Earticle

[PURPOSE] The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in body composition, body fat, muscle mass, and muscle growth after supplementing GABA-enriched fermented sea tangle (FST). We investigated its efficacy as a supplemer by analyzing changes in muscle activity, muscle growth-related blood factors, and changes in inspiratory capacity associated with respiratory muscle function. [METHODS] FST supplementation group (FST, n = 10) and placebo group (Con, n = 10) were randomly assigned to participate as subjects. Participants had been fed 1,000 mg of fermented sea tangle for FST group and 1,000 mg of sucrose for placebo group, each day for 8 weeks. Body composition, weight, muscle mass, body fat, abdominal fat, muscle activity, concentration of blood-related muscle growth factors, and inspiratory capacity were measured. [RESULTS] The 8-week FST supplementation did not have any significant effect on body composition including body fat and muscle mass, but it has been confirmed that the muscle growth and muscle growth factors required for blood muscle growth were significantly increased. On the other hand, the improvement of some functions of respiratory muscle was confirmed by the significant increase in maximum inspiratory pressure. [CONCLUSIONS] During the 8-week intake, it was expected that the quality of the muscle would improve in advance of the quantitative improvement within muscle and blood, without changes in body composition

[PURPOSE] The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological variables during the new combined event in modern pentathletes. [METHODS] 16 Korea's elite male modern pentathletes were divided into two trials: 9 high level athletes and 7 low level athletes depending on performance level, and was analyzed by measuring the heart rate (HR), expiratory flow (VE) and oxygen uptake (V˙ O2) for running phases performed new combined event wearing portable wireless gas analyzer and heart rate equipment in the chest. [RESULTS] First, running time each phases was faster high level athletes than low level athletes, the fastest running time showed in 1, 4 phases and the slowest showed in 2, 3 phases. Second, there were not differences between the high level and low level athletes in HR, VE, and V˙ O2 of each phases. Looking at each phases, HR and VE was low in 1, 2 phases and was high 3, 4 phases, the V˙ O2 was the lowest in 1 phase and was high in the 4, 3, 2 phases. [CONCLUSIONS] It was confirmed that high level athletes had a relatively faster speed and physical ability to continue at a higher intensity. It was considered that the training program for improving the high anaerobic capacity while reducing the effects of fatigue was necessary for low level athletes

PURPOSE] This study aims to identify the relevance of high school students’ self-esteem and depression, applying stages of physical activity and high/mid/low physical activity. [METHODS] A total of 478 high school students (Male: 200 (41.8%); Female: 278 (58.2%); and Average age=17.6) participated in this study. Self-esteem questionnaire, depression questionnaire, stages of physical activity questionnaire and physical activity questionnaire were used. [RESULTS] The research results are as follows: First, there were significant differences in the stages of change, according to the students’ gender and grade. Second, their self-esteem constantly improved from the preparation stage to the maintenance stage as compared to the stage before planning according to the stages of change, and there was a significant difference in their depression, which decreased to the top stage. Third, during high/mid/low intensity exercises, it turned out that, except high-intensity one, mid-intensity and low-intensity exercises had significant impacts on their self-esteem and depression. [CONCLUSIONS] As a solution to mental health problems through high school students’ participation in physical activity, there should be the national authorities’ support and society’s interest, and this effort can be suggested as an effective measure for the development of adolescents’ whole-person education

[PURPOSE] To investigate if Sasang-constitution types affect isokinetic muscular strength and endurance of shoulder and knee joints in male and female college-aged students. [METHODS] Subjects were 99 sedentary with no experience in resistance exercise for the past 6 months. They were divided into Taeemin (n=15), Soyangin (n=52) and Soemin (n=32) constitution by QSCC II. Isokinetic muscular strength of shoulder and knee joints was determined by peak torque, muscular endurance by total work, and power by total work/time. All measurements were expressed as absolute (N·m), relative value to total body weight (N·m/kg), and relative value to muscle weight (N·m/muscle kg). Data was analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Pearson's correlation analysis. [RESULTS] For muscular strength, only absolute values of the internal rotation in the shoulder joint were significantly different among Sasang-constitution types. In both men and women, Taeemin had a significantly (p<.05) higher value than Soyangin and Soemin, but there was no significant difference between Soemin and Soyangin. However, relative values of shoulder and knee muscular strength were not different among Sasang-constitution types. Neither muscular endurance nor power showed any difference among Sasang-constitution types in both men and women for either absolute or relative values. As expected, muscular strength, endurance, and power were significantly (p<.001) and positively correlated with total body and muscle weight. These results were not related to gender differences. [CONCLUSIONS] The results of this study indicate that isokinetic muscular strength, endurance, and power of shoulder and knee joints are not generally affected by Sasang-constitution types, which was consistent after adjusting for total body weight and muscle weight

[PURPOSE] The purposes of this study were to evaluate the effectiveness of a 12-week virtual reality exercise program designed around the Nintendo Wii(Wii), in improving Alzheimer’s dementia patients’ memories. [METHODS] 30 Alzheimer dementia patients were randomly assigned in to the experimental group(n=15) and control group(n=15). All subjects performed a routine cognitive therapy and, besides, experimental group performed three 40-minute Wii-exercise intervention sessions per week, for 12 weeks. Before and after the Wii intervention, subjects’ cognitive functions were evaluated using the Cognitive Assessment Reference Diagnosis System (CARDS) and Mini-Mental State Examination-Korea (MMSE-K) test. Statistical significance was tested within and between each group before and after treatment by Wilcoxon signed rank test and Mann-Whitney U test. [RESULTS] Among the CARDS scores of the subjects who received Wii-exercise, the scores of the delayed 10-word list, delayed 10-object list, recognition 10-object, and recent memory significantly increased after intervention compared to those before intervention(p<.01). In addition, among the MMSE-K items, the orientation, registration, and recall showed significant increases in the experimental group(p<.05). The control group saw no statistically significant change. There was a statistically significant CARDS and MMSE-K score differences after intervention between the groups(p<.05). 76.9% of experimental group responded positively when asked if they would like to continue using the Wii-game in the future. [CONCLUSIONS] These suggest that a virtual reality exercise program using the Wii-game, is effective in delaying memory deterioration and improving cognitive function of elderly people with Alzheimer dementia.

[PURPOSE] The purpose was to present incidence of injuries for injuries at an international competition [METHODS] The study was designed as a prospective observational epidemiological study, set at the 6th World Para-taekwondo Championships, with 92 males (28.8 +5.7years, 178.3+4.7cm, 73.0+9.6kg) and 21 females (28.6+6.6years, 163.3+4.1cm, 52.6+2.6kg) participating. During the championships musculoskeletal injury data were collected and analyzed. The main outcome measures were the injury incidence rate with 95% confidence intervals (CI). [RESULTS] The overall injury incidence was 49.8 per 1000 athlete exposures (A-E) (95% CI: 16.7 to 80.0) and 24.6 per 1000 minute exposures (M-E) (95% CI: 8.5 to 40.6). Contusions were the predominant injury type (21.5, 95 % CI = 0.43 to 42.6: 10.9 injuries per 1000 M-E, 95 % CI = 0.22 to 21.6). The total concussion incidence was 21.5 per 1000 A-E (95% CI: -5.1 to 15.9) and 10.64 per 1000 M-E (95% CI: -2.6 to 8.1). Males had an incidence of severe injury of 22.0 per 1000 (5.8 to 38.7) M-E and females had an incidence moderate injury of 3.2 per 1000 (-3.0 to 9.4) M-E. [CONCLUSION] Contrary to previous taekwondo injury studies, ligament sprains were more common than contusions and therefore, extra attention may be warranted to prevent non-contact injuries.

[PURPOSE] This study investigated the differences in activation of muscles principally recruited in the front lat pull down (FLPD) exercise and in the behind the neck lat pull down (BLPD) exercise; by doing so we aimed to propose a safe and effective mode of exercise. [METHODS] The study subjects consisted of 12 healthy male individuals in their 20s, who had neither medical problems nor physical restrictions. The one repetition maximum (1RM) of the lat pull down of each participant was indirectly measured using a weight of less than 10 RMs. The patients were asked to perform 5 consecutive repeats of FLPD and of BLPD, using a weight of 75% of their 1RM; whilst the participants performed these exercises, we measured muscle activation by electromyography. Using the resulting electromyographic data, which were filtered of electromyogram artifacts, we calculated the root mean squares (RMS). With respect to a standard RMS, which was calculated using the maximum voluntary isometric contraction test, we analyzed the RMS of FLPD and BLPD and expressed them as percentages. The paired T-test was used to statistically analyze the differences in muscle activation between FLPD and BLPD. [RESULTS] We found that the posterior deltoid muscle was significantly activated during the FLPD exercise (p<.01), whereas the lower trapezius muscle was significantly activated during the BLPD exercise (p<.05). However, we did not observe any statistically significant differences in muscle activation between the two lat pull down exercises in the latissimus dorsi, the pectoralis major, the upper trapezius, the middle trapezius, and the biceps brachii muscles. [CONCLUSIONS] Considering both safety and effectiveness, we propose that individuals with shoulder injuries perform the FLPD exercise over the BLPD exercise during rehabilitation.

[PURPOSE] The purpose of this case report was to examine the effects of 2UP-1DOWN Resistance Training Program for Adult with Hypertension. [METHODS] The subject was a 40-year-old male who had diagnosed with hypertension according to medical exam findings in systolic blood pressure 152mmHg and diastolic blood pressure 100mmHg. 2UP-1DOWN exercise program was performed for 60~70 min/day three times a week for 12-week. 1RM, blood pressure, body composition and Lipids and Glucose Index was measures before and after 12 weeks of exercise completion. [RESULTS] 1RM of leg press (11.43%), leg extension ( 18.75%), leg curl (23.08%), chest press (10.53%), arm curl (25%), cable row (14.29%), and calf raise (11.11%) was increased. Blood pressure of systolic BP (10.53%), and diastolic BP (15%) was decreased. Body composition of body weight (3.45%), muscle mass (2.2%), body mass index (3.44%), and body fat (5.33%) was decreased. Lipids of total cholesterol (18.47%), triglyceride (13.82%), and LDL cholesterol(10.11%) was decreased and HDL cholesterol (17.66%) was increased. Glucose index of fasting blood sugar (5.77%), HbA1C (5.66%) was decreased. [CONCLUSIONS] We demonstrated that 2UP-1DOWN resistance training program improves muscle strength, blood pressure, body composition, lipids and glucose index. Therefore, 2UP-1DOWN resistance training is recommended for male with hypertension

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to develop strategies to promote the integrated kinesiologist qualification system (IKQS) in Asia through Asian Society of Kinesiology (ASK). [Method] The methods for this study was depended on literature research mainly and the development of specific strategies based on Chairperson's proposal and the results of certification symposium (3) in the 7th Asia Conference on Kinesiology in which one Koran proposer and seven debaters from Korea, US, Japan, Taiwan, Thailand and Singapore were participated. The debaters were experts who studied about specialist credential systems of ACSM, NATA, NSCA, Korea, Japan, Taiwan, and Thailand. [Results] As the result of this study, the objective of IKQS was to guarantee health rights and the right to pursue happiness. The first strategy to achieve the objective was the internationalization of IKQS, which need improving kinesiologist's roles and specialization, maintaining helping relationship, and strengthening cooperating system for internationalization of IKQS through ASK net works. The second strategy was to enhance the quality and seek substantiality of education for kinesiologists through improving professional ability of kinesiologists, making an phased attempt of IKQS in each countries, and effective qualification management and operating of reeducation system. [Discussion] The role of ASK is expected to disseminate the IKQS originated in Korea from Asia to the world. Not only the IKQS will be helpful in revealing the identity of kinesiology, but in strengthening Kinesiologists' professional abilities. And it will lessen the burden of our students who prepare for the certification examination for their career. It was suggested that the Korean Society of Kinesiology and the Korean Association of Certified Professionals should support positively for the ASK to adopt IKQS and disseminate it in Asia