Earticle

Obesity causes significantly decrease in quality of life, not only by contributing to development of many diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, hypertension, but also by leading to various side effects including low self-esteem and psychological depression. This worldwide prevalence of obesity has been requiring extensive studies on effective prevention and treatments of the diseases. Insulin tolerance is well known as an origin of abdominal obesity, which is one of the leading causes of adult diseases. Reports on dangers and health risks associated with the diseases have increased exponentially. Here we discuss metabolic syndrome caused by obesity, focusing on treatment in order to suppress the inflammation. Moreover, we suggest effective diets for silent inflammation. Therefore, this review provides that anti-inflammatory benefits of calorie restriction and higher dietary intake of omega-3 compared with omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids may modulate the inflammatory processes and decrease death risk.

A great number of artifacts which tell us about the cultural exchange between western countries and Shilla have been found in south-eastern Korea. In addition, it has been found some western literatures which mentioned Shilla and described its culture. Among them, ancient Rome culture is the most similar to Shilla’s one, and there were obvious evidences which can prove cultural trades between two countries. With these facts, this paper has questioned that these two countries might have traded the beauty cultures as well. Not surprisingly, plenty of common beauty cultures which they preferred were discovered. In spite of the long distance between ancient Rome and Shilla, it does not seem to be a problem back then. At first, this study has presented the ancient Rome and Shilla beauty culture’s characters, which mainly focused on the makeup, skin care, hair style and perfume areas. It has been followed by a comparison between these two countries, which demonstrated a common Roman and Shilla beauty culture, and also a difference of them. It has concluded that the beauty culture and industry in these two countries were prosperous due to the extension of women’s right, the impotance of an appearance for the social life, and the open mind for the other cultures. However, it was found that ancient Roman beauty was more extravagant and criticised compared to the beauty culture in Shilla. Overall, this paper has dealt with quite unique and interesting topic, seeing that the study in terms of the comparative beauty culture between ancient Rome and Shilla is quite rare. Since it has just covered 4 areas such as makeup, skin care, hair style and perfume, it need to be studied further. Therefore, there is a hope that this study become a foundation to study this field more and follow-up researches will study the ancient Rome and Shilla beauty culture more in detail.

This study was performed to analyse the relationship between facial skin condition and serum antioxidant status in 60 female subjects. The skin pore size, roughness, level of pigmentation, and degree of wrinkles were determined and the Wellness Index (WI) was calculated. 20 females with 14-22 points were put into High Wellness group (HW), 19 females with 23-27 points were put into Medium Wellness group (MW), and 21 females who had 28-32 or more points were put into Low Wellness group (LW). Their living habits, moisture of facial skin, sebum content, and antioxidant status of serum were then compared. The result of the HW group showed that they had desirable living habits including eating habits. Also they had high content of facial skin moisture and sebum (p<.0001), low portion of keratin (p<.05), and high elasticity (p<.05). The total antioxidant status (TAS) concentration in blood was highest (p<.05) and the superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentration was lowest in the HW group (p<.001). Catalase (CAT) was highest in the HW group showing significant difference with the LW group which showed lowest CAT concentration (p<.05). The HW group showed rich in facial moisture, had less amount of keratinous tissue (dead skin cells), and had high elasticity. In addition, the concentration of TAS and CAT were also high in HW group. The relationship among the factors malondialdehyde (MDA), antioxidant enzyme, and TAS with the condition of skin showed that as the concentration of antioxidant enzyme and TAS increased the moisture and sebum of facial skin. For such results, desirable antioxidant nutrient condition affect as an affirmative factor to keep healthy skin.

To compare antioxidant and antibacterial effects of pine needles of pine trees (Pinus densiflora Seib. et Zucc.) that naturally grow in Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea, on human skin pathogens, extracts of pine needles were produced by two different extraction methods, using 80% ethanol and hydrothermal fluid methods. Then, they were used in the experiment after freeze drying both extracts and dissolving with 80% ethanol. Our analysis found that hydrothermal extraction method showed 4 times higher recovery rates compared with extraction with 80% ethanol. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity of these extracts by 1, 1-diphenyl- 2-picryl hydrazyl assay was higher than L-ascorbic acid. In paper disc method examining antibacterial effects of these on human skin pathogens, such as Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), Candida albicans (C. albicans), and Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), 80% ethanol and hydrothermal extracts both displayed antibacterial effects against E. coli, S. aureus, and P. acnes. Pine needle extracts presented especially high antibacterial effects against P. acnes. However, Pine needle extracts showed insignificant antibacterial effect against P. aeruginosa and C. albicans. In general, 80% ethanol extracts displayed greater antibacterial effects compared with hydrothermal extracts. In conclusion, pine needle extracts prepared by both 80% ethanol and hydrothermal methods can be used as antioxidant production. In addition, our results showed that hydrothermal extraction was more suitable for extract production and ethanol extraction was more suitable for antibacterial effects.

Abnormal nails are not life threatening without big obstacles but practically give the negative impact on women’s emotion and self-worth, having major influence on personal relations and everyday life. This study was to investigate what effects could be come up with on women’s emotion and self- worth who have abnormal nails. In addition, it was to know how much changes the negative effect on emotion and self-worth through the nail care. For this, criteria of emotion and self-worth for both before and after nail care of 30 women in 20’s to 40’s having abnormal nails were compared and analyzed. As results, it proved there were great effects on emotion and self-worth by satisfaction from the nail care that fits each condition. Study on effects of care for the abnormal nail on women’s emotion and self-worth showed that the abnormal nail which can be easily overlooked could negatively affect emotion and self-worth, and it was thought that emotional support and attention with the nail care sui표 for each condition would raise the positive dignity in women’s emotion and selfworth.

Today, with the development of modern civilization and the improvement of economic and cultural awareness, there is a growing expectation and desire among middle-age women, who try to lead a healthy and beautiful life, for high-quality life. In this study, a survey was carried out on 404 women in their 40s~50s to obtain more scientific and efficient data, with the purpose of pursuing a healthy and pleasant life by the desirable skin care and body management. The SPSS v. 14.0 was used for the analysis of data. The findings of this study were summarized as follows. First, the skin care behavior showed that for the skin type, ‘dry skin’ is the highest, and ‘skin wrinkle and elasticity’ is the main drawback of skin. For the self skin care, 174 middle-age women didn’t take care of their skin by themselves. Second, the body management behavior showed that most of 404 middle-age women are now normally satisfied, or unsatisfied with their body, and ‘abdomen and waist’ is the main drawback of body. For the self body management, 184 middle-age women didn’t take care of their body in their own way. Third, the using condition of skin care and body management shops showed that only 20.3% of 404 middle-age women have experience of taking the program in the skin care and body management shops. For the use frequency, ‘under 1 time’ was the highest by 50.0%. For the use purpose, ‘the use of its shops for young and healthy skin’ was the highest by 42.7%. For the main management, ‘facial treatment by general skin massage’ was the highest by 97.6%. By above-mentioned findings, most of those surveyed aren’t satisfied with their skin and body, and roughly 55% take care of skin and body in their own way. Consequently, it will require positive responses that help modern women pursue a healthy and beautiful life in more scientific and systematic way in the future.

Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), also called muscle fever, is the pain and stiffness felt in muscles several hours to days after unaccustomed and/or strenuous exercise. After strong exercise, the muscle adapts rapidly to prevent muscle damage, and thereby DOMS, in repeated bout. While, myofascia release and massage are forms of soft tissue therapy used to treat somatic dysfunction and accompanying pain and restriction of motion. This is accomplished by relaxing contracted muscles, increasing circulation, increasing venous and lymphatic drainage, and stimulating the stretch reflex of muscles and overlying fascia. In this work, the effects of myofascia massage on the reduction of myalgia and muscle relaxation, and recovery of DOMS of lower body have been examined using algometer and myotomometer analyses. Ten young male patients were participated in the study to analyze the difference of muscle tension and blood constituents after the massage treatment was applied. Visual analog scale showed the significant difference between control and treated groups (p<.05). The myalgia decreased a lot after the massage. These data were supported by several assays of blood biomarkers such as cortisol, creatine, C-reactive protein and lactate dehydrogenase. All the blood factors concerning DOMS decreased after the massage treatment resulting in the positive aspect of the myofascia massage. In summary the myofascia massage has been considered to show the positive psychological effect on reduction of myalgia and muscle relaxation, and recovery of DOMS of lower body as well.

This study was to verify effects on abdominal obesity in the energizing technique, which is one of manual techniques of being carried out the most now at esthetic salon, and in the slimming cream, which is being much interested recently. examining the weight in the group with absorption, the weight of 0.27kg reduced from 70.36kg in pre-care to 70.09kg after 12-time care. BMI was from 27.47kg/m² to 27.34kg/m² after 12-time care. BMI in 0.13kg/m² reduced, thereby being able to be known to have statistically significant difference. Body fat amount was from 25.37kg to 25.29kg after 12-time care. Thus, the body fat amount in 0.08kg was indicated to have reduced. Body fat percentage was from 36.07% to 35.90% after 12-time care. The body fat percentage in 0.17% reduced, thereby having been indicated to have significant difference. WHR is from 0.88 to 0.88 after 12-time care, thereby being able to be known to have no significant difference. Visceral fat was from 84.80cm² to 84.59cm² after 12-time care. The visceral fat in 0.21cm² reduced, thereby having been indicated significant difference. Waist circumference was from 85.09cm to 83.85cm after 12-time care. Thus, the waist circumference in 1.24cm reduced. Edema index was from 0.345 to 0.337 after 12-time care. The edema index in 0.008 reduced, thereby being able to be known to have significant difference.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the working conditions of estheticians engaged in the medical skincare which is rapidly developing with a growth of cosmetic medicine, and explore their talents as a professional by finding items for improving job performance in the medical skincare. For this goal, a survey was conducted targeting on 250 estheticians working in the dermatology of which main focus is the medical skincare located in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do province, from April 25 to May 25 in 2011. As a result, the new employees’ preference turned out to be a related career, while their hardest and most difficult job task was the customer counseling and complaint treatment. Also, the customer counseling was repeatedly emphasized as the most necessary expertise and educational contents for the work. As for the special management, it was the acne skin, while the opposite case was allergic skin, which implied the necessity of adopting professional alternatives. It turned out that the person in charge of medical care intervened in the project of new program, work directions, product selection and the like, so the role of estheticians was heavy. According to this study, the new development of overall education is needed for the improvement of work performance as to the new professional field of medicalskincare, and it needs to be more systematic and concrete in further study or plans.

This study was conducted with dyadic data to see the effects of beauty service industry employees’ job satisfaction and service commitment on service quality perceived by customers. A survey was conducted to see the effects of employees’ job satisfaction factors, such as colleague relationships, professional awareness, and growth potential, on job satisfaction and of job satisfaction on their service commitment and those of their service commitment on service quality perceived by customers. It was found that all of the three factors of job satisfaction―colleague relationships, professional awareness, and growth potential―had positive effects on job satisfaction and that there was positive correlation between job satisfaction and service commitment. In addition, employees’ service commitment was found to have positive effects on all of the five factors of service quality perceived by customers (reliability, empathy, tangibility, responsiveness, and assurance). These results indicate that employees’ job satisfaction can be an important element for improving the quality of service. In conclusion, it was confirmed that colleague relationships, professional awareness, and growth potential were important factors of job satisfaction for employees and that job satisfaction could improve service commitment, allowing customers to have positive perception of service quality.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of black ginseng (BG) on induced IL-6, IL-8 and MCP- 1 secretion by house dust mite in THP-1 (human acute monocytic leukemia cell line) and EoL-1 (human eosinophilic leukemic cells) cell lines. The house dust mite (Dermatophagoides pteronissinus, D. pteronissinus ) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases, including atopic dermatitis and asthma. Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) play a pivotal role in mediating the infiltration of various cells into the skin of atopic dermatitis. The korean ginseng (radix and leaf) was steamed to 3 hr at 120℃ under high pressure. The contents of benzopyrene which was known as a tumor promoting agent were analysed. Also, the inhibitory effect of BG on the induced IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1 secretion by D. pteronissinus extract (DpE) in THP-1 and MCP-1 cells was examined. The BG extract (radix and leaf) potently suppressed the elevated production of IL-6 and IL-8 induced by DpE treatment in THP-1 and EoL-1 cells. Among them, the crude saponin fraction of BG leaf exhibited the most potent inhibitory activity. Based on the present results, it can be suggested that the 3 hr steaming at 120℃ under high pressure is the most optimal processing condition and BG may be useful to develop functional food on atopic dermatitis.

This study was to identify the differences between pre- and post-natural ingredient image (cognitive and emotional) using natural ingredients-containing lotion and essence for women. Data were collected from 347 women who studied in A college, located in Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea, for April to June 2010. The data was analyzed by SPSS. The respondents filled out their questionnaires two times: just before they started and right after they used natural ingredients-containing lotion and essence for 2 weeks. Results showed changes to affective images about natural ingredients lotion and essence among the respondents. The results indicated that the respondents cognitive image of natural ingredients lotion and essence positively increased after their use. And on the respondents emotional image of natural cosmetics, questions were positively increased after their use. In conclusion, for the industries which were produced natural ingredients- containing lotion and essence, it may be important to achieve more positive images for natural cosmetics to consumers, toward providing samples of natural ingredients-containing cosmetics.

This study has conducted to provide basic data to allow workers in the beauty art industry gain more knowledge about public health and hygiene after investigating public health-related courses in beauty art-related departments and students’ recognition about these courses in junior colleges and four- year universities. For this, the course schedules in 41 junior colleges and 21 four-year universities were analyzed, and students’ recognition about public health-related courses was examined among 113 students from beauty art -related departments and 233 students from other departments. The results of this study are summarized as follows: (1) In the case of junior colleges, the public health-related course load ranged from 0 to 11 credits. Among 41 colleges, only five schools had all four public health-related courses. In the case of four-year universities, the public health-related course load ranged from 3 to 14 credits. Among 21 universities, only 3 schools had the four public healthrelated courses. (2) Among the students from beauty art-related departments, 78.8% said that they changed their attitude toward public health after completing the public health-related courses. Among the students from other departments, when asked what they consider most when they choose a beauty shop, 62.6% responded ‘sanitation’. When asked what they think is the most important subject in the beauty art industry, students from both beauty-art-related and other departments said ‘Science of Disinfection and Infection. Based on the results above, because the students from beauty art-related departments earn a beauty artist’s license upon graduation, it is necessary to provide public health and hygiene education regardless of their major such as hairdressing, esthetics, make-up or nail art.

Recently, there has been an active research on effects of hair design details National Skills Competition (NSC) and increased interests in hair design details of NSC because of limitations of other competitions. The main purpose of this research was to find out competitive items and satisfaction levels of the effect of hair design details of NSC. During 45 days from September 5, 2010 to October 22, 2010, participants were randomly selected to take a survey. The participants must complete six items which were selected among 15 kinds of hair styling items. Their satisfaction levels by t-test, ranked in descending order, were as follows. The most helpful item was cutting skills for men’s mood, 4.77 point. The second was the control of length and texture treatment for fashion styling expression, 4.74 point. The third was the way of using hair styling products in circumstance, 4.74 point. The forth was the variety wave-patterned dry, the way of using permanent and the same level, 4.69 point. There should be more research to develop the effect of hair design details of NSC. In addition, aggressive advertising is needed of the fact that the effect of hair design details of NSC are proven effects of offering the opportunity to inspire the self confidence of practical service to customer. For the great effect, continuous exertion is needed to inform hair designers that hair design details of NSC and skills in the filled can be used to get the best benefits.

The purpose of this study was to identify the relation toward participated motivation on beauty tournament and satisfaction of major. The questionnaire was administered to 298 person who participated to beauty tournament, and the result of empirical study were as follows. The participant were affected professor, teacher and friends who study same major, the period of study on most participants were over 3 years, the motivation on participation and satisfaction on major was positive relations, and the number of participation is related the satisfaction on major. The participant choose their proper major part, the most popular part is makeup part, the number of participation on beauty tournament was related on satisfaction on major, the voluntary participation was related on satisfaction on major. Through this study, diverse beauty tournaments have to be proposed and furthermore another types of tournament have to be developed. Toward this study, participation of beauty tournament, education level, division are related with satisfaction on major.

Contemporary consumers tend to consider internal values more important than external ones. The change from materialistic consumption to environmentally-friendly consumption shows change in the way of consumption in consumers. This study aims to identify types of well-being consumption behavior and compare them through purchase of organic cosmetics. The purpose of this study is to understand consumption behavior types of wellbeing consumers, their awareness of well-being, and the relation between the types and behavior of organic cosmetics as well as to learn about the direction the well-being should follow in the future. Total 500 copies of questionnaires were distributed and 479 were collected; finally, total 463 copies, excluding 16 copies that were unreliable, were used for the final analysis based on the statistics using SPSS v. 14.0. Based on these materials, types of consumers were divided into plan-emphasizing type, health-seeking type, environment-seeking type and trend-following type and each buying behavior was examined. Based on the result of this survey, the study result revealed that there was difference in the characteristics of consumers according to their type of consumption behaviors and confirmed that there was difference in purchasing behavior of organic cosmetics according to each type.

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of promptness of job processing, empowerment, and professional requirements of estheticians on their job stress, and subsequently on their physical pressure. To this end, questionnaires were administered with estheticians working in skin care centers. A total of 300 questionnaires were distributed, of which 280 were returned. 271 questionnaires were used in the final analysis, excluding incomplete ones, using SPSS WIN 13.0 and LISREL 8.30 to investigate causal relationships. The findings of the study were as follows. First, promptness of job processing did not have a significant effect on job stress (β=.28, t=1.87, p>.05). Second, empowerment showed a significant effect on job stress (β=.33, t=2.14, p<.05), suggesting that autonomic power can also increase the individual’s sense of responsibility. Third, job stress was heightened as more rigorous requirements were made on job professionalism (β=.44, t=2.26, p<.05), indicating that estheticians’ job stress increases in the process of them actively dealing with the changing environments that require new technology and knowledge acquisition. Lastly, job stress was found to increase physical pressure (β=.51, t=2.96, p<.01). The findings of the study indicate that although promptness of job processing in skin care centers does not lead to estheticians’ job stress, empowerment and professional requirements escalate their job stress. In addition, the significant effect of estheticians’ job stress on their physical pressure implies that estheticians should take care of their job stress.

In cosmetics, their container designs make consumers more pleased in a moment to see them, compared with their descriptions. This is because they understand visually unique designs of cosmetic containers as new sentiment. For recent years, in spite of consumer‘s’ rising interest in quality and functionality of cosmetics, they seemed all much the same in quality. Such situation changed the awareness of consumers. Then, cosmetic companies have been putting forth their energies for making creative designs of cosmetic containers for consumers. Their designs will be also developed more variously and interestingly. With respect to greater support to development of designs, their shapes are expected to get much more diversified. For changes in shapes, it is necessary to develop more characters and designs to give strong expression on a company’s image. In other words, with a character’s image alone, consumers are required to immediately recognize the company’s cosmetics. Next, more visible colors are needed for cosmetic containers. In terms of conditions of materials, even glass capable of expressing various colors needs a feeling of mystery. For a mystique, elements with a feeling of oriental colors are required. Instead of following the West, it is necessary to discover Korea’s original colors. For that reason, further searches for colors from nature of Korea should be maintained. Using Korean-style materials, the pursuit of colors and shapes will lead to creation of much more beautiful cosmetic containers. In addition to existing glass and plastic, Korean-style materials should be found. Moreover, top-quality expressed with pottery, as well as materials such as wood and bamboos, should be used, combined with new styles. Likewise, several elements will realize the differentiation of cosmetic container designs.

The purpose of this study is to discover a way to improve the quality of high school textbooks on skin care by comparative analysis of their structure and contents against those of actual curriculum. The research is also expected to provide a foundation for subsequent development of a textbook on skin care. In order to achieve these objectives this research studied three textbooks based upon the 7th Revised Educational Curriculum. In regard to research method, the contents in each textbook were categorized into six different areas, according to the interpretation of 7th Revised Educational Curriculum. The research results have revealed that the government-designated textbook contains slightly more diversified structure and that the contents of the sampled textbooks do not correspond to those of National Educational Curriculum. Therefore, it is suggested that the skin care textbooks that are currently in use need to be reviewed at a political level such that they could be practically utilized in secondary education.

There are the backgrounds for expressing individual phenomena other than the concept of the ‘hybrid’ culture in the background against which the phenomenon of universal cultures has appeared. That is, they include fusion, crossover, convergence and the like. The characteristics of postmodernism include heterogeneous culturalness, mixing, multi-culturalness, racial mixture. It has progressed against such characteristics as the internationalism of modernism, non-historicism, simple mechanical beauty. This aspect of multi-cultural life of postmodernism and the complex value view have led contemporary people to avert their eyes to the past and the alienated culture around them. This social phenomenon has resulted in fragmentating history, cultures and currents of thought and mixing them freely. And deconstructionism, which can be seen as one branch of postmodernism, has been accepted as one style of architecture and applies to fashion. This has come to spread to fashion and make-up.

For people in the modern society, there are many ways to express their beauty. The many ways was come down to fashion. Cosmetics are one of the way to express their fashion. The nail art constitutes for a great part of cosmetics. The nail art is one of the method for decorating hand beautifully as a field of beauty art. Therefore, the nail art has developed from antiquity to modern times. The length, shape and color of nails have been changed by value and culture at the period of time. A field of the nail art is becoming popularized, subdivided and specialized with development of beauty industry. In addition to providing soft and flexible, UV gel consisted of liquid acrylic is possible to be durable for color and diverse expression like thin line, gradation of color with the ability of color formation. In this study, we made a nail art objects using UV gel and applied UV gel technique in various nail art techniques (hand painting, sculpture, embo, marble and gradation). We suggest that UV gel is a more suitable material rather than others materials for production of the nail art objects.

DIn this study, total 12 participants who are early 20`s womens in technical college and also had a skin complaint such as cutaneous erythema and sensitivity. Methodologically, the 12 participants were divided into group A and B. Group A was clinically treated with moisturizing pack applied on their face after vitamin C ionophoresis, while group B were treated only with vitamin C ionophoresis. For measurement, potential effects of vitamin C ionophoresis on erythema were subjectively assessed along with measurement of oil/moisture content and visual assessment. According to the subjective assessment, this study came to a conclusion that most of subjects generally showed alleviation in their symptoms of erythema. According to measurement of oil/ moisture content, both group A and B showed higher moisture content after clinical experiment than before, but didn’t show any significant variation in oil content after experiment. This finding indicated that moisturizing pack didn’t have any significant effects on oil content, but vitamin C ionophoresis was effective in increasing moisture content of skin.