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There are so many researchers who don’t understand what is redundant publication and recognize it as one of serious research ethics violation. Researchers try to do redundant publication deliberately or unintentionally to increase the number of their research papers. The aims of this paper are to present what researchers must know and put it into practice to prevent redundant publication. To the end, this paper is focused on examination of the meaning, types and judgment criteria of redundant publication. Journals that view their purpose as including the reporting of original work generally insist that papers be submitted to them solely, not having been published before or not under consideration by any other journal. Violating this requirement by reporting substantially the same work more than once, without attribution of original sources, has been variously called redundant (duplicate, repetitive) publication. The redundant publication includes three types such as copying, salami-slicing, imalas publication. The definition of redundant publication raises the issue of how to recognize when 2 (or more) written reports are substantially the same. An all-inclusive, legalistic definition is probably not possible, although certain aspects or characteristics are usually evident on careful examination. At least 1 of the authors must be common to all reports. The subject or study populations are often the same or similar, the methodology is typically identical or nearly so, and the results and their interpretation generally vary little, if an all. The papers may differ in form but not in substance. To avoid the deliberate or undeliberate attempt for redundant publication, researchers should use proper amount of quotations, which means their work should not be filled with quotations. If one uses too many quotations or does not give credit in accordance with the accepted fair practices of the relevant research community in their creative work written on the basis of their own or another’s work, this constitutes redundant publication.

Currently the cosmetic industry is being magnified as a higher value-added business. Cosmetics’ labels and advertisements are means of enhancing the international competitive power on cosmetic market as well as essential standards for consumers to make purchase the products. For this reason, Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) establishes the guidelines related to cosmetics’ labels and advertisements for the consumers from the exaggerative advertisement on cosmetics. As the cosmetic act is revised, additional articles are added and ‘Verification of Cosmetics’ labels and Advertisements’ takes effects. According to the ‘Verification of Cosmetics’ labels and Advertisements’, cosmetic companies should inform the factual statements and safety of the products through such as dermatological trial tested by clinical trial institution so that cosmetic users could have reasonable purchase decision. In this study we inform detailed account of ‘The Verification of Cosmetics’ labels and Advertisements’ as revised Cosmetic Act and introduce ‘Guideline for Cosmetics’ labels and Advertisements’ so as to establish the order in the circulation.

This study examines overall family lifehabit of the lower grades in elementary school, and based on general background and food, clothing and shelter in family, it looks into relevancy with an atopic dermatitis. The participants of the study were male and female lower grade students ranged from ages 7 to 10 in Cheong-ju region; 218 patients who were diagnosed with atopic dermatitis by medical examination of dermatologists and 259 normal children who didn’t have the disease and were without other skin complaints. The data obtained from the survey results are as follows: First, it is found that cesarean or induced labor increase an atopic dermatitis compared to natural childbirth (p<.05), and colostrums and breast-feeding as well as preference of meat diet instead of vegetarian affect the atopic dermatitis (p<.01). Second, there were significant differences in degrees of skin symptoms according to ages, scope of intrusion, and in the result of comparison of subjective symptoms, degrees of skin symptoms by ages. Third, in the comparison of dietary habits those who have breakfast every day have little chance to have the atopic dermatitis (p<.01), and frequent late-night meal and dining out cause the disease (p<.001). Fourth, in the comparison of housing life, those who raise pets tend to have the atopic dermatitis, and the use of an electric pad, heater, and a hot-air blower as well as the presence of electric device in children’s room cause the disease; cockroach, ants, and mold also affect the mobility rate of the atopic dermatitis. It is also known that the number of washing bedclothes, ventilation of inside air, the use of hood when cooking and environment of surrounding of houses affect the rate. Therefore, the atopic dermatitis and life patterns of children have significant relations. Also, it is also necessary to foster experts in an atopic dermatitis or have institutional efforts of public institutions or regional ones to reinforce education on it so that children and parents can raise of their quality of life.

Obesity is a major health problem and it also closely associated with metabolic disorders. Adipogenesis was defined as a differentiation process of preadipocytes into adipocytes. Thus, adipogenesis is a potential target to treat or prevent obesity. Demethoxycurcumin (DCCM) has been reported to possess potent antioxidant and proapoptotic properties. However, its role in obesity prevention remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate the potential role of DCCM in 3T3-L1 cells. We found that 1-50 μM of DCCM showed no effect on the viability of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. We also found DCCM dose-dependently inhibited adipogenesis, accompanied by reduced level of adipogenic transcriptional factors such as C/EBPβ and PPARγ. Our results implicate that the inhibitory action of DCCM is strongly linked to the reduction of C/EBPβ and PPARγ. These evidences provide useful information for the development of obesity-related nutri-cosmetics design.

In order to understand the Retro phenomenon of 1960’s and 1980’s Make-up that emerged since 2000, the author have conducted this study to look into the overall social, cultural background and Make-up trend in 1960’s·1980’s and the similarity of 21st century’s Make-up. The 1960’s are an era in which, owing to social atmosphere trying to get off the war, the film industry was flourishing and mass media was developing, and thus the Make-up was also affected. Therefore, the feminine image became to want boyish image, and for the compensation like this trend, the eyes-emphasizing Make-up appeared. In the 1980s, the interest in health and leisure activities has increased because of the national economy was stable and capita income increased. So, Make-up was used as means to express their own health and their individuality. Like this, we could understand that the beauty culture had been developed and changed with the flow of fashion. Moreover, we could confirm that the fashion phenomenon shown in the Retro trend was not a unconditional imitation of old things but the human historic product that is being continuously developed by the social and cultural change with the present beautiful factors.

This study was intended to clarify pre-treatment effect of the lugworm autolysates of which molecular weight distribution are different respectively in treating permanent wave on normal hair. We added the protease crude enzyme extract gotten by cultivating Bacillus subtilis K-54 separated from cheonggukjang when making the lugworm autolysates. In the meantime, we made the molecular weight distribution of lugworm autolysates became different through making the additive amount of protease crude enzyme became different. We observed the molecular weight distribution of lugworm autolysates using SDS- PAGE, and measured hair thickness, tensile strength, density analysis by methylene blue dyeing, wave formation & maintenance strength with the protease crude enzyme (0.112 unit) after carrying out the pre- treatment on each autolysates. In the event of making the lugworm autolysates, the highest rate for the permanent effect was shown at MbB50 (0.8950×50 unit) of which protease per 1g lugworm was added by about 50 times. but effect was shown at MbB30 (0.0895×30 unit) in wave long-lasting. As the result of study, for securing quality as a pretreatment agent in treating permanent wave on normal hair, it was thought that it is more important to make the earthworm protein became the decompression substances with the proper size than to make them became the low molecular protein.

This study investigated the effects of Origanum majorana (O. majorana, Majoram ) aroma on electroencephalogram (EEG) in persons with poor sleep quality. Sleep quality of male adults aged of twenties were analyzed by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and they were divided into two groups of good sleep quality (n=11) and poor sleep quality (n=6). EEG electrodes were attached at the frontal, temporal, occipital, and parietal regions according to the International 10-20 system. EEG was measured for 3 min per each period of before, during, and after marjoram aroma therapy. Results showed that majoram aroma reduced tense feeling and did not affect blood pressures in both groups. Pulse rate was significantly reduced in the group of good sleep quality although it was within the normal range. In EEG results, subjects with good sleep quality showed decrease in delta power and increase in beta power at the temporal region of right cerebral hemisphere. However, theta powers at the temporal, occipital, parietal regions of both cerebral hemisphere, and frontal region of the left cerebral hemisphere were significantly increased. On the other hand, subjects with poor sleep quality showed increases in the theta power at the frontal and occipital region of left cerebral hemisphere, and at the parietal region of right cerebral hemisphere. It is concluded that marjoram aroma has a beneficial sleep inducing effect in the male adults with good and poor sleep quality.

This study was carried out to investigate changes in the quality characteristics and bioactivity of Rehmanniae Radix Jung Kwa (RJK) produced through different heating treatments to develop new RJK boiled raw Rehmanniae Radix (RR) soaking in traditional Korean rice syrup. The raw RR was heated to 100℃ at different heat processing times–3 (RJK3), 6 (RJK6), 9 (RJK9) and 12 (RJK12) hours, respectively. The L, a, b-value and the contents of arginyl-fructose (AF) and arginyl-fructosyl-glucose (AFG) of the samples were analyzed. Also, the antioxidant activities of the samples were examined by DPPH radical scavenging activity. With increasing heating times, the L, a and b-value of samples significantly were decreased whereas °Brix% relatively was increased. The contents of AF and AFG known as Maillard browning reaction products was 4.3 and 1.9 times higher than that of RR, respectively. As heating times increased, hardness and adhesiveness of RJK were decreased gradually, but cohesiveness of RJK were higher than that of RR. The contents of polyphenol were increased with increasing heating time. Based on these results, RJK was suggested to be a new functional food for health.

Lavander officinalis has been commonly used to produce lavender essential oil. Although the essential oil has been variously used for treating burns and soothing skin irritations and inflammation, the molecular details for the oil has not been largely unknown. Here, we demonstrated that the essential oil of Lavander officinalis decreased UVB-induced inflammation by reducing interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production. The purpose of this study was to investigate anti-flammation effect of lavender oil in UVB-irradiated C57BL/6 mouse and CCD- 986sk cells. Lavender oil at concentration 0.01~1% was affect to the production of IFN-gamma in the CCD- 986sk cell. When UVB-irradiated CCD-986sk cells was treated lavender oil, the production of IFN-gamma was gradually reduced in a time-dependent manner. Also UVB-irradiated mice skins with lavender oil were reduced the production of IFN-gamma more than group of UVB-irradiated mice skins. The UVB-irradiated mice group were treated of every other day with lavender oil were lower the production of IFN- gamma than other groups. These results suggest that lavender oil reduce flammation in UVB-irradiated mouse skins and cells. Lavender oil might be used as a potential resource for therapy of UVB-irradiated skin damage.

To evaluate the cytotoxicity and protective effect of Smilax china L. (SC) extract on ferrous sulfate (FeSO4), an autooxidant of melanin formation, cell viability were analysed by XTT assay after human skin melanoma cells (SK-MEL-3) were cultured in media containing various concentrations of FeSO4. And also, the effect of antioxidant α-tocopherol on FeSO4-induced cytotoxicity was assessed. For the protective effect of SC extract on FeSO4-induced cytotoxicity, SK-MEL-3 cells were pretreated with 50 or 80 μg/㎖ of SC extract for 2 h before the treatment of FeSO4. And also, the antioxidative effects of SC extract were assessed by latate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. In this study, FeSO4 remarkably decreased cell viability dose-dependent manner compared with control. And the XTT50 value was determined at 62.0 μM of FeSO4. In the effect of antioxidant, α-tocopherol effectively prevented FeSO4-induced cytotoxicity by the significant increase of cell viability. In the protective effect of SC extract on FeSO4-induced cytotoxicity, SC extract remarkably increased cell viability which was decreased by FeSO4-induced cytotoxicity, and also it showed the antioxidative effects such as a significant decrease of LDH activity. In the melanin generation, SC extract effectively blocked melanin generation by the decrease of tyrosinase activity and total amount of melanin. From these results, it is suggested that the cytotoxicity of FeSO4 was involved in oxidative stress, and also, SC extract effectively prevented the cytotoxicity and melanogenesis induced by an autooxidant of melanin formation, FeSO4 through antioxidative effect. Conclusively, SC extract may be a putative resources as an protective agent for oxidative stress-mediated skin hyperpigmentation via hyperactivity of autooxidant in melanin formation.

The purpose of this study was to examine a rationale for the utilization of stone therapy and hydrotherapy as effective nursing intervention. The subjects in this study were the unmarried women who were selected from among the female residents in the metropolitan area who were in their 20s and 30s. They got 5.0 or higher in menstrual pain when their menstrual pain was tested by the VAS, and their premenstrual syndrome scores were above 70. After they were divided into three experimental groups, an experiment was conducted 16 times for eight weeks, twice a week, 30 minutes each. Stone therapy was provided for the experimental group A, and hydrotherapy was provided for the experimental group B. Both of stone therapy and hydrotherapy were offered to the experimental group C. The VAS was utilized to check their menstrual pain, and the MDQ was used with some modifications to test their premenstrual syndrome. The collected data were analyzed by the statistical package SPSS 18.0, and Kruskal-Wallis was utilized to check the equivalence of the groups. Besides, Wilcoxon’s signed-ranks test was carried out to see whether there would be any changes after the experiment. As a result, there was a significant decrease in the menstrual pain of all the experimental groups A, B and C. In terms of changes in the psychological symptoms of premenstrual syndrome, the experimental group A underwent a significant decrease in psychological symptoms. The experimental groups B and C showed a decrease in that regard as well, but their change was short of the level of significance. As to changes in the physical symptoms of premenstrual syndrome, all the experimental groups A, B and C showed a significant decrease. The above-mentioned findings confirmed that stone therapy and hydrotherapy were very effective at relieving menstrual pain and had a partial effect on the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome.

Cellular aging can be divided into intrinsic or extrinsic aging. Extrinsic aging is caused by various external factors which include ultraviolet (UV). UV irradiation has various biological effects on skin, such as erythema, sunburn, skin cancer and photoaging. Silibinin is the major active constituent of silymarin that is a mixture of flavonolignans isolated from milk thistle seeds. Silibinin has effects of anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory. In this study, we investigated the protection effect of silibinin against damage to human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) caused by UVB. We confirmed the effects of silibinin using cell viability, Western blotting, DNA microarray and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Silibinin at concentrations of 1 – 10 μM did not affect cell viability. When UVB-induced HDFs were pretreated silibinin, cell viability of HDFs increased in a dose-dependent manner. Also, silibinin reduced nuclear accumulation of p53, a homotetrameric transcription factor, and expression of p21 in irradiation of HDFs with UVB. We also analyzed gene expression level using DNA microarrays and showed that 66 mRNAs were differentially expressed in UVB- induced HDFs with pretreatment with silibinin. Among them, 34 genes were up-regulated and 32 genes were down- regulated. Silibinin regulated the expression of HMOX1, E2F7, GADD45A and TP53I3, which are regulate anti-oxidation, apoptosis, DNA repair and cell cycle arrest. Differential expression of these genes was confirmed using qRTPCR. mRNA expression levels of HMOX1 and E2F7 were increased in UVB-induced HDFs with pre-treatment with silibinin. In contrast, expression of GADD45A and TP53I3 mRNAs was decreased in treated cells. These findings suggest that silibinin might be used as a natural ingredient for the protection of UVB-induced skin damage.

At present, devices using for beauty treatment could be sold and used, only if in this country Korea Food & Drug Administration allows within the law of medical devices. Employees in beauty are business have disadvantaged at work, because no words are within the law of medical devices as they could use devices to customers. In foreign countries, class system of medical devices is distinct from this country, so some cosmetology devices are used at work. However, in this country, these devices do not be used in reality because they come under the category of medical devices. To promote an aesthetic business, some elements in the law of medical devices should be improved rapidly to fit the reality, setting development speed of the present industry, rather than a simple logic is questioned as these devices are just medical devices or cosmetology devices. In addition, it is urgent that sufficient condition is prepared to train right people not only for this country but also for the world. Korea Food & Drug Administration should consider varied aspects of medical devices, and to improve regulation system to rational and international level, it is necessary that international agreement, and systems and enforcement examples of advanced countries are researched, considered and analyzed about all the matters related classification, so demands of beauty are business are reflected actively.

The survey is examined in the details about how factors such as job stress, job satisfaction, emotional labor affect turnover intention of worker in beauty industry. Followings are results of the study. It turned out that the turnover intention has a significant relationship with the job stress, the job satisfaction and the emotional labor. The turnover intention has a positive relationship with all the sub-factors of the job stress which were the concerned duties, inappropriate rewards, customer service, self-development, human relationship and work support. On the contrary, the turnover intention appeared to be in a significantly negative relationship with the sub-factors of the job satisfaction such as the working environment, the work by itself, the monthly salary and the colleague relationship. In addition, as the turnover intention is also affected by the sub-factors of the emotional labor which were the frequency of the emotional labor, the number of warnings for the emotional exposure and the emotional mismatch, it was confirmed that the higher the job stress and the level of the emotional labor become and the lower the job satisfaction gets, the higher is the turnover intention level improved. These findings proved that when an employee considers changing of a job, he/she would not think about only one factor but also many other factors both simultaneously and multi- dimensionally. This would also explain that the factors are very much related to each other.

In this study, we deducted standards of selection for vacation and work place and analyzed correlation between office environment and vacation and workplace choice in student of skin beauty of college. In addition, we demonstrate that first priority factor to choice vacation and workplace and difference depending on year in college. To analyze object research, we composed four class (vacation selection, work place selection, environment, feature of population) and carry out a survey targeting student of skin beauty of college. As a result, freshmen preferred potential of self-development, performance compensation, valid workplace and valid break area to select vacation and workplace. Sophomore preferred potential of self -development, performance compensation and valid break area, except valid workplace. Especially, both freshmen and sophomore preferred potential of self-development. Furthermore, organization efficiency was first selecting factor for vacation selection in whole year of college. Therefore, we suggest that office environment was researched for satisfaction of employer in skin beauty. In addition, standards for selection vocation and work place were established by sufficient study and advice and education.

This article explored the effect on improvement of skin on the back of hands, focused on women in their 40s, 50s and 60s who begin to suffer from aging, and conducted a 12-weeks dietary experiment to 10 persons in each group, by categorizing into complex diet group of egg white+vinegar (EW+V), single diet group of egg white (EW), single diet group of vinegar (V) and control group (Cont). The results were as follows; Oil on the back of her hands of EW+V group increased 1.75 times that of EW or V group, respectively. Melanin on the back of her hands of EW+V group decreased 0.49 times that of EW or V group, respectively. Erythema on the back of her hands of EW+V group decreased 0.36 times that of EW or V group, respectively. Callus on the back of her hands of EW+V group decreased 1.49 times that of EW or V group, respectively. Furthermore, as for skin color on the back of hands, EW+V group took a turn for the better than other groups. As for wrinkle on the back of hands, EW group and EW+V group took a turn for the better, but, EW+V group was smoother than other groups. As confirmed by the above results, complex diet of egg white+vinegar had a greater effect on improvement of skin on the back of hands of the women in their 40s, 50s and 60s, comparing with single diet of egg white or vinegar.

Men’s fashion came to show a new tendency due to the introduction of functional forms, practical material and the like with the Industrial Revolution and was greatly influenced by all sorts of mass media. In the 21th century, the new value view and aesthetic consciousness are emerging in diverse forms with the rapidly changing social structure and diverse cultural exchange. Especially, the disintegrative phenomenon was demolished as dichotomous masculinity and feminity expressed the confusion and absence of sex. With this disintegrative sociocultural background, the male image of the 21th century has come to emerge as an image of the man with inner softness and warmth as the aesthetic values absolutely defined in classical modernism collapsed. As diverse newly-coined words of the male image have emerged in the 21th century, they suggest changes in men’s sex role in a metaphorical manner. Accordingly, the soft and delicate male image is preferred rather than the strong and tough one as the dichotomous sex division of man and woman is becoming obscure in men’s fashion of the 21th century. Men’s fashion also shows their inner desire to become handsome in an active manner. Lookism is referred to as the tendency or trend of public opinion to adhere excessively to the look as it is believed that success in life as well as superiority among individuals depends on it. That is, more time and efforts are made to take care of the look as it predominates the overall social life such as employment, promotion and the like as well as the private life such as dating, marriage and the like.

The purpose of this study was to examine influence of Opunitia humifusa and MTS (Microneedle therapy system) in the women’s facial skin. The subjects were divided into experimental group (n=14) and control group (n=14). The experimental group was applied Opunitia humifusa and MTS of on facial’s right and control group was offered no management of on facial’s left. Experimental program was held for 30 minutes each time, once a week for eight weeks. Facial skin condition (moisture, sebum, roughness, pore, wrinkle, pigmentation) were analysed during the experiment. A significant increase of skin moisture was found in experimental group (p<.001). Also significant decrease of skin sebum, roughness, pore, wrinkle and pigmentation was found in experimental group (p<.001). But significant improvement of facial skin was not found in control group (p>.05). These result indicate that MTS could bring to desirable change to skin condition. Therefore these extracts from MTS and Opunitia humifusa might be good material for skin care and cosmetic.

Hair dyeing is the practice of changing the color of hair, and is immensely popular in world wide. Although hair coloring induces several damage on scalp and hair, the studies about reducing the scalp and hair damage have not been well-researched yet. In this study, we investigated that camellia oil is a novel natural agent by reducing the damages on the scalp and hair in hair dyeing. Participants dyed their hair with camellia oil showed high satisfaction with color and softness at 86.4% and 93.2% respectively, as compared with participants dyed their hair without camellia oil. Also, hair dyeing with camellia oil showed lower sensitive than dyeing without camellia oil. Furthermore, the hair dyeing operators showed that the camellia oil- mediated hair dyeing got satisfying results for the hair color and damage as compared to dyeing without the oil. Overall, these results suggest that camellia oil may serve as a potential natural chemoprotective agent against hair dyeing-mediated scalp and hair damage.

This study is purposed to examine natural products which show anti-inflammation to bacterial folliculitis which is a major cause of folliculitis and at the same time expert a death effect of demodex which is a another cause of folliculitis to decrease liver damage and the reduction of skin rejuvenation caused by the long-term use of antibiotics or steroid and remove side effects of resistant bacterium caused by the misuse and abuse of antibiotics. First, the result of an anti-inflammatory reaction test of bacterial folliculitis in Eclipta alba L. had an improvement effect on folliculitis. Second, the death time of demodex by a test was Eclipta alba L.(6’45"), alcohol(7’29"), tea tree(17’9"), and rosemary(49’). Of nature products, Eclipta alba L. showed rapid sterilization between 5-11 minutes and of aroma oil, tea tree oil had rapid death between 5-30 minutes. Finally, sesame oil had no death effect for 120 minutes, suggesting that it was a proper oil to observe folliculitis by a microscope.

The introduction of assessment certification system of skin care system has been delayed contrary to the demand of industrial scene. In reality, this is the main reason to cause the overall growth retardation of skin care industry. This research has examined the certification system which has been in operation in other industries and inquired into the existing systems of California, New York State and Japan. The early tool has been extracted and developed based on the precedent researches in Korea and FGI (Focus Group Interview) has been conducted as procedure to secure its necessity and requisite. On the basis of FGI results, development items of assessment tool for certification of skin care industry have been suggested. The final assessment tool of 65 items has been surveyed aimed at 100 employers in skin care industry and then validity and reliability have been verified to prove the appropriateness of assessment tool aimed at available questionnaire of 92 respondents. It is expected that this research will be applied as fundamental data to further improve a certification system with diversified efforts of government and positive cooperation of employees in skin care industry.

Recently fashion make-up has shown a tendency towards total fashion. It also often creates images with unique world of art as visual language which induces harmony with clothes. Fashion show make-up has several images. Above all, an avant-garde image often shows experimental, future- oriented, and the most creative image design and is also expressed in many different ways. This study aims to examine how the characteristics of expression elements exist in avant-garde make-up images and how they are expressed as a visual message. The methods of study included both theoretical and empirical research. First of all, theoretical research reviewed the concept of fashion show make-up and avant-garde in domestic and foreign literatures and previous researches. Then the characteristics of avant-garde make-up were investigated in connection with expression elements, which contributed to a theoretical basis. Based on the theoretical basis, empirical research analyzed photographs extracted from fashion show make-up. The scope of the study was fashion show make-up of the world’s four major fashion shows (Paris, Milan, New York, and London) and haute couture from 2001 to 2012. The findings of the study were as follows. The element of a point represented an avant-garde image through the arrangement and clustering of points. The element of a line showed a creative image by breaking the locations of features or the frame of shape. The element of a plane expressed an avantgarde image in various forms of transformed design. The element of color suggested an avant-garde image by experimental effects contrary to conservative make-up through free expression of excessive vivid color. The element of a texture represented a creative avant-garde image by differentiation from general make-up through the use of glossy and shiny materials. Objects showed that all daily materials could become a object. Daring changes using special objects allowed very avant-garde expression and the analysis as an avant-garde image. Based on the results, it is suggested that the make-up of avant-garde image can be accomplished with the mixture of creative techniques through the characteristics of expression elements.