Earticle

목적: 본 연구에서는 갈대, 함초, 매실 에탄올 추출물의 항산화 효과, 항알레르기 효과를 확인하여 기능성 소재 및 화장품 소재로의개발 가능성을 확인하고자 하였다. 방법: 갈대, 함초, 매실을 70% 주정 에탄올로 추출하였으며, 각각 추출물의 산화적 스트레스 요인에 대한 인간 피부세포유래인HaCaT 세포주의 보호효과를 측정하였다. 항알레르기 효과를 확인하고자 알레르기 반응을 나타내는 주요 세포인 비만세포 RBL- 2H3 세포주를 이용하여 알레르기 반응 시 세포의 탈과립 지표로 알려진 β-hexosaminidase 분비 억제를 관찰하였다. 결과: 활성산소에 의한 산화적 스트레스로부터 세포를 보호할 수 있는 항산화력을 평가한 결과 세 가지 추출물 중 갈대 에올탄 추출물의경우 200 μg/mL의 농도에서 가장 높은 37%의 보호효과를 나타내었다. β-Hexosaminidase 분비에 대한 갈대, 함초, 매실 에탄올추출물의 억제 효능을 확인하였다. 추출물을 처리하지 않은 대조군과 비교하였을 때, 갈대, 함초, 매실 에탄올 추출물은 각각 200 μg/mL의 농도에서 각각 53.6%, 49.8%, 30.2%의 효과를 나타내었고, 세 가지의 추출물 중 갈대의 효과가 가장 우수했다. 결론: 갈대, 함초, 매실 에탄올 추출물은 세포에 대한 독성을 갖지 않으면서 산화적 스트레스에 대한 항산화와 가려움증을억 제하는효과가 있음을 확인하였기 때문에 기능성 소재 및 화장품 소재로 개발 가능성이 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the anti-stress and anti-histamine effects of Phragmites communis, Salicornia herbacea, and Prunus mume to verify their potential as the raw materials for functional material or cosmetics products. Methods: I extracted the substances of Phragmites communis, Salicornia herbacea, and Prunus mume using 70% ethanol solution. With the extracts, the protective effects of HaCaT cell line against the anti-stress factors were confirmed. In order to verify the anti-histamine effects, one of the key sources of the allergic reactions, RBL-2H3 cell line was used for the test. Moreover, the inhibitory effect on β–hexosaminidase, which is known as one of the indicators of degranulation of cells during allergic reactions, was observed. Results: The results of anti-stress effects from active oxygen showed that the Phragmites communis extract had the highest protective effect among the extracts. The anti-histamine effects of Phragmites communis, Salicornia herbacea, and Prunus mume extracts were identified by the inhibition of β-hexosaminidase. When the extracts were compared to the control groups, the extracts of Phragmites communis, Salicornia herbacea, and Prunus mume had inhibitory effects of 53.6%, 49.8%, 30.2% at the 200 μg/mL respectively. Among them, the reed extract had the strongest inhibitory effect. Conclusion: We confirmed that the extracts of Phragmites communis, Salicornia herbacea, and Prunus mume did not have any cellular toxicity while having anti-stress effect and suppressing itchiness. Therefore, it is believed that the substances have potential as the raw materials for functional cosmetics

目的: 探讨芦苇、咸草、梅果乙醇提取物的抗氧化及抗过敏效果，证实作为功效性原料及化妆品原料的开发可行性。 方法: 用70%乙醇分别提取芦苇、咸草、梅果提取物，并分别探讨各提取物对人体皮肤角质形成细胞 （HaCaT）在氧化应激条 件下，细胞周期的保护效果。为了研究抗过敏效果，过敏反应的主要来源之一，肥胖细胞RBL-2H3细胞系被用于测试，抗过敏 反应时，观察细胞的脱颗粒指标β-hexosaminidase的分泌量抑制情况。 结果: 研究表明三种提取物中芦苇乙醇提取物在200 μg/mL浓度时，对活性氧诱导氧化应激的细胞，以37%显示最高保护效 果。研究抑制 β-hexosaminidase的分泌效果时，与没有用提取物处理的对照群相比，芦苇、咸草、梅果乙醇提取物在200 μg/mL浓度时，分别显示53.6%，49.8%，30.2%的效果，其中芦苇的效果最明显。 结论: 芦苇、咸草、梅果乙醇提取物对细胞没有毒性，具有抗氧化及抗过敏效果，因此证明其作为功效性原料及化妆品原料充 分具有可行性。

Epigallocatechin Gallte (EGCG) is studied as a functional material for cosmetics, foods and medications due to the various bioactive feature as a major constituent of catechins containing lots of green tea polyphenols. EGCG has a unique phenolic structure, and its structure is largely involved by the number of hydroxyl. Especially the antioxidant activity is shown since the OH radical and gallate are engaged. Also, it reduces manifestation of matrix metallo proteinases, and restrains mitogen activated protein kinase’s extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2, c-Jun N-terminal hinase and p38, which are activated by ultraviolet (UV)B on mouse skin. It restrains activation of tyrosinase by UV rays, and growth of cancer cells by affection of G1 regulatory enzyme of cell cycle such as cyclin-dependent kinases. It is only restrains proliferation of P. acnes while treating EGCG, but also shows the effectiveness of reduction on manifestation and production of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and tumour necrosis factor-a, which are cytokines related to inflammation. In addition, it helps breaking down of body fat, detoxification function on heavy metals, antidiabetic effect, stimulating hair growth and preventing periodontitis. Now, we are going to study on the major physiological function of this EGCG.

The skin is a organ that represents an immune response while performing an essential barrier function that prevent water loss from the body inside and external factors from breaking inside. Stratum corneum generated by normal differentiation on healthy skin perform a skin barrier function, which is the most important role of epidermis. The principal cell of epidermal cell is keratinocyte, which is divided into 4 layers according to the level of differentiation, and various structural proteins are expressed. Corneodesmosome is expressed on the upper part of stratum spinosum and granular layer, which is stored in lamellar body and secreted outside the cells in stratum corneum, connecting one keratinocyte to another. Lipids that were contained in lamellar body of epidermal keratinocytes on the boundary of strata cornea and granular layer are secreted between keratinocytes, forming lipid cell envelope among keratinocytes. If epidermal keratinocytes reach the granular layer, they synthesize keratohyalin granule, which contains profilaggrin and loricrin. The skin barrier is formed by epidermal differentiation, acting as an epidermal permeability barrier as a “brick and mortar" structure of corneocyte and surrounding intercellular lipid layer. The typical ingredients that form stratum corneum are corneodesmosome that is a protein structure connecting keratinocytes, cornified protein envelope that surrounds keratinocytes, and cornified lipid envelope. Cornified envelope, which is a protein envelope on the outside of keratinocytes, and cornified lipid envelope, which exists on the outside of the cornified envelope, are connected in a covalent bond. Thus, it forms a combination necessary to the barrier function of stratum corneum, thereby performing the role of a support for precise array of lipids among keratinocytes. If differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes is abnormal, it will cause defects to the skin barrier function and dehydrate the skin, consequently resulting in chronic skin diseases such as atopy.

In the craze over healing and well-being, fermented materials with excellent safety are favored for manufacturing products that are skin-safe and are excellent in performance. Furthermore, the fermented materials are known as producing less side effects on diverse skins than other materials. This study subjected college girls in their 20 s who have strong demands in pursuing the value of beauty in the rapidly changing cosmetic market, and analyzed their purchasing behaviors and consumption values of fermented cosmetics to provide basic data for the invigoration and development of fermented cosmetic market in the future. The research method was implemented by subjecting college girls in their 20 s, who were residing in South Korea, and using self-administered questionnaires for the period from Aug. 25 to Sep. 15 2013. The study result showed that the consumers pursue the performance and effect in purchasing cosmetics, and that the consumers with no experience of fermented cosmetics had an understanding on the fermented cosmetic as a product that offers excellent performance. However, the consumers who experienced fermented cosmetics refused to repurchase them because the performance and effect fell short of their expectations. To the question ‘have you heard fermented cosmetics?’, many respondents answered ‘no’, thus appeared as they put emphasis on the usefulness and environmental value. As to the information path of the fermented cosmetics, TV and media sources were the highest, and the respondents appeared concerned about the pleasure. Therefore, it is considered necessary to make fermented cosmetics more popularized, to improve consumers’ understanding, and to introduce customized products in order to satisfy consumers’ demands on the usefulness. In addition, it is also necessary to promote frequent events and functions where the advantage of the fermented cosmetic that can satisfy the environmental and hedonic values can be emphasized and experienced, and to launch marketing plans that advertise information of fermented cosmetics via TV or media sources.

Skin aging is induced by intrinsic and extrinsic factors, such as a senescence, UV, IR, oxidative stress, etc.. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors induced decrease of collagen expression and increase of MMP1 expression by these factors. Especially, decrease of collagen induces skin aging and formation of wrinkles. Sericin, major ingredient protein of silk synthesized by silk worm, induce increase of collagen and decrease of MMP1 and used collagen substitute in cell culture. In addition, alpha-mangostin is one of major ingredients in mangostin. In our study, we investigated whether alpha-mangostin induced synergetic effects with sericin on collagen type 1a1 expression and anti-wrinkle effects. In vitro study, sericin only induced collagen type 1a1 expression in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). However, cotreatment with alpha-mangostin reinforced increase of collagen type 1a1 expression in sericin-treated HDFs. In addition, to evaluate efficacy on aging skin phenomena, clinical efficacy trials were conducted using Antera 3D. Improvement of wrinkle was assessed using ANTERA 3D. Results of clinical efficacy shown that sericin and alpha-mangostin contained mask decreased wrinkle depth of crow´s-feet in using time dependent manner. Overall, sericin and alphamangostin synergistically improves ECM structure using increase of collagen expression. These results suggest combination with sericin and alpha-mangostin as a new, effective anti-aging cosmetic ingredient.

This study conducted cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory tests on Lespedeza cuneata extract. The study results found the followings: RAW 264.7 cells’ viability was 78%. The inhibition of production was as high as 84% at 25 ㎍/mL. It wasn’t able to confirm decrease in cytokine in pro-inflammatory mediators such as iNOS, IL- 1β and IL-6. In a protein kinase inhibition test, however, p-JNK was slightly suppressed at high concentration while p-ERK was inhibited at both low and high concentrations. Based on the results of this anti- inflammatory test, scalp tonic was produced with Lespedeza cuneata . Then, keratin, microbial biomass, erythema dose and image analyses were conducted against adult men (in their 30~40s) suffering from a scalp problem after dividing them into a control group (11 people), Lespedeza cuneata -added scalp tonic group (“T” group, 11 people) and ‘Lespedeza cuneata -added scalp tonic+scalp cleansing’ group (“TC” group, 11 people) for four weeks. First, in terms of keratin, no significant change was found in a control group while it significantly declined in T group (by 50.3%) and TC group (58.5%). In microorganism as well, no significant difference was observed in a control group. It slightly decreased in T group (63.8%, p=.066) while a significant decrease was detected in TC group (74.5%). In changes in erythema, T and TC groups decreased by 36.6% and 38.9% respectively with statistical significance. In image analysis as well, no significant difference was found in a control group while improvement of erythema was detected in both T and TC groups. Compared to a control group, therefore, scalp improvement effects were observed in T and TC groups. The anti-inflammatory effects of Lespedeza cuneata were verified. According to the said results, it appears that Lespedeza cuneata extract is considerably valuable as the material of scalp cosmetics.

This research was measured highlights and damage of hair dye with making 3-Step hairdye to reduce damage of hair.The hair damage caused by an alkaline agent and an oxidizing agent were studied a way to minimize. Measured the highlight of the hair dye by Color reader, the absorbance by using methylene blue and the hair damage. And　I tested the tensile strength of the hair. In Comparison of the control and test group, confirmed that highlight of the hair and hair damage was enhanced. This hair damage was due to excessive swelling of the hair cuticle by the alkali agent. And also this damage was caused by micropore occurrence as the melanin pigment granules destruction by the oxidizing agent was generated. Therefore, the way to dye hairs through 3-Step hairdye is the appropriate treatment methods to increase highlights of the hair and reduce the hair damage. 3-Step hairdye will soon be considered to be used as a way to reduce the hair damage in hair salon.

In this study, for the first time of pregnancy, women massage during pregnancy were experiments in order to investigate the effects on the lower body of edema and weight to target pregnant women corresponding to 20 weeks of gestation to 32 weeks and pregnant women as black and leg massage before and after changes through the clinical trial was to investigate in depth. The amount of water overflowing in the control group the measurement results do not go the pregnant woman massage of volume meter showed an increase in growth and right 223.07ml left 184.61ml, showed a weak increase in the left 0.39ml, right 20.00ml in the experimental group, pregnant women massage it found that there is an effect on edema. InBody measurements of body weight in the case of the control group, there was a slightly higher increase of 2.04, indicating a slightly lower increase in the case of the experimental group 1.55, and Body fat mass in the case of the control group, when the 1.14 increase and experimental groups showed a decrease of 0.05, and BMI has had a weak increase of 0.76 in the control group showed a decrease in the case of the experimental group 0.97, and Body fat ratio in the case of the control group, there is an increase in 0.48 in the experimental group the experimental group subjected to the pregnant woman massaging showed a decrease of 0.74 index showed a reduced effect. Mostly pregnant women massage in satisfaction I have found that the high satisfaction in relieving physical pain due to edema and weight gain. Therefore pregnant women massage can be minimized stress by various physical changes coming from pregnant and has demonstrated positive results of serving as prophylactic management of integrated deformation by edema and weight gain in pregnant women, it is expected to be a basic data for the development of various programs for pregnant women and the importance of perception of pregnant women massage.

Cocoa extracts contain various anti-oxidant which play as anti-skin aging agents. Procyanidin B1 is one of major ingredients in cocoa. However, in dermis, effects of Procyanidin B1 are not understood currently. Therefore, we investigated whether procyanidin B1 regulated extra-cellular matrix (ECM) and exerts its therapeutic action and its effect on the anti-wrinkle. We show firstly cytotoxicity of procyanidin B1. Under 100 μg/ml procyanidin B1 show no cytotoxicity in normal human dermal fibroblasts (nHDFs). In addition, we measured matrix metalloprotease 1 (MMP1) mRNA expression in procyanidin B1 exposed nHDFs. As shown results, procyanidin B1 repressed oxidative stress induced increase of MMP1 mRNA expression. And procyanidin B1 repressed activity of TPA responsive element (TRE) which is DNA binding site of AP-1 complex which consist c-Jun and c-Fos. JNK-c-Jun axis is implicated oxidative stress-mediated MMP1 mRNA regulation. In addition, JNK is activated using phosphorylation of JNK. Therefore, we shown phosphorylation in procyanidin B1-exposed nHDFs. As shown results, procyanidin B1 decreased oxidativemediated JNK phosphorylation of JNK. Overall, our results suggest procyanidin B1 is a potential cosmetic ingredient repressed antiaging and anti-wrinkle in skin using repression of oxidative-induced MMP1 expression.

To relieve stress of cosmetologists, foot reflexology using few aroma oils in this study were practised, and the stress relieving effect was evaluated using Heart Rate Variability (HRV). The control group consisted of 10 persons treated with sunflower oil, while two experimental groups with two and six aroma oils. The treatments for every group were carried out 5 times in one week intervals and questionnaires were conducted. The results were as follows: TP of HRV was gradually increased after the first, third and fifth week massage. LF components were reduced after the first, third and fifth week massage. HF components was gradually increased after the first, third and fifth week massage. LF/HF Ratio were gradually reduced after the first, third and fifth week massage. mHRT was reduced with treatment times, which showed the stress relieving effect. physical and psychological stresses were reduced after the foot massage. The satisfaction of six aroma oils group was significantly higher than control group. In this study, parameters of HRV were supposed to be useful to evaluate different level of stress, and the foot reflexology massage had the effect to relieve the stress of cosmetologists, The author concluded that foot reflexology massage using six aroma oils may reduce the stress of cosmetologists more effectively.

Aestheticians are complementary and alternative therapies (CMA) and manual techniques (Manual Technic) and healing massage treatments (Massage) with the combination therapy was Oriental Beauty Therapy shoulder pain (myofascial pain syndrome, frozen shoulders MPS, including any that may cause shoulder pain, frozen shoulder disease) and secondarily to relieve headache and anxiety and stress and how it affects your study of oriental beauty therapies and alternative medicine also looking for ways to go therapy achieved a healthy lifestyle management company as well as alternative and complementary therapies skin care company they are intended to establish an alternative that can contribute to society. Data collection VAS. Algometer pain measurement and instrument for measuring the laboratory during pre-structured questionnaire and pain generally developed through a literature review. After. And 2 weeks after the last test before. After. A were measured. More Oriental Beauty Therapy Ultrasound therapy management administration, as shown by the present study measured various laboratory tests are able to see that predominantly seen in skin care operating results in the future rather than a simple skin only alternative medical skin care is not limited to the graft is believed to strive for health management through the skin. In such a way that can help this problem was found to be Oriental beauty therapies therapy.

The desire for the beauty of the bride wedding makeup, hair, is represented by the director of dress, move, decorate the background effects of consciousness that gives the symbolic meaning of marriage and have entered the 21st century wedding coordination with the development of mass media and industry the pattern was also repeated rapid change. Hair also became important as a large variety of elements that become expressions of beauty. As such, following the wedding hairstyle high level of skill is required, since it plays an important image factor at a wedding raises the need for research. The purpose of this study is that to provide information and scientific data necessary for identifying production for the next wedding hair market developments and hair designer for each of the preferences of rehearsals and bonsik Learn about wedding hairstyle you prefer and general characteristics of the bride there is a purpose. Analyzed through a questionnaire District Court aimed at brides living in Seoul, according to the bride’s characteristics was found that the preferred wedding hair is a difference in the image on the rehearsal and bonsik, low age, Higher Education personality and prefer the urban image, the average monthly income was found that preferred images with higher personality. To increase the satisfaction of the most important factors of hair styles the bride feel that is the image of others, I will be shown to other users as to produce a desired image. To do so is considered necessary for this kind of creativity and technology to produce images of a hair stylist. On the other hand, because the wedding rehearsal and your hair is slightly different images depending on bonsik hair designer should be directing a different image depending on the situation. Prices in the consultation process and the design of the bride, rehearsal and a favorite image of bonsik will be able to present separately.

Abstract abstract: Due to the quality demands of higher university education in self-service industry recognizes the need for and importance of learner-centered education, and is committed to the professional hairdressing training. As gradually increase the support rate beauty related subjects than in the past, the need for research for the development of cosmetic departments have been raised. In this study, we understand the impact the relationship between beauty Major college educators awareness and education satisfaction, and viewed at by dividing the majors, more high-quality education and the future provide information and academic materials necessary for the development of cosmetic department for that purpose there. Department of Beauty Arts and analyzed through a questionnaire District targets students, educators were aware of this can be seen to affect the educational satisfaction, it was found that the important part is to think in different majors. Implications The results of this study in accordance with the first, there is a need for excellent teachers and diversification of training programs that can improve the quality of education. Second, in addition to beauty-related technology and theory training and marketing management, computers, foreign languages and other cultural and educational needs of the subjects, practical courses that can be put immediately to the site it is required. Third, hairdressing training is given to meet the needs of self-realization have their own values and subjects of the need for toughness and etiquette as part of the service sector should help increase self-esteem

This study was designed to evaluate the applicability as active ingredient in cosmeceutical products by examining a variety of physiological activities with the extract of Artemisiae Capillaris (AC). AC is a plant grown in Korea, which has been widely used as an oriental medicinal herb and folks remedy to treat jaundice, hepatitis and liver diseases. "Cosmeceuticals is a fusion of the terms "cosmetic" and "pharmaceutical". The cosmetic market for cosmeceutical products is growing at a faster rate. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of active ingredients in cosmetics are very important. The effects are closely related to anti-aging, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, acne etc. This experiment was to investigate anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effect with a 80% ethanol extract from AC. To investigate antioxidant effect, we performed DPPH and ABT assay and evaluated the levels of total phenolics and flavonoids. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities significantly increased in a AC concentration-dependent manner. The measured total polyphenol content of AC was 419.7mg/g. In anti-inflammation experiment, AC demonstrated a strong anti-inflammatory activity that induced inhibition of NO and PGE2 production in the LPS-stimulated inflammatory response in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Based on the results in this study, the AC show that the possibilities of utilizing AC extracts as a functional active ingredient for anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation in cosmeceutical products and it could be developed as components of cosmetics.

One of subtypes in ultraviolet (UV), UVB, has been reported that the most powerful factors causing photoaging and DNA lesions. Finding and developing both cost-effective and efficient materials are the urgent issues to protect the skin from UVB-induced damages. Alpha-mangostin (α-mangostin), the first xanthone isolated from Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen), has been studied for anti-inflammation and antioxidant properties. The purpose of this study to investigate effects of α-mangostin in HaCaT, keratinocyte against UVB radiation. To evaluate effects of α-mangostin upon UVB-induced cytotoxic damages, watersoluble tetrazolium salt (WST-1) assay, flow Cytometry analysis, qunatitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and senescence associated β-galactosidase assay (SA-β-gal assay) were performed. Pretreatment of α-mangostin was verified protective effects on UVB-induced proliferative restrain, apoptotic cell death and senescence, in HaCaT keratinocytes. These results indicated the protective effects of α-mangostin against UVB, and suggest as a cosmeceutical ingredient.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the actual conditions of public welfare system according to the type of business. This study conducted questionnaire on estheticians who are working in beauty salon, spa (A), and hospital or clinic (B). 217 copies of questionnaire data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0 for Windows. Welfare was categorized into fund support, facility support, life support, and culture support, and investigated satisfaction level according to the type of business. It was identified that fund is being provided more smoothly in B and facility support is being conducted more smoothly in A. Life support and culture support are being provided more smoothly in A. Also, job satisfaction increased as particular items of welfare as fund support, installation support, life support, and culture support were higher. As being professionals who create higher value, it is considered necessary to pay more interest and conduct research for the development of suitable welfare system of estheticians’ level.

Due to higher living standards of beauty service customers and advanced information and technology, beauty service consumer are likely to have a higher level of knowledge about the service. Quality evaluation and service have more impact on the consumer recognition on information and selection for service, leading to diversifying selection of the service providers. The participants are beauty salon consumer and were asked to complete a total of 213 (71%). The questionnaires were verified in terms of reliability and validity by using SPSS 12.0. Percentage, frequency analysis, regression analysis, t-test, and analysis of variance (one- way ANOVA), Duncan test analysis. In conclusion, research shows that based upon understanding of the consumer beauty knowledge level, it is necessary to enhance understanding into quality assessment of consumer characteristics, including a beauty service quality evaluation and service improvement. Furthermore, beauty service providers should analyze quality service and degree of service improvement according to the consumer knowledge level as part of better understanding into the consumer and at the same time, need to establish strategies of service management promotion in order to increase consumer satisfaction.

This study observed change in expression of transcription of genes, p53 and downstream of p53 in HDPCs that were exposed with UVA, researched into the restraining effect of ellagic acid on cell cycle arrest by UVA and the cell activation effect of ellagic acid, hence implemented in order to provide baseline date for future product development of hair and scalp care products using ellagic acid in HDPCs. In this study, it was proven that ellagic acid reduced occurring cell cycle arrest due to UVA on HDPCs. It was proven that a tumor suppressor gene p53 , which was activated upon DNA damage and cell malfunction and was contributed to cell cycle arrest or apoptosis, was increased by UVA, otherwise it was decreased by ellagic acid treatment. It was found that another tumor suppressor gene Gadd45α and 14-3-3σ also were increased by UVA, to the contrary they were decreased by ellagic acid treatment. Both tumor suppressor genes were a factor which would be avail of adjustment to G2/M arrest could generate G2/M arrest and play a role of repairing DNA. Explaining in other words, it was revealed that ellagic acid worked by repairing DNA and decreasing occurring tumor suppressor genes. UVA on HDPCs generated G2 arrest through the course of synthesizing DNA and passing G2 phase and entering M phase and eventually decreasing Cyclin B occurrence. Results from this study indicates that ellagic acid has a protective effect on human dermal papilla cells where UVA damages. Through which, it is expected that understanding of analysis on ellagic acid’s cell reaction, p53 and p53 downstream molecule, G2/M cell cycle arrest will be of avail for supporting further development of scalp and hair products by employing ellagic acid because it can be used as a basic information and a row material for cosmetics.

In our previous study, we show that alliin increased collagen in dermal fibroblasts and efficiently decreased MMP-1. Since collagen and MMP-1 are implicated in regulation wrinkle formation. Therefore, in present study, we show whether alliin decreased wrinkles and elasticity in human skin. The clinical trial was conducted with the women in 40s-50s who met the selection and exclusion criteria, by dividing them into the control group of 20 that use the cream that does not contain alliin and the experiment group of 20 that use the cream that contains alliin. The measurements were taken at prior to product use, and in 2 weeks and 4 weeks of product use. The results of the analysis in the improvement rate of the length of crow’s feet showed that the experiment group had an increase by 12.88% in 2 weeks of use, and 22.14% in 4 weeks of use. The results of the analysis on the improvement rate of the area of the crow’s feet showed that the experiment group had an increase by 15.35% in 2 weeks of use, and 26.44% in 4 weeks of use. The results of the analysis on the improvement rate of the number of wrinkles under eyes showed the increase by 33.33% in 2 weeks of use, and 46.46% in 4 weeks of use. The results of analysis on the improvement rate of skin elasticity showed the increase by 26.20% in 2 weeks of use, and 44.15% in 4 weeks of use. The results show that alliin is efficacious in improving skin in terms of wrinkles, elasticity. Thus, the effect of alliin in improving aged skin was demonstrated in the clinical trial, and alliin is expected to have a value as an excellent anti-aging ingredient for functional cosmetics.

The purpose of this study is to investigate selection standard of spas users of Korean, Chinese and Japanese and regional satisfaction of using spas by conducting surveys for 148 spa users of Korean, Chinese, and Japanese from 1st to 16th October in 2014 at the ‘dayspas’ in Seoul. This survey indicated users of three countries found information about spas from the Internet and the Japanese spa users who revisited the spas more than 5times were ranked the highest level of return visitors, which were 33 responders (55.9%). An importance of selection of spas for Korean and Chinese was the outstanding technique of therapy and for Japanese the quality of service. The image of the spas for Korean was luxurious skin care shop and fitness center, which 34 responders (33.0%) chose, for Chinese was Korean dry sauna and sauna, which 14 responders (42.2%) chose, for Japanese was luxurious skin care shop and fitness center, which 37 responders (38.1%) chose. It indicated that Korean preferred the Urban Spa, Chinese preferred the Medical Spa and Japanese preferred the Skin care shop in the hotel or resort. In the part of the awareness of the types of the spas, 84 responders (8.52%) answered Thai Massage, which was ranked the highest, 80 responders (8.11%) answered Head Spa and 76 responders (7.71%) answered Foot reflexology Massage. The purpose of visiting spa was that all three countries of spa users visited spas when they were tired. All three countries said mostly ‘yes’ on the recommendation of Spa Therapy and the inclination of Spa Therapy as the gifts. They were most interested in the gift cards of Spa Therapy which can give as the gifts to the other people. As the improvement for the future of the spa, all three countries needed the relaxing places after caring. Chinese felt inconvenient when they consulted programs and the satisfaction of overall communication with staffs, locations, products, facilities in the spas and specialized knowledge showed average 4points which was in high opinion. We hope that interest in study on beauty tourists of Chinese increase more.

This research was done to clarify the structural relation between recommendation intention and trust, recovery satisfaction, recovery endeavor of nail art service. To accomplish thee research objectives, research model and hypothesis were set based on pilot studies and it intended to help customer management of nail shop by analyzing the effect of rust, recovery satisfaction, recovery endeavor of nail art service on recommendation intention through empirical investigation. As a result of empirical analysis targeting customers who have experienced dissatisfaction in nail service, first, service recovery endeavor was shown to affect recovery satisfaction, trust and recommendation intention. Service satisfaction and trust increase can be expected when customers who even have experienced dissatisfaction in nail shop where customer flow is rapid have their positive emotion recovered through active complaint handling and sympathy formation, appropriate compensation, showing it is possible to create intention to recommend new customers. Second, service recovery satisfaction was shown to affect trust and recommendation intention. Trust toward nail manager and nail shop can be hardened even in the case of negative customers due to service dissatisfaction but if active service recovery endeavor is put and service endeavor satisfaction is brought, showing it is possible to create intention to recommend new customers. Third, trust was shown to affect recommendation intention. Trust of customers toward nail shop and manager was shown to give a help in bringing new customers. It implies it is important to recover the trust with the strategic endeavor even in the case of customers who have experienced dissatisfaction in a nail shop.

The purpose of this study was to examine the reasons and perceptions related to obtaining a nursing assistant licensure among the estheticians working at the medical skincare area, and to analyse the differences in work patterns and conditions between estheticians with or without a nursing assistant licensure. The target population of this study was estheticians working at the medical skincare areas in Seoul and Jeju province. Out of 80 questionnaires distributed, 65 were returned and 63 were analysed for this study. The results indicated, the main reason for obtaining the nursing assistant license was "selfdevelopment (41.7%)" and 16.7% of participants were encouraged by hospital currently working on. The work patterns and job conditions of estheticians showed no statistical difference by having the licensure or not (P<.05), and some estheticians without the nursing assistant licensure were doing tasks those were not covered within the scope of estheticians. This study suggests that further studies and discussions are necessary on this issue.

The purpose of this study is to examine the marketing mix components of skin care service according to the characteristics of skin care service, to analyse the consequences of its moves on the skin care shops satisfaction and loyalty and to verify the effect of skin care shops satisfaction on the skin care shops loyalty. The study results are as follows. The factors that affects the skin care shops satisfaction are ‘People’, ‘Physical Evidence’, ‘Product’ and ‘Price’, and the factors that have influences on the skin care shops loyalty are ‘Process’, ‘Product’, ‘People’, ‘Physical Evidence’ and ‘Price’ in order. This result shows that the factors of ‘Physical Evidence’, ‘Place’ have major effects on the skin care shops satisfaction and loyalty, in contrast, the factors of ‘Price’, ‘People’, ‘Process’, and ‘Product’ have less influences on them. As a result, the factors of ‘Physical Evidence’ have the most influence on skin care shops satisfaction and loyalty. This study suggests that we need to supply more systematic and efficient marketing strategies in accordance with the components of marketing-mix of skin care service.

This study aimed to find the effects of curcumin and spicule on keratosis pilaris for women in their twenties. 28 areas of arms and legs with the symptoms of keratosis pilaris were selected and divided into four groups (7 areas per group), the carrier, the spicule, the curcumin, and the curcuspi group. The groups were managed once a week for a total of six times. Water content, sebum content, the erythema index, and the melanin index were measured in three and six weeks, and evaluated with pictures and the naked eye. As a result, the water content significantly increased in the curcumin group (p<.05). When spicule was solely used, the melanin and the erythema index significantly increased (p<.05). When spicule and curcumin were used together, an increase in the melanin index was reduced, but there was no significant difference in the erythema index. Curmin improved the rough skin caused by keratosis pilaris in an evaluation on magnified pictures. The state of keratosis pilaris was significantly improved in the curcuspi group as a result of a visual evaluation (p<.01). In conclusion, the stimultaneous use of spicule and curcumin exercised a positive effect on an improvement in keratosis pilaris. It was considered that they might be used as the keratosis pilaris treatment product.

This study formalized men’s values by age and looked into its effect on their beauty care behavior. As study questions, this study investigated lower dimensions of values and beauty care behavior, and the results of investigating beauty care behavior by dividing into the factors of values show that men in their 20s put the highest values on hair care and keeping body shape amongst beauty care behavior in values for aestheticism and utilitarianism. Results indicate that hair care is the most basic beauty care behavior for men, and men place the most importance on hair care as it has a large impact on the face shape or formation of image. Men in their 30s put the highest values on cosmetic surgery and skin care amongst all the factors of beauty care behavior for aestheticism and social achievement. And men in their 40s put the highest emphasis on hair care and keeping body shape amongst all the factors of beauty care behavior for social achievement. Men in their 50s regard hair care and keeping body shape as the most important factors of beauty care behavior for aestheticism. Like this, study results show that taking good care of appearance is to raise one’s competitiveness for modern men, and it also has a major impact on social success and formation of interpersonal relationship.

The purpose of this study is to analyze a beauty service employee’s quality and priority order of competence evaluation. This study implemented the priority order analysis of the elements belonging to a total of 5 hierarchy factors 1, and 19 hierarchy factors 2 using AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) technique. Looking into the relative importance and priority order of super ordinate factors (through the priority order based on analysis results), importance was attached in the order of ‘service’ (0.386),’faithfulness’ (0.211), ‘technique’ (0.174), ‘art’ (0.124), and ‘ability’ (0.106), and looking into the importance and priority order of service sub-factors, importance was attached in the order of ‘communication skills in time of receiving customers’ (0.429), ‘manner and etiquette’ (0.256), ‘personal hygiene’ (0.173), and ‘social service (0.141), and it was found that consistiency was secured as the CR value came out under 0.1. Particularly, in the final ranking of Hierarchy factors 2, ‘communication skills in time of receiving customers’, ‘manner and etiquette’ and ‘personal hygiene’, and ‘social service’ were found to be in top 10. Through the analysis of such results, this study could confirm that the beauty service employees put services above others because of the need for continuous communication with customers by the nature of the beauty service job. It is thought that this study could be helpful to the selection and design of educational programs for efficient performance ability by providing the priority order to the evaluation of a beauty service employee’s quality and competence, and also helpful to reduction in problems consequent on fieldoriented educational program development. Nevertheless, there was a limitation in finding a perfect solution to the problem of the overlap between evaluation factors when selecting evaluation factors. Thus, there is the necessity of having to carry out the research on the basis of the more systematic indicators of a beauty service employee’s quality and competence; for instance, there is the necessity of having to do research on the priority order of vocational competency through the indicators provided by the Ministry of Employment and Labor.

It is steadily increasing the sales of herbal cosmetics, above all ginseng is very attractive as a herbal materials. Area of ginseng have been diversified with red ginseng, black ginseng and fermented ginseng and it showed more potent pharmacological activities than original white ginseng. As well as single ginsenosides, isolated from ginseng classes, exhibited also a wide range biological activities like anti-oxidant, anti-wrinkle, whitening, etc. And cosmetics, containing specific single ginsenosides, are very popular. However the ginseng cosmetics maintain high price, because the ginseng’s price is high. For solving these problem, we studied with ginseng leaves as raw material of anti-wrinkle cosmetics. Ginseng leaves contain more amount of ginsenosides than ginseng root. But ginseng leaves are almost discarded due to detection of residual pesticides. However, through isolation of ginseng leaves, we could obtain various pure ginsenosides. Especially, ginsenoside- Rd was obtained about 11 g per 1 kg of ginseng leaves. In this study, we performed to efficiently make rare ginsenoside-Rg3-S, -Rg3-R, -Rk1 and -Rg5 by steaming 5 g of ginsenoside-Rd. The alteration of the steamed ginsenoside-Rd was determined by HPLC analysis. It was confirmed that ginsenoside-Rd was perfectly disappeared and new rare ginsenoside-Rg3-S, -Rg3-R, -Rk1 and -Rg5 was gained as major material. The mixture of rare ginsenoisdes was isolated by chromatographic method and pure rare ginsenosides were obtained to yield of 553 mg (Rg3-S), 232 mg (Rg3-R), 175 mg (Rg5) and 157 mg (Rk1). Five kinds of pure ginsenosides, including ginsenoside Rd, were tested for anti-wrinkle effects. Anti-wrinkle effect of ginsenosides was evaluated to measure the expression level of type I collagen genes (COL1A1) in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs) using qRT-PCT ananlysis method. As a results, it were identified that ginsenoside-Rd, -Rk1 and -Rg5 significantly were increased the expression of COL1A1 in NHDFs. On the other hand, ginsenosides- Rg3-R and Rg3-S suppressed or unchanged the expression of COL1A1. Therefore the ginsenoside-Rd, -Rk1 and -Rg5 were considered to prevent wrinkle formation and the loss of collagen. As shown these results, ginsenoside-Rd, -Rk1 and -Rg5 can be new anti-aging agents in the cosmetic industry.

Atopic dermatitis most often affects infants and young children, but it can continue into adulthood or first show up later in life. Anti-inflammatory drugs including steroid compounds such as prednisone and dexamethasone are generally used for atopic dermatitis therapy. Acute effects of these medication are expected in many cases, but long-term cure is not guaranteed in most of the cases due to severe side effects. NC/Nga mice in baicalein (SB) was applied in advance to determine the activity of the skin tissue and skin immune cells. Immune cell numbers in the skin positive to CD3+/CD69+, CCR3+, CD11b+/Gr-1+, B220+/IgE+ all of which were up-regulated in AD-induced mice were decreased and returned to normal levels. Histological examination showed that infiltration levels of immune cells in the skin of AD-induced NC/Nga mice were much improved by pre-SB treatment. These results thus suggest that SB can regulate molecular mediators and immune cells that are functionally associated with atopic dermatitis induced in NC/ Nga mice, and may play an important role in recovering AD symptoms.

This study, with the aim of deducing the priority order for a nail shop location selection, did research. In order to achieve the objective of this research, this study composed a nail shop location selection elements with their 4 sorts of variables and measurement items. The AHP diagram used for deducing the priority order of a nail shop location selection elements is as followings. First, this study set up ‘Customer Creation type’, ‘Customer-Dependency type’, and ‘Traffic Volume-Dependency type’ as measurement elements in relation to accessibility, and set up ‘Primary Commercial District’, ‘Secondary Commercial District’ and ‘Tertiary Commercial District’ as measurement elements in relation to competition avoidance. Also, as for economic feasibility of a location, this study set up ‘Monthly Rent’, ‘Premium’, and ‘Management Costs’ as measurement elements while setting up ‘Open Location’, ‘Closed Location’ and ‘New Development’ in relation to growth possibility. In short, the elements for selecting a nail shop location are composed of 4 measurement domains and 12 measurement elements, and this study arranged the components of an importance measurement model in hierarchical structure for application of AHP technique which is usually utilized in an empirical analysis. This study suggested not only generally considered economic aspect, visibility, and accessibility but it also suggested diverse evaluation items in the light of the potentiality of a commercial sphere that cannot be easily judged; also this study gave a definition to items that should be preferentially considered among the standards of value judgment for selection of a store location.

Skin is the largest organ of the human body, which surrounds and protects body from external environments. Skin is divided in epidermis and dermis layer, and especially, epidermis is composed three layers each known as spinous, granular and cornified layer. Though various cell types constitute epidermis such as melanocytes, keratinocytes and langerhans cells, over 95% of epidermis consists of keratinocytes. As differentiation arise, the major component of epidermis, keratinocytes gradually proceed differentiated state from cell cycle. The differentiation of keratinocytes is the most important functional role in formation of stratum corneum, thus protects body from microbial invasion and inhibits hydration of skin. Due to diverse function of skin biology, keratinocytes has been studied mainly in pathology about toxicology, chemicals, and cosmetology. Alpha-mangostin (α-mangostin) is a yellow colored agent, which is the first xanthone isolated from Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen). According to previous study, α-mangostin has biological effects such as anti-inflammation and antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to investigate how α-mangostin promotes calcium induced differentiation of human epidermal keratinocytes, HaCaTs, and improves gloss of the nail.