. The ideal of gentleman and gentlemanliness has long been the most important concept in English masculinity as Kun-Tze in China and Seon-bi in Korea. This important spiritual and physical concept, however, was not developed in a short period of time in English history. It has been modified, developed, and sophisticated over several hundred years. Therefore, this essay explores the changing concepts of the ideal of a true gentleman in some significant conduct manuals for gentleman from the sixteenth century. Taking advantage of a large number of microfilms regarding English masculinity, entitled Masculinity: Men Defining Men and Gentleman, 1560-1918, released by Bodleian Library in 2002, this essay shows significant changes in the concepts of a true gentleman over a long period of time. When it comes to the ideal of a Victorian gentleman, conduct-books by some well-known Victorian writers such as Matthew Arnold, John Stuart Mill, Samuel Smiles are analyzed to argue that a gentleman was not necessarily associated with landed property or financial wealth alone in the Victorian period. Although these qualities were not ignored as an important elements for a gentleman, personal qualities like good natured gentlemanly mind were treated more significantly, which suggested ample possibility for social mobility in Victorian England.

This study attempted to examine the effects of the application of Classting-based writing activities on EFL children’s writing abilities and affective attitude. It was conducted in a one-group experimental design in which 19 students of fifth grade were taught basic English writing skills as directed by a textbook for eight weeks and then the same students were taught the skills using a SNS-platform, Classting, for another eight weeks. The results of this study were as follows. First, teaching writing using Classting was more effective than teaching writing based on the textbook in improving the students’ writing skills, particularly using them in contexts, learning punctuation, exchanging feedback, and correcting errors. Second, although the two methods did not exhibit statistically significant differences in affective domains, the application of Classting was found to promote the students’ self-directed writing and increase their interest, confidence and feeling of achievement in writing in English. Third, Classting was found to provide the students with a place for real communication where they wrote for meaning negotiations and message exchange. Pedagogical implications were provided on the basis of the results of the study.

The purpose of this paper is to examine how Keats’s political consciousness was actualized in Hyperion in connection with his poetic theory, Negative Capability. Keats supported the progressive and optimistic development of history and Hyperion clearly mirrors his historical view. Keats sympathizes with fallen titans such as Saturn and Hyperion throughout the work. In the speech of Oceanus he announces that the change of generations is an inevitable rule of nature and an eternal truth. However this work was left unfinished, I think, due to the inner conflict between his political consciousness (focused on the progressive development of history) and deep sympathy for the historical victims of progress. Nevertheless, it is clear that he displays his political awareness in Hyperion. Until very recently, Keats has been regarded as an apolitical romanticist who is remarkably disengaged from social and political issues and the historical anxieties of his own times. Many critics agree that this image of an escapist and aestheticist originated in malicious campaigns by Tory journalists including Z. While Keats’s early poems like “On Peace” and “To Hope” show his radical political awareness explicitly, his later poems—with their propensity for Greek myth, medieval romance, and beauty—do not appear to show any political opinions. However his strong faith in the possibility of progress is expressed metaphorically in his later poetry which is filled with his Negative Capability poetic theory. He discarded his own self in sympathy for other things and wrote poems using this poetic theory. This paper examines Keats’s political awareness as described in Hyperion. It also evaluates the reasons postulated for why the work remained incomplete in relation to his Negative Capability poetic theory.

The present time is referred to as an era of globalization or a transnational age in which people are able to cross borders freely. In this global era, when the borders of nationality, ethnicity, ideology, and gender are pulled down, there is a sharp rise in the number of immigrants who leave their home countries due to economic, political, or social reasons. As a result, immigrants, ranging from contract laborers to cosmopolitan elites, move over the borders, form diasporic communities, and create new, hybrid cultures. The positive and optimistic viewpoints on the globalization, however, faced a strong backlash, especially in the beginning of the twenty-first century. Ironically, loud assertions of nationalism are being heard in the form of national liberation wars, more divisions of territories, and drawings of new national boundaries even in this global era. Furthermore, the polarization of society is getting worse, causing new forms of social discrimination, and post-colonial countries are being placed under even worse colonial dominance than before. Some writers have started to say that now is the time for skeptical and critical voices to be raised, as our global future seems to be in peril. Kiran Desai’s The Inheritance of Loss (2006) sheds new light on globalization, which mainstream western ideology has deemed beneficial, and reflects the problems of this global age the way a school textbook might. The national liberation movement of the Nepalese Gorkhas, which broke out in India in the mid-1980s, is used as a reference point in the novel. Desai starts to analyze the chronic racial discrimination, class conflicts, and territorial disputes which plague Kalimpong. Desai does not only focus on the social issues that accompany the territorial dispute, but also depicts the sad human beings who inherit feelings of loss as their innate destiny.

The main purpose of this article is to examine Lord Byron’s The Corsair with regard to an intertwined relationship between the protagonist’s determination for completing his enterprises and the concurrent, irresistible occasion of distress caused by his imperative counterpart manifested as Seyd. A number of textual evidences reveal that the poet investigates Conrad’s mind, actions, and their irresolvable embroilment with their unavoidable adversity. The author investigates the protagonist’s complex posture to the incompatible, ironic domains existent beyond human pursuits and endeavors. The paper explores the way in which Conrad is bound up by the subtle layers of internal turbulence, for his concealment and repression of past wrongdoings bring forward his difficulty with exerting his power of resolution and decision in the process of confronting its opposing calamity.

In Harold Pinter’s plays, most female characters are a mother, a wife or a whore. They are divided into good or evil women, who are archetypal figures from the patriarchal viewpoint. Therefore, Pinter has often been accused of a male-centered writer because of his ways of treating female characters. Sarah, one of Pinter’s female characters, plays a role of either a housewife or a whore in The Lover. The play is about a married couple who play the game of double identities. Richard, the husband, becomes Max, a playboy and Sarah, the wife, becomes Dolores or Mary, a whore in their fantasy role-play. The couple, when they want, impose different roles on themselves. There are two kinds of ‘role assignment’ in The Lover. The first one is to use some wearable things, like high-heeled shoes, a tight, low-cut dress, and a bongo drum. When they wear or carry one of these items, they get into a different role. The second one is to use verbal language, like ‘a title designation’ and ‘narrative creation’ using things mentioned or experienced before. When examining their ways of ‘role assignment,’ it is not only Richard but also Sarah who plays a leading role. With the ways of ‘role assignment,’ she manages to cope with situations actively and shows more flexible attitudes at the moment when their double roles conflict. After all, Sarah is not a mere victim nor an archetypal figure any longer, but an existential individual who struggles to establish her identity. She is neither marginal nor secondary to her counterparts.

Accomplishment events typically show that a structure expresses movement away from or toward an endpoint state and induces change of location/state). This is what the causative cwu- and benefactive suffix (a/e) cwu-constructions in Korean show. The causative verb cwu is a causative signature compatible with accomplishments, which is the reason why the causative verb cwu cannot be translated into give in English. Some tests are further taken to identify whether the verb cwu is a dative verb cwu or a causative verb cwu, by examining their implicational semantic properties. The benefactive suffix (a/e) cwu is base-generated on v when it forms a serial verb, attaching to the dative verb. There necessarily arises a relation of ownership between the goal and the theme, which is triggered by the benefactive feature of (a/e) cwu on v, which induces change of ownership. This induces the gradable adverb cemcem ‘gradually’ to be compatible with the benefactive suffix (a/e) cwu sentences. The benefactive possessor should be [+animate] and the [ACC-ACC] order displays an animacy constraint. This is the reason why the benefactive suffix (a/e) cwu constructions should be translated into English double object constructions.

Elementary English education has been criticized that class instruction methods and the materials do not reflect learners’ need and the changing educational contexts. The purpose of this study is to develop a content and language integrated material prototype for sixth grade elementary school students to learn multiliteracy skills and to get them exposed to meaningful language input. For this purpose, four literacy skills, which were suggested by New London Group, were adapted to teaching task based content integrated instruction. Additionally, four elementary English textbooks and other four subject textbooks are analyzed to find out common topics for the material model. The model material assumes learners’ critical thinking and their competence to exercise smart learning tools. This integrated material model might enable learners to participate more actively in meaning making process by integrating their background knowledge with the target language in use. The material model needs to be specified to be implemented to real classroom situation. Additionally, digital supplementary materials can support insufficient class hours, giving a chance to learners to experience authentic language use and inquiry based learning.

Walt Whitman uses war as a metaphor for life. His use of this metaphor reveals hidden sides beneath his well known optimism and mysticism. First, it shows that his life, particularly his poetic career, was difficult. His subject matter including homo sexuality, erotic mysticism, and city workers was not traditional, and his public and critical reception was not favorable. Second, his concept of the ideal life and spirit is difficult to realize. The idea requires us to volunteer many difficulties and to fight against spiritual weakness. Further, it requires us to challenge all settled things. Third, his use of the metaphor reveals his views about life in general. Life itself consists of many emergencies and difficult situations. Finally, his use of the metaphor is related to his poetic mission—his words are used like weapons to criticize individual weak points. He promotes heroic warriors. The warrior spirit he promotes includes bravery, rebellion, being well equiped, hardness, calmness, and impregnability. His model of the warrior spirit is sometimes based on both the Christian God and energetic nature and it embodies some of his democratic ideals.

The Poe scholarship has long been dominated by either Gothic or psychoanalytic criticism. Since the late 1980s, however, renewed critical efforts have begun to place Poe’s work in antebellum contexts. Indeed, this contextualization of Poe has been insightful and productive. In line with the recent historical trends in Poe criticism, I intend to explore Poe’s first two tales of ratiocination, “The Murders in the Rue Morgue” and “The Mystery of Marie Roget,” in the light of his professional reactions to the rapidly growing Penny Press journalism. In so doing, I will demonstrate that Poe’s creation of the new literary genre in 1840s was closely tied to the revolutionary rise of the Penny Press. This historical reading will provide a more balanced understanding on the birth of Poe’s tales of ratiocination.

This paper discusses An Na’s A Step from Heaven as a multicultural narrative for American children and young adults. First of all, this paper describes why the multicultural education has been important in the American school curricula. By reading An Na’s novel as a multicultural narrative I have delineated how An Na’s text offers children/adolescent readers the chance to learn about YoungJu’s interior struggles, issues of language and culture, and her family’s socioeconomic realities. This paper also attempts to analyze how an American national identity was negotiated and formed by the difference in the multicultural and assimilationist ideologies or rejected while immigrants are categorized as the unassimilable as seen in case of YoungJu’s father within the discourse of multiculturalism. Lastly, this paper discusses how positively YoungJu’s relationship with her mother influences her life as she negotiates her complex identity as a Korean American woman.

For many non-native speakers of English it can be challenging to distinguish the subtle differences between near-synonyms and know which word to use in a specific context. This study deals with the two synonymously used adjectives, perfect and absolute, and aims at exploring comprehensively 1) the stylistic and diachronic variation of them; 2) the semantic differences between them. For the first goal, the stylistic variation was investigated across the five different genres provided by the COCA and BNC, and the diachronic variation of them via COHA. The results showed that perfect was used more frequently than absolute in all the rest registers, except for Spoken and that the use of perfect became more prevalent compared with absolute after hitting the bottom in 1940s. To achieve the second goal, this study compared and analyzed the dictionary meanings of these adjectives via two online available dictionaries and the noun collocations measured by MI-score(>3) through BNC. The results of the study revealed that there was a clear difference between these two near-synonyms, a need to pay close attention to use them, and furthermore, a requirement to add a specific meaning to the dictionary definitions.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the similarities between black female characters’ madness in male-dominated society. The first part is given to a comparison between Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye and Gayl Jones’ Eva’s Man with emphasis on the appearance of madness, silence, and grotesqueness in the female protagonists. In the second part, I will attempt to explore the madness resulting in the overflow of rage and fury in Mariama Bâ’s Scarlet Song, and Tsitsi Dangarembga’s Nervous Condition. In The Bluest Eye, Pecola, who is eager to get her blue eyes, turns out to be the victim of obsession on the white beauty. In Eva’s Man, Eva, who castrates a man as a way of defiance, can be seen as a victim of sexual abuse. In Scarlet Song, Mireille’s madness let her strength to wield the knife against her husband. In Nervous Condition, Nyasha chooses a self-destructive way and, eventually, goes mad. The focus of this essay is to examine how and why women go mad by exploring the oppressions of social conventions and traditional value systems that force women to bear passive victimization. Thus, I hope to unravel how the female’s madness indicates the woman’s plight in male-oriented society, exposing critical and nervous conditions of women. This essay proposes two arguments in order to decode the collective madness of woman. First, the madness reflects repressed female desire and deep fury. Second, it can be understood as a way of powerful resistance against man. I do not wish to jump into a rash conclusion that the female madness is a regressive symptom of repression or a challenging weapon of liberation. Because the female madness embraces the two antithetic concepts simultaneously like the front and back of a coin. The madness is one of ‘the most desperate gesture’ of women, and it demonstrates how women have been victimized by repressive social discriminations. Yet women struggle to liberate themselves from the organized oppressions of patriarchal social structures.