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The purpose of this paper is to explore authorship and peer review that we are able to catch a glimpse of one side of the rights and duties of researchers. First, it was examined what is ethics to be observed in general when researchers would present research results, and then, the meaning of authorship, the conditions and criteria of author, the order of author, improper authorships, and the criteria of acknowledgement when the research results were announced. Second, with regard to the other important role of the researchers, I searched concept and significance of peer review, and discussed the reviewer’s ethics when the researchers would examine papers submitted to journals and research proposals. Through research activities, the researchers may also become the author of the results of their research and sometimes review the research proposal and research results of other researchers as a peer reviewer. To be included as an authentic author on a paper, it is necessary to have made a substantial and new contribution essential to publication of paper, to provide a good faith contribution to writing and/or editing of manuscripts, and to approve the content of the version submitted for publication. Contribution to the publication of a manuscript that do not meet the criteria for authorship should be recognized in the acknowledgements section of the paper. If a paper has more than one author, and assuming all authors meet the "criteria for authorship", then the first author will typically be the person who wrote the first draft of the manuscript, the last author will be the head of research group, and authors listed in between will be listed in order of decreasing contributions to the projects. A reviewer or referee of a manuscripts should judge objectively the quality of the complete manuscript and the supporting information, including the experimental and theoretical data, the interpretations and exposition, with due regard to the maintenance of high scientific and literary standards. And a reviewer should respect the intellectual independence of the authors.

The newest trend in skin care is the use of nutrients and supplements to produce an appearance benefit. As the economy has stabilized, quality of life, physical health and beauty has increased interest along with the desire for outward beauty. Therefore, relative activities in beauty skin care, as anti -wrinkle, moisturizer, promote elasticity increased that find new natural materials out for skin biological target and growing interest showing high efficacy with small amount. Specific positive effects of inner beauty food namely nutrients or nutricosmetic compounds on skin conditions may prove to be a biologically relevant and may consequently allow for claims on products containing these compounds. Recently, a lot of inner beauty food compounds as vitamin, mineral, and phytochemicals became known facts that play an important role in the health of skin care field. Expert in the fields of nutricosmetic met at the conference in June 2011 to elucidate the current status of nutricosmetic compounds market and to summarize its market share. The 46 % of market shared with vitamin and carotenoid compounds on nutricosmetics market of North America and European country. The aims of this review, after presenting general aspects about historical trends of beauty industry, is to give an overview of the current nutrition and nutricosmetic compounds as an inner beauty food (mainly vitamins, carotenoids and fruit extracts) for maintaining and improving skin condition.

The purpose of this research is to find out how hair color turns when the bleaching agent 1 made of different concentration of sodium metasilicate is put on the hair. Specifically, we measured color-difference meter with spectrophotometer. The result is as follows. As the higher the concentration of sodium metasilicate is, the higher L* which shows brightness becomes. Also B* which shows color spectrum between yellow and blue has a tendency to be similar with L*. It is advisable to make sodium metasilicate with high concentration of 15% (S3) to get the vivid bleaching effect. It is recommendable to make sodium metasilicate with high concentration of 20% (S4) to get better bleaching effect than standard reagent (S). In conclusion, concentration of sodium metasilicate is a significant factor determining the degree of the bleaching agent.

The purpose of this research is to prevent the base data of whitening ingredients by surveying on ingredient status and level of satisfaction of cosmetics used for improving the whitening effect in various skin care shops. The research was undertaken by surveying on ingredients in essence, cream and pack main elements on top 10 brands with the focus on major elements when selecting product and level of preference of cosmetics brand used for the purpose of whitening in skill care shops. The intent was to find out the relativity with the level of satisfaction following the use of whitening cosmetics following the ingredients and knowledge of whitening cosmetics. The research result showed, first, that the most important elements in selecting the whitening cosmetics were sense of use in cosmetic product for 27 persons (44.3%), followed by effective ingredient for 26 persons (42.6%), and the time of having the effect in 4~6 months for 27 persons (44.3%). Second, as a result of surveying the ingredients in top 10 preferred cosmetics brands to improve the whitening, it showed the use of ingredients of essence for 28.8±12.75, cream for 34.3±9.09, and pack for 31.7±10.73. Third, the effective ingredients and extracted materials were shown diversely for each brand with the most widely used preservatives in methylparaben, the surfactants in glyceryl stearate, the humectnats in glycerine and the oil materials in dimethicon and cetearyl alcohol. Fourth, for other ingredients, most frequent use for the antioxidant was tocopheryl acetate, the thickening agents for carbomer, and the sequestering agents for disodium EDTA. And, fifth, the level of satisfaction for using the whitening cosmetics was shown to have noticeable influence on level of understanding on skin care cosmetics (β=.349, t=2.212, p<.05) and knowledge on ingredients of skin care cosmetics (β=.378, t=2.396, p<.05). As shown above, ingredients used for whitening cosmetics are composed very diversely, and high level of understanding on cosmetics and knowledge on cosmetics ingredient would only be of help in selecting skin care products.

Be representative of the population in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) for this study were used. We were included in the study that depression group are exposed to a of obesityrelated eating habit and lifestyle behaviors of depressed compared with general middle-aged women to understand the importance of stress and depression of the many causes of obesity. This study method included socio-demographic and general characteristics, anthropometry measurements, dietary habits and life style to study the difference between the depressed group and the normal group by t-test and chi-square test. Showed that the depressed group compared to the normal group, feel more stress awareness. There was a statistically significant difference in the depressed group were higher than the normal group according to dymass index and waist circumference in age, waist circumference, body mass index, weight, total cholesterol, triglycerides. Obesity-related dietary habits and life styles of the depressed group and the normal group, there was a difference between the two groups in ‘frequency of snack’, ‘frequency of dining out’, ‘intake a variety of food’, ‘prepare adequate and in hygienic condition’ items. This study was the significance of the study of obesity-related dietary habits and life styles as a method for the prevention of obesity in middle-aged women.

Chronic ultraviolet-B (UVB) irradiation of the skin results in epidermal hyperplasia, degradation of extracellular matrix, and formation of wrinkles. To investigate the anti-photoaging effect of extract of Yukmijiwhangtang (YM) in SKH-1 mice. We observed the effects of YM on skin wrinkles formation, histological changes related to epidermal thickness, collagen fibers, elastic fibers and mast cells, and immunohistochemical changes related to cytokines and enzymes in photoaging skin caused by UVB irradiation of SKH-1 mice. The oral administration YM-O and topical application of extract of YM (YM-OA) significantly decreased wrinkle formation and the epidermal thickness compared to control group (p<.01). Furthermore, YM-OA prevented the disruption of collagen fibers within papillary layer of dermis, and significantly decreased number of mast cells in the dorsal and ear skins induced by UVB irradiation (p<.05). Treatment with YM-O and YM-OA decreased immunohistochemical density of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2, -3 related to degradation of extracellular matrix, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression related to angiogenesis in the epidermis. Treatment with YM-O and YM-OA reduced number of epidermal growth factor (EGF) immunostained cells related to activation of MAP kinase pathways involving upregulation of EGF receptor in the photoaging skin. Our study suggests that oral administration and topical application of Yukmijiwhangtang participates in inhibitory effects in the process of photoaging skin on UVB irradiated SKH-1 mice.

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of the four week. MLD lower body management, L-carnitine ingestion and stretching program on lower body type management. For this study, sixteen female college students with a body fat percentage of 22~28% were selected in Seoul and Gyeonggi area; MLD was given a total of twelve times, three times a week; stretching transpired for twenty minutes a day, and 1g of L-carnitine was offered for the total study period of one month from June 28 to July 27, 2012. Before and after the experiment, by through physiological tests; blood lipids (LDL-C, HDL-C, TC, TG), and body form (Waist, Hip, Thigh, Calf) changes were evaluated through 3D Body Scanner. As for blood lipids, LDL-C, TC, TG showed decrease in contrast A group, exercise B group and dietary C group after the experiment; HDL-C increased slightly in exercise B group only. As for 3D body form change, circumference of the right thigh and calf showed a decrease in exercise B group In addition, the right and left thigh circumference (p<.05) showed a decrease in diet C group, and a decrease in waist circumference (p<.01), too. Therefore, this study demonstrated that specific body part management is necessary; that the synergy effect of lower body form management is expected for beauty care. If exercise, diet and a healthy lifestyle are provided at the same time; a more appropriate and healthy management program is developed for female lower body management.

Peat is the product decomposed by biochemical function when the plants like the moss, reed, sedge, etc. and the little body of wood substances from the pine, birch, etc. are deposited under enough water condition. This study was carried out to develop the cosmetic material with functionality of skin on standardized peat and peat extract through comparison of efficacy between Jangheung peat and good qualifed Finland peat. By the experiment result, the antioxidation effect dose-dependently appeared in both Finland and Jangheung peat than control (L-ascorbic acid) and especially, the sphagnum peat of Finland was the highest antioxidation effect. Also, moisturizing effect respectively appeared in both Finland and Jangheung peat than the normal control and skin damaged group. And Jangheung peat was higher than the Finland peat in the moisturizing effect. And antiwrinkle effect appeared the statistical significance in both Finland and Jangheung peat than UV treated group and normal group. Regeneration effect of skin appeared the statistical significance in both Finland and Jangheung peat than skin damaged group and normal group. Finally, antibacterial effect showed in both Finland and Jangheung peat about Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. As a result, the Jangheung peat having good quality is expected to develop various cosmetics through the varification of additional efficacies in the future.

This study was intended to present the direction for development of the skin beauty business by identifying the cause for dissatisfaction currently felt by skin beauticians on spot, lowering the dissatisfaction-induced turnover and resolving the manpower shortage of the skin beauty business. For this purpose, the questionnaire research was conducted for the skincare specialists working at the skincare beauty salons and hospitals located in Seoul, Kyonggido, Incheon and Cheongju. 760 questionnaires were distributed to them and 646 ones were returned. The return rate was 85%. 610 questionnaires except 36 ones including dishonest responses were finally analyzed. An investigation of the respondents’ characteristics showed that the female respondents accounted for 593 persons (97.2%). 249 of the respondents said that they worked for more than 8 hours to less than 10 hours. And 203 of them said that they worked for more than 10 to less than 12 hours. 356 of the respondents said that they worked for 6 days a week and 190 said that they worked for 5 days a week. 61.8% of the respondents showed the turnover intentions as to whether they had the intention to change their present workplace or quit it. And they responded that "They would quit their work after one to less than 2 years". An investigation into the cause for changing their workplace or quit it showed that 63.0% of the respondents pointed out dissatisfaction with the working hours, followed by dissatisfaction with (60.7%) and heavy workload (53.9%). An investigation into the cause for turnover showed that the respondents pointed out long working hours. It is thought that the skincare beauty salon management need to study the scheme to resolve long working hours and heavy workload. Accordingly, it is necessary to coordinate skincare specialists’ commuting hours or adjust their workload.

This study investigated tyrosinase inhibitory and melanin production inhibitory activity of methanol extract and fractions from Dendropanax morbifera Lev. to examine its activation for skin whitening and discovered that ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions had high capacity of tyrosinase inhibitory. Also, as a result of measuring melanin production inhibitory in B16F10 cells which were stimulated by α-MSH, it was discovered that ethyl acetate fractions within the range of concentration without cytotoxicity had higher repression effects. As ethyl acetate fractions had higher flavonoid contents and DPPH radical absorption capacity than those of other specimens and the ethyl acetate fractions in methanol extracts from Dendropanax morbifera Lev. had excellence in anti-oxidation, tyrosinase inhibitory, and melanin production inhibitory activity, this study suggested that they have potential as a functional material of skin whitening cosmetics.

This study is to widen the choice of beauty operator, increasing the client’s satisfaction. This study compared the effect of thermotherapy and cryotherapy of beauty equipment on skin, and analyzed oil, moisture, pH, elasticity, pore, and wrinkle change. The participants were aging 30’s and 40’s females who didn’t care any treatment in the hospitals and skin care shops for recent three months. The period of experiment was applied for total 12 times, twice in a week, and data were analyzed before and after experiment based on 11 experimental groups and 10 control groups. It was that RF high frequency therapy was superior to oil and moisture care and P.C.S system therapy was excellent for the maintain of elasticity, wrinkle, and pore. The effect of RF high frequency and P.C.S system therapy on skin performed on left and right face and measured oil, moisture, elasticity, wrinkle improvement to survey the effect of P.C.S system therapy. Is is to become popular two therapy and widen the choice of beauty operator according to the clients’ skin.

For the purpose of developing and progressing the perception of uniform in beauty service providers, this study researched into the influence of uniform perception in beauty service providers upon improvements in uniform. General characteristics were examined targeting beauty workers who dwell in Seoul and Gyeonggi area. It analyzed the influence of aesthetics, reliability, recognition, comfort, functionality and durability, which are sub-factors of the uniform perception, upon convenience, similarity and accessibility, which are sub-factors of improvements in uniform. The data, which were collected through 483 copies of questionnaire survey in beauty service providers, were used SPSS 16.0 program. Factor analysis, reliability analysis, and regression analysis were carried out. As a result, first, ‘convenience’ among improvements in uniform was indicated to have positive relationship with ‘durability,’ ‘functionality’ and ‘recognition’ out of the uniform perception. Second, ‘similarity’ among improvements in uniform was indicated to have positive relationship with ‘aesthetics,’ ‘recognition,’ ‘durability’ and ‘functionality’ out of the uniform perception. Third, ‘accessibility’ among improvements in uniform was indicated to have positive relationship with ‘durability,’ ‘functionality’ and ‘recognition’ out of the uniform perception. The aim is to offer empirical data that is applicable to the implementation of beauty service based on these results.

This study attempted to analyze whether the work-related musculoskeletal disorders of estheticians cause the pain of physical subjective symptoms according to working environment and working posture and which factors have effects on the health status. For this purpose, the questionnaire research was conducted for 464 estheticians working in Seoul and the metropolitan area. The working environment and the working posture of the face had a significant interactional effect on the pain of the waist and the cervical portion but the working posture of the whole body did not have a significant main and interactional effect. An attempt was made to analyze the health status of the body according to the working environment1(bed height) and the working posture of the face. As a result, it was found that the pain of the waist and the hip, and the wrist and the hand occurred in the working posture of the face and the pain of the ankle and the foot occurred significantly in the working posture of the whole body. An attempt was made to investigate the interactional effect of the working environment and posture on the health status of the body. The pain of the wrist and the hand occurred significantly in the working posture of the face and the whole body. This indicates that the occurrence of pain on the regions such as wrist and hand was associated with the working posture and the health status of the regions such as waist, hip, wrist and hand was associated with both the working environment and posture. This study presents the basic material for policy to prevent work-related musculoskeletal disorders.

The aim of this study was to prove the effect of applying various amounts of ceramide skincare on erythema and moisturizing after herbal peeling.Peeling is known to alleviate hyperpigmentation due to exfoliation, acne mitigation and maintenance of clear skin. But unfortunately, despite its positive effects, peeling is still accompanied by side effects such as erythema, dehydration, and skin irritation. This happens due to the deterioration of the skin barrier resulting to dehydration. Ceramide is one of the most important ingredients that keeps the skin barrier’s function of protecting the skin from irritation due to external stimulation. Accordingly, we intend to check whether skincare applying ceramide after peeling replaced damaged skin barrier and minimized such side effect to improve skin. In the experiment, the middle-aged woman participants were divided into three groups, namely, No contents of Ceramide group (NC), Low contents of Ceramide group (LC) which contained 1% Ceramide and High contents of Ceramide group (HC) which contained 3% Ceramide. The test was rendered a total eight times and skincare was given in one-week interval. After the1st and 8th experiment, skin erythema index, moisture content, TEWL and roughness were measured. The moisture content of HC group increased more than LC and HC group and erythema index, TEWL and roughness decreased to be the lowest compared to LC and NC group to show significant difference. The increase of moisture content, erythema index, TEWL and roughness in LC group decreased compared to the NC group to show significant difference. It was a result that the higher contents of ceramide, the more showed positive effects on improvingand relieving erythema, dehydration, skin irritation.

This research was subject to clarify physical variation of hair by producing and sprea ding kaoliang pigment (acid pigment, kaoliang coloring matter pigment), which includes an additive natural kaoliang coloring matter extracted from plants, on hair samples to be met with the ingredient contents or ingredient kinds and suggest a basis to develop and use a new natural material for hair dyeing. The research method was as in the following; We produced hair samples and 9 kinds of kaoliang pigment, which includes an additive natural kaoliang coloring matter of 2%, 5%, 10% respectively, pursuant to the ingredient contents or ingredient kinds. In the event of preparing hair samples, kaoliang pigment was produced and spreaded to the hair samples, considering and calculating contents of an additive kaoliang coloring matter, pH, a solvent of coloring matter pursuant to total contents. And then the hair samples were put into 20 minutes- heat procedure. The research result was as in the following; Firstly, dehydration could’t be found or measured in all cases of kaoliang coloring matter of 2%, 5%, 10% after 7 days. Secondly, cuticle of hair samples not spreaded and those spreaded by the kaoliang pigment became opaque because hair surface was covered by thin membrane as pigment contents in kaoliang coloring matter increased. Thirdly, in case of hair tension strength, it increased on hair samples spreaded by the kaoliang pigment than on those not spreaded. fourthly, in case of hair thickness, it increased on hair samples spreaded by the kaoliang pigment than on those not spreaded. As the result above, it was revealed that kaoliang pigment had an effect of hair treatment.

This paper investigated the difference and correlation of satisfaction by facial area, appearance care motives and permanent makeup behaviors of female consumers in 20s to 40s. For the satisfaction on facial area by age, the subjects in their 20s who were very interested in the trend or image change showed low satisfaction on the facial area which was linked to the appearance care behaviors and high satisfaction on the areas which were highly related to aging. The subjects in their 40s showed higher satisfaction on facial area than other age groups as the age group which had more importance on life value or health with lower emphasis on appearance. The change of attraction was the highest motive among all subjects from 20s to 40s for the appearance care motives. It indicated that the subjects considered the appearance care to look attractive as the very important element regardless of ages. For the permanent makeup behaviors, the subjects in their 40s felt the most keenly of the necessity of permanent makeup to improve their images in interpersonal relationship as their social activities became more vigorous. For the correlation between satisfaction by facial area by age and permanent makeup behaviors, the correlation in skin satisfaction was found among the subjects in 20s and 40s. The higher the face satisfaction was, the more it had significant impact on the permanent makeup behaviors. In the correlation between appearance care motives by age and permanent makeup behaviors, the subjects from 20s to 40s showed very high correlation. In accordance with the analysis results, the permanent makeup strengthened the change of attraction and self-satisfaction and had positive influence on interpersonal relationship. The results verified that the satisfaction of female consumers by facial area and appearance care motives had the significant impact on the permanent makeup behaviors. Furthermore, the face satisfaction, appearance care motives and permanent makeup behaviors in the subjects from 20s to 40s were influenced by the interest on appearance and social activity. Accordingly, it was proved that the permanent makeup was recognized as the new kind of appearance care by female consumers.

Latest in grooming, amidst the frenzy of skin care for men trying to increase trend. Women’s social participation is becoming less and less active men being relatively less social influence, men also need to believe that to be successful the looks. Men also need to believe that to be successful the looks. The purpose of this study was to examine the skin care of 20-30 for adult men by applying a transtheoretical model. It’s especially meant to investigate the stage of skin care among adult men, their related balanced decision making, self-efficacy and process of change in skin care in an attempt to provide information on the development of programs geared toward spreading th right way of skin care. The subjects in this study were 400 adult men in the city of Gwangju, on whom a survey was conducted from October 15 to November 18, 2012. the analyzable answer sheets from 368 respondents were analyzed. The main results of this study are as follows. First, as for the stage of skin care, the greatest 40.5% was in a preparatory stage, and precontemplation stag, acting stage, contemplation stage, maintenance stage. In relation to the general characteristics of the adult men, the age and monthly income in accordance with stage of skin care, the results appear to be very meaningful. Second, the positive and negative elements of balanced decision making about regular skin care were significantly different according to the stages of skin care (p=.011) (p=.000). The positive elements of balanced decision making were smallest in number in the precontemplation stage and largest in the maintenance stage, which indicated that the students who belonged to the higher stage of skin care got more scores in that aspect. The number of the negative elements was largest in the precontemplation stage and smallest in the maintenance stage, which implied that those who belonged to the higher stage of skin care scored less. Third, self-efficacy were smallest in number in the precontemplation stage and largest in the maintenance stage (p=.000). Stage of the skin care practice behavior was improved by proceeding in a positive direction. The results of a study of adult men’s skin care practice act changes follow the steps in the decision making of balance and sense of self-efficacy to elicit behavioral changes are an important role, the resulting approach measures provided adult men self skin care practice and developed a variety of programs for skin care customers even thought possible.

Latest in grooming, amidst the frenzy of skin care for men trying to increase trend. Women’s social participation is becoming less and less active men being relatively less social influence, men also need to believe that to be successful the looks. Men also need to believe that to be successful the looks. The purpose of this study was to examine the skin care of 20-30 for adult men by applying a transtheoretical model. It’s especially meant to investigate the stage of skin care among adult men, their related balanced decision making, self-efficacy and process of change in skin care in an attempt to provide information on the development of programs geared toward spreading th right way of skin care. The subjects in this study were 400 adult men in the city of Gwangju, on whom a survey was conducted from October 15 to November 18, 2012. the analyzable answer sheets from 368 respondents were analyzed. The main results of this study are as follows. First, as for the stage of skin care, the greatest 40.5% was in a preparatory stage, and precontemplation stag, acting stage, contemplation stage, maintenance stage. In relation to the general characteristics of the adult men, the age and monthly income in accordance with stage of skin care, the results appear to be very meaningful. Second, the positive and negative elements of balanced decision making about regular skin care were significantly different according to the stages of skin care (p=.011) (p=.000). The positive elements of balanced decision making were smallest in number in the precontemplation stage and largest in the maintenance stage, which indicated that the students who belonged to the higher stage of skin care got more scores in that aspect. The number of the negative elements was largest in the precontemplation stage and smallest in the maintenance stage, which implied that those who belonged to the higher stage of skin care scored less. Third, self-efficacy were smallest in number in the precontemplation stage and largest in the maintenance stage (p=.000). Stage of the skin care practice behavior was improved by proceeding in a positive direction. The results of a study of adult men’s skin care practice act changes follow the steps in the decision making of balance and sense of selfefficacy to elicit behavioral changes are an important role, the resulting approach measures provided adult men self skin care practice and developed a variety of programs for skin care customers even thought possible.

This study is analyzed to collect data for 472 female college students attending University in Seoul. According to the Transtheoretical model, Divided into 5 groups of female college students, we compared and analyzed the consumer response of cosmetics 4P, such as cosmetic purchase characteristics, cosmetics products, prices, advertising, point of purchase and so on. According to the results of this study, conclusions and discussion are as follows. First, the result of investigation of the use of cosmetics on the makeup of Female University Students, Using of the Color cosmetics intend to increase according to high monthly income, pin money and unmarried woman. Second, in all groups, the places of cosmetic purchase were intend to increased department store, cosmetic brand shop, and cosmetics supply. Third, in all groups, the preference in the selection of color cosmetics were high of BBcream and foundation. In addition, on the basic cosmetics selection, cleanser and toner/lotion items had high purchasing preferences. Fourth, in the color cosmetics using group, satisfaction of cosmetics were high. Fifth, in the group of preparations on color cosmetics had more impulsive cosmetic buying tendency. Finally, high income and pin money lead the purchase of cosmetics in department stores. On the other hand, the purchase of brand shops and cosmetics shops were increased in the lower income levels, and a pin money.

This study investigates the perspectives and attitude on men’s foot care with 200 male individuals by asking both quantitative and qualitative questions. Through SPSS(Statistical Package for the Social Science) WIN 15.0 program and One Way ANOVA, the study extracted chi-square(χ²), frequency distributions, probability of chance occurrence (p), and the t-test results. The study starts the investigation with the relationship with men’s jobs, Age groups, Educational backgrounds, Monthly incomes, and monthly expenses and their aspects in getting a foot therapy. The most prominent results showed upon students (57.0%), high school graduates (54.5%), individuals Under 25 years old years old (51.5%), ones with 300-500 million won Monthly income (37.5%), and ones with 20-30 won monthly expense (36%). The data indicated that 41% individuals takes care of the body through exercise, 10.5% through nourishments, 3% through alternative treatment, while on the other hand 37.5% neglects any sort of treatment. Out of the five divisions, three categories, Age groups, education backgrounds, and job placements, had the most significant difference through the t test. In the foot problem category 44% had no indications of any problem, 20.5% with callus, 16.5% with ingrowing toe-nail, 9.5% with split heel, and 4% with other foot problems showing the lowest significant difference. The individuals that wished to receive a foot therapy reached 82% and stated that foot therapy minimized fatigue, helped reduce stress. Overall, the data states out of all the volunteers, 3.65/5 showed positive responses for foot therapy with no significant differences in the all aspects.

A survey was conducted on 500 women who were in their 20s to 40s and resided in North Gyeongsang Province including Daegu and Pohang from August 1 to September 28, 2012. And the answer sheets from 485 respondents were analyzed. The questionnaire used in this study covered skin type, dietary habits, life habits and food preference. After six food groups were selected, their preference for the food groups were analyzed, and the foods were classified again into three according to their preference. By age, the women who were aged between 40 and 49 made up the largest age group(30.3%), followed by the 30 -39 age group(29.7%), those under the age of 25(24.5%) and the 25-29 age group(15.5%). As for preference for cereals, the women who were under the age of 25 had the strongest preference for cereals, and those aged between 40 and 49 had a less liking for cereals than the other age groups. The younger women showed a more preference for bread and rice cake. The women who were aged between 25 and 29 had the biggest preference for meat, fish, milk, dairy products and beverages, and the older women had a greater liking for vegetables and fruit. Concerning the skin type of the women in their 20s to 40s, a combination skin was most common, followed by a dry skin, normal skin and oily skin. The women who had a combination skin preferred bread, rice cake, milk and dairy products. Regarding ways of improving the skin, the women who were under the age of 25 were more concerned about cleansing, and those who were aged between 30 and 39 were more careful about the choice of cosmetics. The women whose skin was sensitive preferred vegetables and fruit, and many of those who ate lots of meat had an oily skin. The women with a combination skin were fond of spicy food, and those with an acne skin liked sweet taste. Those who had an acne skin perceived that drinking exerted a great influence on the skin, and many of the women who ate a lot of food, four cups of water or more per day, had a combination skin. The findings of the study suggest that the health of the skin is closely bound up with diet, namely the choice of food, and that the choice of food exercises an influence on the change of the skin and the maintenance of beautiful skin.

This study has investigated elderly women’s interest in appearance, life satisfaction and depression and causal relations among them. For this, data on 286 aged women living in Gwangju have been analyzed using SPSS 15.0 and AMOS 7.0. The following results were obtained. First, elderly women’s interest in appearance was high when they were young, practiced a religion and had a spouse. Second, elderly women’s life satisfaction was high when they were young, practiced a religion and had a spouse, or if they were getting financial aid from their child or the government when they were living alone. Third, a statistically significant difference has been observed in elderly women’s depression in terms of age, educational background, religion, existence of spouse, type of residence and how to raise money to meet living expenses. Among the target subjects, 35.3% were suffering from depression. Fourth, elderly women’s interest in appearance had a positive effect on life satisfaction but negative effect on depression. In addition, their life satisfaction had a negative effect on depression. Fifth, life satisfaction had a mediating effect on the relationship between interest in appearance and depression. Therefore, reducing elderly women’s depression with diverse appearance change programs which are designed to respond to their interest in appearance and improve their mental health is suggested.

Taurine is highly present in sea foods such as oyster, clam and octopus. Taurine has various important physiological functions, such as detoxification, osmoregulation, cell membrane stabilization and cell growth. In this study, we investigated the effects of taurine on type I collagen and MMP1 expression regulation in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). Taurine at concentration of below 500 μM did not affect cell viability. To determine whether collagen type I and MMP1 gene expression is regulated by taurine, we performed Quantitative RTPCR (qRT-PCR) on taurine-treated HDFs. Levels of gene expression of type I collagen were significantly increased by taurine in dose-dependent manner. Taurine did not cause any significant change in levels of MMP1 gene expression. To further investigate the effect of MAPK in taurine- induced collagen production, we conformed levels of MAPK phosphorylation by using western blotting on taurine- treated HDFs. Taurine was decreased the amounts of Erk-1/2 protein expression but significantly increased Erk-1/2 phosphorylation in HDFs. However, the same concentration of taurine did not affect phosphorylation levels of p38 MAPK. Cotreatment of 250 μM taurine and PD98059, a selective inhibitor of Erk-activating kinases, were prevented Erk-1/2 activation and gene expression of type I collagen. These results showed that taurine regulates gene expression of type I collagen via phosphorylation of Erk-1/2. These finding suggest that taurine is useful ingredient for antiaging effects of skin.

The purpose of this work is to investigate how skin beauticians’ stress management affects customer orientation in managing skin beauty salons and thereby increase skin beauticians’ health and quality of life and provide a fundamental material that will be used to make an efficient standard service manual for skin beauty salons. The survey about demographical characteristics, stress management and customer orientation was used to find out how stress management affect customer orientation. The study results are presented as follows: First, regarding stress management, the most found was the answer that ‘the respondents are aware of their stress factors’; regarding customer orientation, the most found was the answer that I do my best to treat customers with a bright smile on my face. Secondly, according to the analysis as to how demographical characteristics and stress management affect customer orientation, it was found that the better the capability of managing stress was, the higher its significant effects on customer orientation was. The study result revealed that what matters most in stress management factors is that skin beauticians try to realize their stress factors and that they have positive thoughts. Therefore, it is necessary for skin beauticians to realize their stress factors, think positively and make their efforts to ease a sense of stress. With this individual efforts, it is necessary to provide institutional support in the perspective of managers’ operation rules and in the social dimension.