Earticle

In order to develop a new ultraviolet ray blocking material that will protect the skin from ultraviolet rays that are known to be the primary cause of skin aging and complement the weakness of existing ultraviolet ray scattering agents that had to be used in large amounts, the optical characteristics of titanium dioxide powder which is the major material of ultraviolet ray scattering agents relative to its shapes were analyzed and the correlations between the characteristics and the effect to block ultraviolet rays were examined. The optical characteristics of individual powder types of four different titanium dioxide products currently commercialized were analyzed. Then, W/O emulsions mixed with titanium dioxide in a 5% weight ratio were made and their in vitro SPF and PA values were measured. Among the four types of titanium dioxide with different shapes, ST-485 showed the highest UV Absorbance value in the area of ultraviolet rays followed by ST-455, ST-495 and P-25 in order of precedence and in the case of UV Reflectance values, ST-495 showed the highest value followed by P-25, ST485 and ST-455. In addition, it could be seen that when the UV Absorbance value of the powder was higher, the sun protection factor (SPF) value of the powder was also higher and that when the UV Reflectance value of the powder was higher, the protection grade of UVA (PA) of the powder was also higher.

The purpose of this study is to research on the antimicrobial activity and anti- inflammation to the human skin pathogens by the Rumex crispus L. (R. crispus) root extracts and to examine the possibility of prevention of skin disease and its improvement. The method of R. crispus root extracts was done by ethanol, and by using the paper disk diffusion method, an experimented was done on the antimicrobial effect to the Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) and Malassezia furfur (M. furfur) and on the anti-inflammation effect at the RAW 264.7 cell, and RBL-2H3 cell. As the result of the antimicrobial activity to P. acnes and M. furfur, the concentration (5, 10 ㎎/㎖) of the extracts have shown the Clear Zone that P. acnes as 12.5 ㎜, 13.1 ㎜, and M. furfur as 14.3 ㎜, 16.3 ㎜. Regarding the survival rate of cell, the RAW 264.7 cell did not show a cytotoxicity at the concentration below 200 ㎍/㎖ ,and the RBL-2H3 cell did not shoe cell toxin at the concentration below 100 ㎍/㎖. At the RAW 264.7 cell, the creation of NO induced by LPS, and β-hexosaminidase secreted at RBL-2H3 cell were suppressed wholly by the concentration dependence. As the above result, it is confirmed that the R. crispus root extracts suppress substance which induces the antimicrobial and allergy symptoms, and thus the possibility of its use as substance of improving and preventing skin disease is confirmed.

The purpose of this research was to verify the effectiveness of facial treatment by figuring out the merits and demerits of the treatment by using high frequency equipment and stone therapy to mid-aged women who were becoming old. But, in fact, high frequency equipment is not allowed to use by aesthetician by law even though it is very effective for various facial treatment programs. So, verifying the effectiveness of stone therapy which can be conjugated as a guide for facial treatment instead of using high frequency equipment was another purpose of this research. As a result, the high frequency treatment showed more effectiveness to improve the skin condition than stone therapy, but the result of application of stone therapy for the aging skin was positive. Especially, components emitting from stones induced the regeneration of cells and made the skin elastic and healthy. So, most of candidates were satisfied.

The authors have performed this study in order to investigate the effects of and differences between amino fruit acid and diamond peeling, and to present a more effective means of skin care. 16 female patients in their thirties with decreased skin elasticity were included. 8 patients received amino fruit acid peeling, which is a chemical peel, while the rest received diamond peeling, which is a physical peel. The study was conducted over a 6 week period, during which each patient received treatment once a week, resulting in a total of 6 treatments. Each treatment lasted for an average of 25 minutes. The skin was evaluated before and after treatment for changes in pore diameter, skin roughness, pigmentation, and fine rhytides. Results showed both procedures were effective in reducing pore size, but diamond peeling showed superior results. Skin texture was also improved in all patients, but was more improved with amino fruit acid peeling, while the skin whitening effect was greater for diamond peeling. Improvement of fine rhytides was shown only in the diamond peeling group. Based on these results, the authors concluded that diamond peeling, rather than amino fruit acid peeling, is a more effective means of skin care.

Although it is known that nutritional conditions affect the skin function, little information is available on the effect of dietary intake. This study was performed to compare nutritional intake and serum lipid profile by skin types in 50 female subjects in their 20's. The skin type was divided into Dry skin, Mixed skin, and Oily skin, and the dry skin group was 14%, the mixed skin group was 56%, and the oily skin group was 30% of all subjects. Significant differences were not observed in energy and nutrient intakes by skin type. But, fat intake(saturated fatty acid, mono unsaturated fatty acid, cholesterol) in the Dry skin group was tended to higher than Mixed and Oily skin groups. The concentrations of serum lipids such as total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL- cholesterol were not significantly different among groups. The sebum contents of the chin showed a significant positive correlation(r=0.280, p＜0.05). With these results, it is considered that the basic condition of nutritional status can affect the skin health. The possibility to control skin function by diet or neutriceutical intervention is suggested.

This study examined the improvement effect of pimple skin after applying anti- bacterial soap and toner produced using silver alginate and finally found the following results. For the non-invasive effect of skin improvement of soap and toner containing silver alginate, while water(p=0.045), oil(p=0.000), and sensitivity(p=0.01) were decreased, erythema was increased. For the subjective effect of skin improvement of soap and toner containing silver alginate, water( keratogenesis)(p=0.028) and oil(pimple)(p=0.003) were decreased. After using soap and toner containing silver alginate, the distribution of papule and pustule were improved. Based on this result, it was demonstrated that silver alginate was effective for improving pimples by inhibiting P. acnes which causes pimples and reducing oil in the skin surface. However, since it may cause skin irritation and dryness, effective suggestion for skin care methods should be made for further use.

This paper is studied about the sculpture materials made of petroleum jelly and micro-crystalline wax which are used for cosmetic materials, utilizing their characteristics - less alteration than animal oil, stability for oxidation, being solid at room temperature and high melting point. It is proved that petroleum jelly and microcrystalline wax compensate the defects of elements of endocrine-disrupting chemicals such as ordinary clay, rubber clay, color mix, and resin clay. It is also guaranteed that they are available for sculpture materials which contain the cosmetic-like protective effect on skin. After the materials containing petroleum jelly and microcrystalline wax are applied to skin and the outcome is examined, the loss of trans-epidermal water of the skin was decreased in the palm, back of the hand, and A, B, D formulations. The increase in the amount of water and oil capacity of the skin was found in the same samples. PH levels of these materials remain stable ranging from 4.5 to 5.5 on average in the palm, back of the hand, and A, B, D formulations, and a primary skin irritation test on rabbit showed their non-irritating features. Unlike the traditional carving materials having been used so far, these petroleum jelly and micro- crystalline wax provide a high-quality protective effect on skin comparable to the cosmetics'. They are found to be practical for sculpture materials as well as for people who have to be exposed to this job due to their moisturizing characteristics and safety as cosmetic ingredients.

The obesity acts as a major risk factor in metabolic disease beyond the simple matter of appearance. In particular, the female obesity is related to such diseases as breast cancer, uterine cancer and ovarian cancer, posing a serious problem not only for the health but also for the matter of appearance. In the study, the figure management by using high frequency and another abdomen cellulite management by manipulation method were made for a group of women in age from 40 to 50 and with obesity in the abdomen by the group. As the result of the experiment, it is shown that the obesity degree has considerably gone down through the evaluation of the measurements in body constitution and Authmpometry Exam made before and after the experiment. Also, the result of the experiment indicated that the average changes before and after the experiment made in the manipulation management group and high frequency management group produced the statistically little significant difference in them except some changes in the amount of body fat, showing that there is little methodical difference in the adjustment of obesity through the manipulation method and high frequency management.

This research is aimed to study impact of a multi complex machine treatment and nutritional education to women with central obesity on their body composition and dietary habits. In addition, the research was to evaluate the effectiveness of a weight control program using the 4 components of the trans-theoretical model ― a phase of behavioral changes, a process of behavioral changes, self-efficacy and decisional balance. We divided research subjects into 2 groups: a group which underwent the machine treatment and nutritional education (Education High Frequency and Suction Machine Group, hereinafter referred to as the group EHSM) and a group which underwent only the machine treatment (High Frequency and Suction Machine Group, hereinafter referred to as the group HSM). Both the two groups received the multi complex machine program using high frequency, vacuum suction and thermotherapy for 55 minutes twice a week. The group EHSM additionally underwent the nutritional education using the process of behavioral changes of the trans- theoretical model. After the 6-week abdominal obesity treatment, the both groups showed a significant decline in their body composition and energy intake (*p<.05,**p<.01,***p<.001), and for self-efficacy and decisional balance, the group EHSM showed a change in the more positive direction than the group HSM. Therefore, we concluded that the combination of abdominal obesity treatment program and the systematic nutritional education for improving eating habits was more effective in the program's reproducibility and weight control than carrying out just the machine therapy.

The object of this research was to see if therapy on the obesity was more effective when Scopariane was applied in Swedish massage and also to see whether obesity control programme proves to have a stress-relief effect. The research also aimed to provide a basic information for a well-being obesity control programme. According to the experiment, throughout the seven times during the eight weeks from 2010.3.25 to 2010.5.24 a 8 persons total 24 persons on the obesity woman 20's~60's over the BMI 25, dividing Group A (This group received a Swedish massage with gel that contains 10% Scopariane), Group B (This Group received a Swedish massage with gel that contains 5% Scopariane), Group C (This Group received a Swedish massage with gel that contains 0% Scopariane).Group C (This Group received a Swedish massage with gel that contains 0% Scopariane) was almost not effective and had much higher decrease in weight, BMI and body fat in Group A, Group B Particularly Group A had much higher decrease in weight, BMI and body fat rate. Therefore a Swedish massage that uses Scopariane is assumed to the higher Scopariane volume the more effective in fighting the obesity.

In this study, we carried out an experimentation with fifteen college girl students for four weeks in the swimming pool of a condominium in Sokcho area. Twenty times of experiment were made from July 5th to 30th 2010 excepting weekends. Walking for Weight Control in Female Students of the physiological changes in water bone density, body mass index, weight change, stress scale, by measuring concentrations of cortisol in saliva were analyzed. The following results were drawn from the experiment. 1. Gait before and after water was increased bone mineral density, which was statistically significant (p <0.05). 2. Weight and BMI were decreased in normal from overweight, which was statistically significant (p <0.05). 3. Subjective stress before and after the experiment was decreased, which was statistically significant (p <0.05). 4. Concentrations of cortisol in saliva was not statistically significant (p> 0.05). Through this study of 20 female college students a major concern for skin care and health-related diet, weight control, walking on the water can be applied to increase mineral bone mineral density and body weight and body mass, weight control, stress reduction on the subjective effects.

The importance of manicure comes to the fore. It is however not well kept since there is no documentational basis for its treatment and it is verbally obligatory. In the present study, we aimed to get information for the impact to the nail by the wrong usage of product and treatment. The experimental procedure and survey were conducted side by side, seven days after procedures, survey was carried out again, and the nails were collected so that the degree of damages and continuity could be studied. Also, the degree of tint and visibility were measured. When base+enamel+top were applied, the degree of damages and tint were low, but visibility and continuity were high. It suggests that the more specific study is necessary and it should be recognized in actual procedures. In addition, the correct procedure should be offered by informing the disadvantage of wrong nail coloring procedures.

This study is to investigate the affect of fever in parietal region on alopecia subjects. Subjects of this study is total of 355 persons (171 male, 184 Female), who visited H Hair Loss (Alopecia)center that is located in Seoul Gangnam area for hair loss treatment due to alopecia symptoms between Jan.2009 to Sep.2010. Gender ratio of the subjects were similar, 48.2% male and 51.80% female, but showing female is slightly higher than the male, meaning that female is more actively participated in hair loss treatment when the alopecia occurs. Generic factor of alopecia is total of 49.70%, 49.4% male and 50.6% female; it appears that the hair loss is caused by many other factors including generic factors and generic dependence of male alopecia is higher than the female’s. Subjective symptoms of fever in parietal region are total 72.7%, 77.8% of male and 67.9% female; fever in parietal region is a major cause of hair loss, and the result showed that the male has higher risk of alopecia that is caused by fever in parietal region.

For surveying the consumer recognition and satisfaction about Korean type of manual technic their correlations were investigated by regression analysis on the eligible 496 questions of total 550 answered from 600 requested. The results were as follows. 1) The pre-recognition and information about Korean type of manual technic gave a high degree of satisfaction in its treatment. 2) It gives considerable satisfaction to the consumers when recognize stress built-up more higher. 3) The high satisfaction gave prefered being-treated in Korean type of manual technic and a positive activity in inducement for the manual technic. Consequently, It's considered that managing the customers in services with pre- recognition and fruitful information about Korean type of manual technic could give satisfaction to them and contribute for increase in sales.

Because many materials for skin application can induce the skin irritation, we should evaluate the primary skin irritation test. Recently, several alternative in vitro methods to Draize skin irritation test using rabbits have been developed. The most promising alternative method for skin irritation is the using of reconstituted human skin equivalent model(RhE). In this study, we introduce the development status of RhE model, principle and procedure of test method, and validation method. Further studies are in progress to improve the test protocols and the validation studies for KeraSkinTM developed by Korea in order to be certified internationally.

The standard formular for herbs has been attempted to set up by documentary testing original herbs which were recorded in authorized documents. Thus the pig's lard has been used from antique as cosmetic materials. We try to describe it's physiochemical, biological properties and usage in the domain of cosmetic. The origin of pig's lard is Sus scrofa L. var domestica Brisson. Sus scrofa L. var coreanus Heude and Sus scrofa L. var domestica Gray. The pig's lard is consisting of oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid linoleic acid and myristic acid which are used today also in the cosmetic and drug manufacturing. This pig's lard has been used ointment base.

There have been many studies regarding the waiting time as a marketing issue, however not much is about the effects of waiting on the satisfaction with its service. This study focuses on the investigation what influenced waiting time on customer satisfaction and revisit intention in service of beauty industry. In this situation, recently, it has been suggested that the management of waiting time is one of the sustainable competitive advantages. Based on previous literatures, this thesis proposes the structure about Perceived Waiting Time(disconfirmation of wait time expectation, transaction importance, waiting cost, controllability, fairness and waiting environment), Customer Satisfaction and Revisit Intention. The survey data has obtained from beauty service user. The purpose of this thesis is to find the impact of transaction importance, waiting cost, waiting environment on customer satisfaction. And the impact of customer satisfaction on revisit intention. In addition, this thesis suggests waiting environment as prior factor to customer satisfaction.