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[PURPOSE] The purpose of this study was to explore the level of physical activity and potential correlates of physical activity and physical activity adherence in adults. Identifying potential correlates is an important prerequisite for developing effective programs to enhance persistent physical activity. [METHODS] Data in 2010 (baseline), 2011 and 2012 were selected from Korea health panel(version 1.1). Participant age, gender, family income, educational attainment, marital status, job status, characteristics related to health status(having a disability, chronic disease, impediments in exercise), and the levels of physical activity(high-level and moderate) were gathered in each year. Based on a balanced panel data consisting of 31,491 observations, the multivariate panel logit models with random effects was used. To explore the correlates of persistent physical activity (reporting moderate or high-level physical activity) Multiple logistic regression was used to examine associations between baseline characteristics (collected in the year 2010) and persistent physical activity. [RESULTS] The panel analyses showed the results that gender, family income, educational attainment, disability and impediments in exercise were significant factors on practicing the certain levels of physical activity (p<0.01). And male sex, more family income, more years of education, not having disability or impediments in exercise seemed to be associated with a higher likelihood of being persistently active(defined as reporting physical activity at least 600 METs-min/week). [CONCLUSIONS] This study adds to the current literature on the correlates of physical activity using panel data analyses. A range of demographic and socioeconomic factors was shown to be associated with physical activity and physical activity adherence. Based on these findings, the implications and the limitations of the study were presented and the subjects for future research were suggested.

[PURPOSE] Sarcopenia is a term utilized to define the loss of muscle mass and strength that occurs with aging. Sarcopenia is believed to play a major role in the pathogenesis of frailty and functional impairment that occurs with old age. The aim of this study was to compared the prevalence of sarcopenia assessed using different diagnostic tools. [METHODS] This study included 131 women elderly subjects aged over 65 years. Body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance. Physical fitness was evaluated with 8 tests (grip and leg strength, sit-and-reach, chair sit to stand, one leg stand with open eyes, timed up and go, 4- and 10 m walking speed). Sarcorpenia was assessed by three methods (ASM/Ht2, SMI%, and MAMC). ASM/Ht2 was defined as ASM(appedicular skeletal mass) divided by body height in meters squared. SMI(skeletal muscle index)(%) was computed as (SMM/weight(kg) × 100), to determine relative sarcopenia, after calculation of SMM(skeletal muscle mass) as above from BI-derived ASM. MAMC(mid-arm muscle circumference) was calculated using the following standard formula (MAMC=mid-arm circumferenc-( 3.14×triceps skinfold thickness). ASM/Ht2 or SMI% were <- 2 SD from the mean of the young reference group. [RESULTS] The prevalence of sarcopenia was 28(21.4%) by ASM (kg/Ht2) and 12(9.1%) by SMI(%). ASM/Ht2 (r=.884) and SMI(%) (r=.443) showed the high correlation with skeletal muscle. Nevertheless SMI(%) was higher correlation between BMI, SMM(kg) and %BF than MAMC and ASM/Ht2. [CONCLUSION] Our paper summarises currently available data defining sarcopenia cut-off point by ASM/Ht2, SMI(%), Anthropometry(mid-arm, calf, thigh) and AWGS(asian working group for sarcopenia) algorithm for sarcopenia.

[PURPOSE] The purpose of this study was to association between resting heart rate, and obesity index arterial stiffness in adults. [METHODS] The subjects were 1,606 males between 30～60 years who visited national fitness center from 2012 to 2015. Participants were stratified into five heart rate groups(>60bpm, 60～69bpm, 70～79bpm, 80～ 89bpm, and 90bpm≤). Resting heat rate was assessed from ECG. Arterial stiffness was assessed by brachial ankle pulse wave velocity(baPWV). [RESULTS] Resting heart rate was related to body mass index(r=0.78, p<.01), waist circumference(r=.124, p<.001), %body fat(r=.126, p<.001), and baPWV(r=.217, p<.001). The odds ratios of obesity was not significant difference with resting heart rate. But compared to those with a resting heart rate of >60bpm, the odds ratios of arterial stiffness increased in those with resting heart rate of 60-69bpm, 70-79bpm, 80-89bpm, and 90bpm≤ by 1.86(95% confidence interval [CI] 1.29-2.67), 2.20(95% CI, 1.48-3.27), 2.32(95% CI, 1.42-3.78), and 3.21(95% CI, 1.68-6.30), respectively. [CONCLUSIONS] Resting heart rate is associated with the body mass index, waist circumference, %body fat, and arterial stiffness in adults.

[PURPOSE] The current study was conducted to estimate the effects of the physical activity programs provided by health centers on psychological wellness and quality of life of the elderly. [METHODS] We collected data from the 421 elderly living in 45 administrative districts of Gyeonggi Province from June 20 to July 29, 2016. SPSS & AMOS(ver. 22.0) were used to analyze frequencies, reliability, and factors and to estimate structural equation models. [RESULTS] The satisfaction for physical activity programs significantly associated with psychological wellness(p=.000) and quality of life(p=.004) of the elderly. Psychological wellness significantly associated with the quality of life(p=.000). We also found the moderating effect of psychological wellness on the relationship of participation in the physical activity programs and quality of life. [CONCLUSIONS] The present study suggests that satisfaction for physical activity program are associated with psychological wellness and quality of life. This paper recommend further sophisticated researches and development of policy alternatives on the physical activity programs of the health centers.

[PURPOSE] The purpose of this study was to investigate techniques of the skilled Nanta player`s according to the beat using a three-dimensional motion kinematic analysis. [METHODS] 13 healthy male Nanta master were participated in this study. Nanta play were performed according to the beat (4beat, 8beat, 16beat) randomly. 20 seconds were analyzed after the 30 seconds were passed from the start. Variables were the mean vertical velocity of stick movement, vertical range of movement and trajectory of the stick, and range of movement(ROM) and maximal angular velocity of each segment(shoulder, elbow, wrist). [RESULTS] First, the time of the stick movement phases for both strike phase(SP) and the recovery phase(RP) was shortened according to increased beats(p<.05). Second, the range of movement the stick was statistically significant difference for vertical ranges were significant for all beats(p<.05). Third, the range of movement of shoulder, elbow, wrist were decreased with the increased beat(p<.05), joint range of movements showed that the shoulder the smaller movement than the elbow and wrist, respectively. Finally, the maximal angular velocity of wrist were faster at SP than RP for every beat (p<.05), while the shoulder and elbow were faster at SP except for the 16beat (p<.05). [CONCLUSIONS] It is suggested that elbow movement during the Nanta playing can be associated with whiplash-like movement rather than the wrist.

[PURPOSE] This study was conducted a type 2 diabetic female patients during 12 weeks of aerobic and resistance exercise on insulin resistance and cytokine changes and provide a basis for prevention of diabetic complication. [METHODS] Seventeen patients participated in two trials: (1) aerobic exercise(n=9), and (2) resistance exercise(n=8) of same energy expenditure condition on exercise. Measurement factors included body composition, insulin resistance and cytokine. [RESULTS] BMI in the composition showed a significant difference between the groups after exercise 12 weeks, body weight and percentage body fat did not change. Insulin resistance factors in the both groups were significantly decreased after exercise than before exercise in HbA1c and C-peptide(p<0.05). In addition, IL-6, MCP-1 and EPO in the cytokine factors were significantly increased both group(p<0.05). However, CRP level was significantly decreased only in resistance group(p<0.05). [CONCLUSIONS] Moderate exercise program (aerobic and resistance exercise) is mediate and reduces effective exercise inflammation of the blood vessel complications of diabetes.

[PURPOSE] This study analyzed the impact on the 6 parts core muscle activity during bridge exercise in the ankle and knee. [METHODS] Ten healthy university students participated in two trials: (1) ankle bridge exercise(15°, 30°, 45°, 5 secind), and (2) knee bridge exercise(15°, 30°, 45°, 5 secind) in same energy expenditure condition. [RESULTS] First, During the 15°, 30° ankle bridge exercise, the muscles activity was higher in Biceps Femoris, Erector spine thoracic part, Erector Spine lumbar part (p<0.05). seconds, during the 15°, 30°, 45° knee bridge exercise, the muscles activity was higher in Rectus Femoris, Biceps Femoris, Rectus abdominis(p<0.05). thirds, Sling angle was a statistically significant difference in the core muscle training (p<0.05). [CONCLUSIONS] Core muscles activity was a difference according to bridge exercise in ankle and knee. therefore it is necessary to adjust the position and angle of the sling exercise for core muscle training.

[PURPOSE] To analyze and evaluate the current status of the operation of educational centers by focusing on issues related to the educational center and to improve the qualities and professionalism of the exercise specialists. [BODY] The exercise specialist's training course establishes the personality and desirable values of an exercise specialist while also achieving the required level of job literacy and performance within the field. The educational center has been designated to implement this course, but has only been in operation for two years, so there is no guidance or know-how on the operation of the educational center and is experiencing hardship. In order for the operation of education center to be regulated in accordance with the purpose of implementation, it is pointed out that securing a stable graduate student should be preceded, but the structure of the qualification system is unlikely to be easily solved. Because it has only been operated for 2 years, changing the qualification system is in a difficult position, so we would have to consider a wise solution in this current state. [CONCLUSIONS] For the normal operation of each educational center installed in the four universities, it is possible to improve the financial efficiency by sharing the functions of the institute by specializing the training areas. However, because the distances between the educational centers are so large, this could cause inconvenience for the students, so one of the ways to operate it is to allocate it to 2 broad areas. Considering the operation of education center, it should be careful in increasing the number of successful students because it weakens the expertise and decides the success or failure of the qualification system. A system should be established to improve the quality of the training as well as the contents of the training. To improve the quality of training, it is necessary to establish an evaluation method and a basis of cancelling acceptance for those who cannot meet requirements. There is a need to consider writing training materials for quality management or leveling the training courses that may occur between regions. By using the training materials in common, it is possible to avoid duplication of contents of general training and practicum experience, and it will be possible to solve the contents and quality difference of the lectures of the regional training institutes. In addition, standardized and systematic management guidelines for practicum experience should be provided so that the practicum experience training can be carried out normally to achieve efficient job training, character training, and field training. Altogether, in order to achieve the goal of efficient practicum experience, it should not be operated in a mediocre way, but operated very detailed with concrete guidelines along with an assessment of practicum experience.