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[PURPOSE] The purpose of this study was to examine gender differences in the scores of FMS (Functional Movement Screen) in 20s adult. [METHODS] 83(50 male and 33 female) individuals in 20s adults who do not exercise regularly with no recent(<6 months) history of muscular skeletal injury were recruited for the study. The Functional Movement Screen consisted of 7 tests (DS; deep squat, IL; in-line lunge, HS; hurdle step, ASLR; active straight leg raise, SM; shoulder mobility, PU; trunk stability push up, RS; rotary stability. Mann-Whitney U tests were used to examine differences between male and female in the functional movement tests due to the rank-order nature of the data. [RESULTS] There was no statistically significant difference in total score between female(15.21±2.2) and male(15.38±2.4) while there was significant difference in SM, ASLR, PU between female and male. mean score of SM, ASLR, PU was 2.52±0.7, 2.32±0.7, 2.04±0.9 in male. mean score of SM, ASLR, PU was 2.87±0.3, 2.79±0.5, 1.27±0.7 in female. Female performed better on the SM, ASLR compared to male. The PU scores indicated that males were better than females in trunk stability. There was no significant difference in DS, IL, HS, and RS between females and males. [CONCLUSIONS] In conclusion, male and female of 20s adults may exhibit different qualities of functional movements. Therefore, strength and conditioning training program for sports injury prevention focused on improving functional movement in 20s adults should consider these gender differences.

[PURPOSE] The purpose of this study was to report the case study of sport psychological skills training of college male shooting team based on the somatic psychological education. [METHODS] This study was a single case study during 10-week intervention. The education took 60-90 minutes and once a week. This study was utilized by a questionnaire. To analyze the data of research, the paired t-test were used for finding the significances of mean differences (p<.05). [RESULTS] After 10 week education session the results are as follows: the college male shooting team of this study showed positive change of resourcefulness, psychological skills and self-management. First, the male shooting team significantly increased their emotion control and self-directedness. Second, the male shooting team significantly increased of their will power. Third, men's Shooting team significantly increased their physical-management and mental-management. [CONCLUSIONS] The male shooting athletes were controlled emotions for their own goals, and enable the ability to act as a self-directed practice. The male shooting athletes became a stable and balanced psychological state. Psychological Education of Based on the Somatic was to help manage their body and mind. This study suggested that the somatic psychological education is useful to sport psychological skills training and intervention of college male shooting team.

[PURPOSE] The purposes of this study was to find out the changes in aerobic and anaerobic power, range of motion and isokinetic muscular strength of cyclists during winter training program combined with yoga program to design the program to improve the athletic performance of cyclists. [METHODS] 13 college male cyclists during winter training were divided into 2 groups. One group was for winter training combined with yoga training(n=7). The other group was for winter training alone(n=6). After 8 weeks of training, anaerobic power, aerobic power, range of motion, isokinetice strength were measured. [RESULTS] There was a significant difference(p<.05) between time in peak power and the peak power/body weight of anaerobic power ratio factors. There was a significant difference(p<.01) between time in the total amount of energy, exercise time, exercise distance, and heart rate of aerobic power factors. There was a significant difference in straight leg raising test, hip extension, trunk extension, and the front split out of range of motion(p<.01). There was a significant difference in right knee extensor between time and in the ratio of right and left ratio of knee flexor between group in peak torque of flexor and extensor of knee(p<.05). [CONCLUSIONS] We concluded that 8 week yoga program was necessary with winter training program for cyclists.

[PURPOSE] The use of the cold application is common for treating musculoskeletal injuries as well as facilitating athletic performance. It is, therefore, important to organize the results and mechanisms associated with cryotherapy from the literature. The purpose of this review paper is to search the literature for original studies examining the effects of cryotherapy on functional performance and make suggestions and recommendations regarding the use of cryotherapy in the field of sports medicine. [METHODS] Goggle Scholar, MEDLINE (Ebsco and Pubmed), SPORTDiscuss (Ebsco) with a cross-reference for identification of appropriate studies were performed. This search was limited to the studies having cryotherapy groups compared to a control group and measuring functional performance in healthy individuals. Selected studies also had been published after 1990 in English. [RESULTS] Among thirty-four remained studies, nine reported no effect, four reported partly affected, six reported improvement, and fifteen studies reported cold application produced performance deficits. [CONCLUSIONS] The effects of the cold application on proprioception, strength, and balance are unclear. Flexibility appears to increase while power and agility are negatively affected by the cold application. Reduced performance was recovered back to the baseline level in ten minutes and active warm-up tends to enhance this process. Sports medicine practitioners should be aware of potential alterations by cold application and select an appropriate mode and parameters of cryotherapy depending on a sport and specific movements.

[PURPOSE] This study was carried out in order to find out the effects of exercise intensity in walking exercise program for 12 weeks on inflammatory response index and insulin resistance in obese middle-aged women. [METHODS] The subjects consisted of the moderate-intensity exercise group(n=10), high-intensity exercise group(n=10), and control exercise group(n=10). Each group had exercised 5 times a week for 12 weeks with the treadmill. The moderate-intensity exercise group had exercised for 50 minutes at 40～60% of heart rate reserve and the high-intensity group had exercised for 40 minutes at 60～80% of heart rate reserve. The changes of obesity index, inflammatory response index and insulin resistance in each group were measured and analyzed at pre- and post- walking exercise program for verifying exercise effectiveness. [RESULTS] The obesity index(weight, % fat and waist circumference), inflammatory response index(TNF--α, IL-6 and hs-CRP) and insulin resistance(blood glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR) of obese middle-aged women after walking exercise program were significantly decreased compared to pre-program, but there was no exercise intensity effects. [CONCLUSIONS] Moderate and high intensity exercise had the positive effects on reduced inflammatory reaction and insulin resistance induced by obesity, but they were not exercise intensity-dependent.

[PURPOSE] The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of three rehabilitative exercises on body composition, visual analogue scale, and low muscular function of elderly women with osteoarthritis. [METHODS] 29 elderly women with osteoarthritis participated in this study. They performed three different exercises utilizing isokinetic, isotonic, and aquatic exercise for 16 weeks. Body composition, visual analogue scale, and low muscular function were measured before and after the program. Data were analyzed by two-way repeated ANOVA in SPSS(ver 18.0). [RESULTS] Results of this study showsthat there was no significant difference in body composition among the groups. However, low muscular functions were significantly different in 60s right/left flexion and left extension, and 240s right/left flexion. Also visual analogue scale showed significantly differences among the time, group,and time×group. Especially, isokinetic exercise seems to be more effective compared to other types of exercises. [CONCLUSIONS] Three rehabilitative exercises were effective interventions for improving muscle function and relieving painin elderly women with osteoarthritis. Therefore, combination of isokinetic, isotonic, and aquatic exercises can be a very effective exercise program for elderly women with osteoarthritis.

[PURPOSE] The purpose of this study was to 1) classify different types of scoliosis using schroth method and 2) investigate the effects of schroth exercise program in idiopathic scoliosis patients. [METHODS] We classified subjects into seven different curve types using schroth method. Total 35 subjects (Male: 7, Female: 28, Age: 18.07±5.85years, Height: 162.73±8.10cm, Weight: 49.59±9.33kg) who have 3 curved idiopathic scoliosis (above 10° of Cobb’s angle) participad in this study. 3C schroth exercise program consisted of Physio-logic, 3D Made easy, Fifty times, Sitting Fifty times, and Muscle cylinder. 3C schroth exercise program was performed three times a week, 12 weeks. Cobb’s angle and the hip joint range of motion were measured before and 12 weeks after 3C schroth exercise program. [RESULTS] Cobb’s angle in thoracic and lumbar vertebrae was significantly decreased after schroth exercise compared to previous values. The range of motions in hip joint during the internal and external rotations were significantly increased after schroth exercise. [CONCLUSIONS] It was confirmed that idiopathic scoliosis curve type was the most common types of scoliosis in the present study. The schroth exercise program can be applied based on different curve pattern.

[PURPOSE] This study was to investigate effects of chronic ankle sprain on ankle flexibility, isokinetic strength and static·dynamic balances in high school Judo players. [METHODS] The subjects were twenty-four high school Judo players. There were two groups; Chronic ankle sprain group(CAS) with ankle sprain over three times in ipsilateral ankle(n=13, left ankle sprain; n=5, right ankle sprain; n=8) Ankle sprain group(AS) with ankle sprain under three times in ipsilateral ankle(n=11, left ankle sprain; n=5, right ankle sprain; n=6). [RESULTS] ROM of plantarflexion and eversion were significantly different between affected and unaffected ankles, in CAS(p=.003, p=.001, respectively). Isokinetic maximal strength of 60˚ dorsiflexion and eversion were significantly different in both sides of ankles in both groups(p=.026, p=.017), and the strength of 60˚ plantarflexion in CAS was significantly different between the affected and unaffected ankles(p=.003). Isokinetic maximal strength of 60˚ inversion and eversion in CAS were significantly different between the both sides(p=.014, p=.034). In static balance of CAS, there was a significant difference between affected and unaffected ankles(p=.005). Dynamic balance of posterolateral, posteromedial and medial directions in both groups were significantly different between affected and unaffected ankles(p=.008, p=.018; p=0.13, p=.038; p=.001, p=.032). [CONCLUSIONS] In conclusion, chronic ankle sprain group has a decrease in ankle flexibility, inversion and eversion isokinetic maximal strength, and static·dynamic balance. Ankle sprain group, also, has a decrease in dynamic balance and isokinetic maximal strength. Therefore, Judo players with chronic ankle sprain should be more careful of improving in ankle joint flexibility, isokinetic strength and static·dynamic balance during rehabilitation.

[PURPOSE] The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal bending stiffness of volleyball shoe soles by using energy return method as a new shoe evaluation method. [METHODS] Nine healthy male college students were recruited for this study, who had previously attended a volleyball class. The running motion at the speed of 4.0±0.4m/sec and the volleyball jumping motion were measured and analyzed by using 3D motion analysis system and a force platform. [RESULTS] The maximal flexion power at each joint was increased as the mid-sole hardness decreased. The maximal extension power was increased as the mid-sole hardness increased. The energy absorption of each joint was increased as the mid-sole hardness was decreased. The energy production was increased as the mid-sole hardness increased. [CONCLUSIONS] Our study suggests that the energy return method may be a reliable biomechanical assessment technique to determine the optimal bending stiffness of volleyball shoes. Future studies with various shoes are warranted for determining the optimal bending stiffness.