Earticle

Popular music reflects, in Korea, the process of modernization, the contemporary society, and the psychology of the public. Therefore popular music plays a certain role for us: It allows us to look back over the past years into life in a specific era. Since lifestyles change as times change, lyrics of popular music have gone through various changes. This process of changes is mainly represented by times of suffering, induced by oppression in the Japanese colonization era, the division of Korea and industrialization. In this paper, lyrics, theme and content of popular music which prevailed from Japanese colonization era through the 1970s are examined to explore Koreans′ sense of home and its changes. As subject matter, starting from the first popular music “A Psalm of Death”, songs with sentiments of missing home were selected from among popular music of Japanese colonization era. post-liberation era, Korean war era and industrialization era. Home in popular music of Japanese colonization era was somewhere you had to leave against your will; thus it is an object of ardent wish. After liberation and under the United States Army Millitary Government, home is a place which you left on your own to lead a better life. You left for the city but life in the city was not that easy and you miss home. You wanted to go back home but it was practically difficult. In the popular music of 1950s, home missed by displaced people is presented most often. You stayed in South Korea as a refugee, missed your homeland in North Korea, but soon you came to reality and decided to adapt to South Korean life. As situations don‘t turn our as you wish, homecoming is put off. In the 1960s, popular music was mostly about people who came to stay in the city after leaving home due to industrialization and urbanization. Rather than missing your original home, you were satisfied with your second home in the city. Thus, in this era, songs oriented towards the city (a place away from your home) were prevalent. However, the city life turned out to be hard edged, and in 1970s songs oriented towards countryside (home) were much loved by the public. Powerful sentiments of longing and sincere wish occurred simultaneously as you left home. Also, as geographical or psychological distance between the speaker and the speaker‘s home increases, the ardent wish to go back home becomes stronger. The level of ardentness towards home in the songs differed according to whether the possibility of going home was open or not. Thus, it could be said that different looks are cast upon home according to social and historical situations. This paper attempted to read popular sentiment toward the subject of home in popular music. It also confirmed that our life and the songs were in a close, inseparable relationship.

This study examined the actual state of learning of local history in national history education for middle school students, with a focus on the learning of local history, a part of history education. It carried out research on local history based on Jinju area, identifying problems of learning of local history in middle school national history course and seeking resolutions of the problems. In order to grasp the actual state of learning of local history in Jinju area, surveys involving teachers and students and an analysis on the outcomes of experiments on local history class were conducted. The result is presented as follow: According to the results of the survey involving 52 teachers (47.7%) who were teaching or had taught history in middle schools in Jinju, up to 94.2% of the teachers thought that the learning of local history needed to be carried out, but only 48.1% were found to have actually delivered classes on local history, indicating that the teachers had a lack of willingness to actually deliver classes on local history. This is largely due to the pressure to teach a great deal of content during classes, a lack of efficient teaching materials and a lack of ability to produce teaching materials. In addition, the fact that teachers who majored in history account for only 5.8% may weaken the quality of overall history education as well as learning of local history. The results of the survey involving 691students (4.7%) showed that 75.3% of the students regarded the learning of local history as necessary. This indicates that the students had positive perception of local history class. However, students who had ever received classes on local history accounted for only 26.5%, suggesting that classes on local history were not being delivered properly. In order to grasp the effect of local history class, experiments on local history class were analyzed. The results of the experiments showed that after learning local history, students showed improvements in their interest in history and local history and came to put more value on local history class. That is, it was proved that local history class can not only deliver knowledge on local history but also arouse students‘ interest in Korean history. Finally, teachers need to study local history and participate in small group research activities to teach local history confidently. In addition, middle and high school history teachers need to work together, exchanging opinions. Furthermore, training programs for middle school teachers should continue to be carried out. Delivering training programs or lectures regularly for teachers in Jinju in connection with universities or museums which are located in the area can be a good alternative.

The current study discussed that 「Hyeseongga」 is a perfect enchanting song that contains three elements as a enchanting son because it was sung for the purpose of beating the Japanese army by an enchanter named Yungcheonsa, as a result, the Japanese army left. On the other hand, another Hyangga 「Cheoyongga」is a song that was sung by Cheoyong who have the ability of an enchanter in order to expel an devil in his wife‘s body, as a result, the devil left. However, it showed a change from an enchanting song to a shaman song in a view that there was no spell in the song and one spell for a case was generalized. This change is revealed in Goryeogayo 「Cheoyongga」 more concretely, and it also shows that spells that displayed magical power based on linguistic magical power are caricatured. Therefore, it is possible to say that this presents the last track of an enchanter in Korean poems and songs. Korean enchanting songs that began from Gujiga maintained its enchanting tradition until Hyangga literature. However, enchanting songs in ancient songs that relied on perfect spells came to go through various changes in Hyangga literature. The current study examined the status of 「Hyeseongga」 that maintained the tradition of an enchanting song the best, and examined changes of Korean enchanting songs to shaman songs through comparative studies of Hyangga 「Cheoyongga」 and Goryeogayo 「Cheoyongga」. The study discussed that in enchanting songs presented in Korean poems and songs, enchanters who relied on spells only developed to relying on the principles of enchantment, and further the process in which enchanting songs changed to shaman songs as their magical ability became weak. Also the study revealed that evidence of this point is left in Hyangga works.

In this study, I examined and analyzed the types of derivative adverbs in Jeonnam dialect, achieving a list of suffixes. In chapter 2, fundamental concepts needed to study adverbial derivatives are addressed. In chapter 3, adverbial derivation in Jeonnam dialect is studied as two types: affix derivation and zero derivation. In chapter 4, the conclusion of this study, the main discourse is summarized and opportunities for future studies are descirbed.

1940s is the time when there were many historically important events occurring like the “Japanese Occupation” and “Nation‘s Dividing Time.”　As social and political conflict intensified, these aspects began to show up in the poetry. In the 1930s, as a result of the inflow trend of the western literature and it sparked the modernism movement. Then in the 1940s, through experiencing a variety of experiments and challenging courses, it began to settle down. Then the 1950s, it brings much development and it can be considered to be the dilator period of modernism. 1940s is the span of time that is the most important period of the flow of literature. Additionally, 1940s is a period of time which holds a unique spirit of the times of “liberation period” in literature works. In this manuscript, the meaning of “city” and “citizen” in liberation period modernism is analyzed centered on an anthology poetry book titled 『The New City and Chorus of Citizens』. 『The New City and Chorus of Citizens』(1948) was the second work of group of poets of 「Sinsiron」　With the purpose of revival of the new modernism movement, the group of poets gathered and 5 poets produced pieces of works well exposing the spirit of times. They claimed discrimination against the past times and they started a new modernism movement. An ideal about modernism movement is shown directly through the title of their book. The “city” is a place where the essence of modernism shows well. While overcoming difficulties in reality and creating a new era, the “citizens” live in a city and become the owner of the “city”. And the “citizens” overcome the reality and try a “Dionysus” type of combination through the “chorus”. This is what the group of poets intend in modernism through 「Sinsiron」　Kim, Kyungryn, Im, Hogwon, Park, Inhwan, Kim, Suyoung, Yang, Byungshik, and others were the nuclear members of the modernism poet movement and through individual characteristics expression, they pointed out the ills of the western civilization and stressed on the fact that with citizenship, they must create a new bright future. 『The New City and Chorus of Citizens』wasn‘t affected by the ideology of the era of the chaotic political situation and showed their will of the modernism poetry movement of the poets. And in the 30s and the 50s, it can be considered to play the role of a bridge that links the Korean modernism. Furthermore, until today, when industrialization and urbanization have been completed, it has been the foundation of modern poetry history.

Hwado poetry refers to the poetry composed in response to the poetry written by Tao Yenming and was created by many Korean and Chinese literary figures, some of whom would write a few works of Hwado poetry for literary fun and others of whom would write so many of them that they could publish them in a book. The latter group includes Maewoldang Kim Si-seup, Sangchon Shin Heum, and Mungok Kim Su-hang, who were under the influence of the dismal contemporary situations when writing Hwado poetry. Despite their prolific creations of Hwado poetry, the honor of the most Hwado poems in history goes to Hoibong Ha Gyeom-jin, who left as many as 120 Hwado poems. Since his Hwado poems were created during the period when Chinese literature was dying, they claim greater significance than the works by the literary figures during the period when Chinese literature was prospering. In his Hwado poetry, Hoibong embodied his admiration and yearning for Tao Yenming and Su Dongpo and attempted the practice of Confucian doctrines to break through the reality, which seemed so distant from the restoration of the nation‘s independence, and to promote his mental stability. It was in his attempts to practice Confucian doctrines by being content amid poverty and taking pleasure in acting in an honest way that he created his Hwado poems. He wrote his Hwado poems in the background of Deokgok Lecture Hall and Mansudang he built in his later years. He taught his pupils at the Deokgok Lecture Hall in his later years, and Mansudang was used by Confucian scholars from neighboring areas for gathering purposes. It was there that he completed his final mission of arranging the legacy of Chosun Confucianism in history by publishing 30 volumes of Dongyuhakan and Dongshihwa. His Hwado poetry was his first creation after he decided to live a reclusive life by being content amid poverty and taking pleasure in acting in an honest way and became an important turning point in the transitional period of his life.

This thesis tries to find the way the humanities should seek by exploring trip accounts of Mt. Jiri written in the Joseon era. It first examines how people in the Joseon era perceived Mt. Jiri, and then inquires into the spirit of the humanities expressed in trip accounts of Mt. Jiri. The results are summarized as follows. In the Joseon era Mt. Jiri was called by Mt. Jiri, Mt. Bangjang, Mt. Duryu or Mt. Deok. Especially Mt. Duryu was used more frequently than other names. That was because people of the era considered the Baekdu mountain range as the spine of the Korean peninsula and perceived the mountain range that started from Mt. Baekdu and extended to Mt. Duryu as the axis of the nation. This represented their geographical perception on the nation‘s territory and was based on their historical perception on their ethnic roots. In addition, Mt. Jiri‘s various names are quite important because they tell the history of Korean people. There are few mountains at home and abroad whose names are as meaningful as those of Mt. Jiri. Yu Mong-in acclaimed Mt. Jiri as the best mountain in Korea by likening it the writer Samacheon and the poet Dubo. He said that compared with other mountains, Mt. Jiri had more flesh and less bone, which made the mountain look higher and bigger than it actually was. He also added that its bone was its strongpoint and its abundant flesh meant the aggregation of its all strong points like Samacheon‘s writing or Dubo‘s poems. He perceived these characteristics of Mt. Jiri as the “union“ or “synthesis“ of its all merits. He commented not based on its individual merit but its overall aspects that the mountain was grand and prominent. His comment is the spirit of uniting we today speak of. This thesis inquires into the spirit of the humanities shown in trip accounts of Mt. Jiri in the following eight parts: 1) the world of lofty spirit acquired from nature, 2) reverence for nature and literary imagination, 3) reflection upon oneself, 4) perception of history at historical sites, 5)geographical insight on the nature of the nation, 6) critical comments and records on religion and folk things, 7) perception on the lives of civilian life, and 8) ecology and vegetation Likewise, Mt. Jiri shows the way the humanities today should seek. The way can be the one Jo Sik sought to reach the way of heaven, the one his followers sought to acquire virtue through the door leading to human virtues or the one people climbed through the valley of Daewonsa to reach the root of what is right. Besides, the way can be the one in which people reflect upon themselves, show their literary imagination, experience reverence for nature or find historical sites. Furthermore, it can the one in which people find the geographical features of the nation, experience religion and folk things, feel civilians‘ real life, or examine the nation‘s ecology and vegetation.

Monk Doseon(道詵) has been treated as an important figure who founded Korean fengshui(風水) and played an influential role in Korean history. But in fact, Doseon and his fengshui discourse were socially constructed by power politics. Doseon was regarded as ideologue, and his ideas acted as a spatial ideology that empowered the powerful local gentries to trigger a social upheaval in the late Silla period and was used by the government leaders for political purposes throughout the Goryeo period. Most of temples in Jiri Mountain(智異山) region were affected by Doseon‘s fengshui discourse and their functions and meanings were politically reconstructed according to purpose of the politic authority.

Park, Hwa-sung is a writer who lived in the dismal Japanese colonial period and expressed her strong resistance as an intellect against the oppressive colonialism. So, the purpose of this study is to understand Park, Hwa-sung’s literature mind from woman consciousness in her literary works. Also, research on her literary significance includes 12 short novels. She was born in Mok-Po 1904 and grew in easy circumstances. She grew up ‘modern women’ under the influence of her father’s support. But she distrusted her father in a growth period because her father was remarried. Naturally she had an interest for the independent woman. Differences with her father, led her to be inspired by her mother to become a writer. Before leaving abroad to study in Japan, she met Jo, un at Young-Kwang private middle school and had a literature class with him. At that time she debuts with Chuseok Jeonya(The Night Before 『Chuseok Holiday』). Park, Hwa-sung achieved a tendency for literature while studying in Japan by her brother and her husband Kim Guk-Jin asa socialist. After she returned home from Japan writing for novels and divorced her husband, remarried with Chun Dog-Kun was criticised as it is a comgination with the bourgeois by literature world. She gave up writing for a while, until Korea liberated from Japan after that she wrote novel 『 Pumpkin』. Her literary works after the Korean War show the popularity than before the Japanese colonial times then she passed away in 1988. She was famous and important writer who started woman’s literary in the literary world. Park, Hwa-sung was recognised for women’s conscious through her many works so, she represents for modern women in the 1920～30’s. The female characters of the novels were classified three groups by their consciousness : there was the female intellectuals, women laborer of urban, poor women of village. The female intellectuals in the novel has showed recognition of reality and indictment women ‘problem moreover tried to suggest the female intellectuals’ role and the female image of the day. Women laborers were oppressed by the Japanese colonial rule. Regions, cities and towns were changed to working camps. In human treatment by the Japanese resulted in sexual exploitation and the loss cultural identity. Poor women’s lives was reflected by tragic lives and agony of uprooted wanders by the Japanese colonial policies. But women of this character symbolized strong women consciousness. On a basis of the study, Park, Hwa-sung’s writing mind based on view of Modernism and women’s consciousness. Her works describe exactly the situation under Japanese colonial. Park, Hwa-sung has a important role in Feminism and Woman consciousness in the literary world.