Earticle

[PURPOSE] The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of different squat exercises on iEMG and MEF on Rectus femoris, biceps femoris and gastrocnemius. [METHODS] In this study, 12 male college students who had more than two years of weight trainingexperience were recruited, and conducted3 sets of three different squat exercises (isometric, isotonic, and jump squats) with 60 seconds rest between sets. The iEMG and MEF were analyzed on three different muscles during these exercises(Rectus femoris, biceps femoris, and gastrocnemius). Two way repeated ANOVA was used to find out statistical significance at the level of alpha = .05. [RESULTS] Rectus femoris'siEMG during isotonic and jump squats was greater than that of isometric squat (p<.01, p<.001). iEMG on biceps femoris when performing isotonic and jump squats was significant different from that of isometric squat (p<.01, p<.001). iEMG on gastrocnemius was the highest during jump squat and that of isotonic squat was the second highest, and so on (p<.001). As sets in squat exercises proceeded, iEMG of gastrocnemius during isotonic and jump squats decreased (p<.001). The MEF of bicepsfemoris during isometric squat was the highest and that of jump squat was the second highest. MEF of gastrocnemius during isometric squat was greater than isotonic and jump squats (p<.001). As sets proceeded, MEF of gastrocnemius was increasedduring isotonic and jump squats(p<.001). [CONCLUSIONS] As a result, it is concluded that iEMG during isotonic and jump squats was greater and MEF during isometric squat was higher than the other exercise types, and iEMG during isotonic and jump squats tended to be lower as MEF increased.

[PURPOSE] This study was to investigate the difference of vestibulo-ocular reflex for comparing vestibular function between two different of figure skaters. [METHODS] The subjects recruited for this study (n=12) were middle school student athletes which are registered in Korea Skating Union. Based on Korea Skating Union’ accredited performance level, the subjects were categorized intothe level of 5th grade figure skating athlete group(5FG, n=6) and level of 3th grade figure skating athlete group(3FG, n=6). To assess the function of vestibulo-ocular reflex, gain and phase were conducted by slow harmonic acceleration (SHA) test. Time constant was determined in clock-wise and the counter clock-wise directions by Velocity step test. The vestibulo-ocular reflex’s gain and phase difference was assessed by Sinusodial rotation test in frequency of 0.01, 0.04, 0.16, 0.64 Hz. To verify the mean difference of the vestibulo-ocular reflex test between the two groups, two-way repeated ANOVA was conducted. If there was a significant difference, post-hoc test was conducted. The significance level was set to α=.05. [RESULTS] Velocity step test revealed no significant difference between 5FG and 3FG in both clock-wised and the counter clock-wise directions. The SHA test revealed that 5FG had lower gain score compared to the 3FG(p<.05). Despite both athlete group’s gain score increased as the SHA frequency increased, there was interaction effect. Also in phase difference, level 5FG had a higher mean value than the level 3FG(p<.05). Even though both athlete group’s phase difference decreased as the frequency increased(p<.05), there was no interaction effect. [CONCLUSIONS] It was concluded that the function of vestibular organ was better in high ranked figure skaters group than low ranked figure skaters group based on the result of SHA test and it was suggested that this test is useful to check up balance ability in sport medical examination.

[PURPOSE] The purpose of this study was to analyze the angular kinematics variables of riding posture during walk and trot in horse riding. [METHODS] Seven male skilled riders (age: 45.14±4.01yrs, height: 171.17±4.14cm, body mass: 74.22±11.59kg, low extremity length: 96.57±3.65cm, career: 12.14±10.10yrs) were participated in this study. Angular kinematics(elbow, shoulder, hip, knee, ankle, F-R angle, L-R angle), consistency and asymmetric indices during walk and trot were analyzed. [RESULTS] During 1 stride,angular displacement of elbow and shoulder were not statistically significant between joints, but R hip jointwas extended significantly more than that of L hip angle. Also, angular displacement of knee and ankle were not statistically significant between right and left where knee and ankle angle during trot were extended morethan that of walk. The F-R angle in trunk of horse-rider during trot showed backward leaning motions more than that of walk although there was no significant difference ofL-R angle in trunk of horse-rider based on the change of velocity during trot and walk. The angular displacement in elbow, shoulder, hip, knee and ankle angle didn't show significant difference in asymmetric index. F-R angle, elbow, knee and ankle during trot of horse-rider were more consistency compared to walk. [CONCLUSIONS] In summary, joint angle of upper & lower limbs were symmetrical during walk and trot, andit was more consistent duringtrot of horse-rider than that of walk.

[PURPOSE] The purpose of this study was to compare metabolic variables during exercise and recovery between mid and low intensity exercise in college students. [METHODS] Eight healthy university students were participated in two trials: (1) mid intensity exercise(60%VO2R, 45min; MI), and (2) low intensity exercise(40%VO2R, 60min; LI) in same energy expenditure condition on a treadmill exercise. [RESULTS] During the exercise, VO2 and exercise expenditure(EE) were significantly higher at MI than at LI (p=.000, p=.000), but no significant difference of exercise time was found. Respiratory exchanged ratio(RER) was significantly higher at MI than at LI(p=010), and was significantly higher in exercise 15min than in exercise 30 and 45min(p=000). Fat oxidation rate(FOR) and Fat oxidation (g/min, FO) were significantly lower at MI than at LI(p=.022, p=.034), and were significantly higher at 15min than exercise at 30 and 45min(p=000, p=.000), respectively. During the recovery, VO2 and EE were significantly higher at MI than at LI(p=.000, p=.000), and were significantly higher after 30min than after 15min of recovery(p=.000, p=.000), respectively. RER was not significantly different between MI and LI, but it was significantly lower after 45min than 15min recovery(p=.000). FOR and FO were not significant difference between MI and LI, but it was significantly higher after 30min than 15min recovery(p=.000, p=.000), respectively. [CONCLUSIONS] These finding suggest that the moderate exercise can contribute to greater exercise and recovery-induced fat oxidation and energy expenditure compared with a lower intensity continuous exercise.

[PURPOSE] The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of high school athletes' passion on subjective well-being and adherence intention. Specifically, the investigators looked into the influence of harmonious and obsessive passion using a dualistic approach suggested by Vallerand et al. (2003). [METHODS] In order to obtain the purpose, a questionnaire survey of 253 high school athletes(male=200, female=53) was carried out to fine out passion, subjective well-being and adherence intention. Collected data were entered into SPSS 18.0 statistical software program and multiple regression analysis was used to assess the effect of passion on subjective well-being and adherence intention. [RESULTS] The results of this study indicate that harmonious passion had an effect on positive affect, negative affect and life satisfaction. Also harmonious passion had an positive effect on adherence intention factor, while obsessive passion had an positive effect on exercise continuous will. [CONCLUSIONS] These findings imply that the harmonious passion are important factors to promote adolescent athletes' subjective well-being and exercise adherence.

[PURPOSE] The purposes of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an 8-week virtual reality exercise program designed around the Nintendo Wii(Wii), in improving balance and quality of life among patients with Parkinson’s disease(PD). [METHODS] The subjects were 30 individuals with PD. 15 patients were assigned to an experimental group to engage an in three 40-minute Wii balance-training sessions per week, for 8 weeks, and 15 to control group. They were asked to complete questionnaires including verbal analogue scale (VAS), activities-specific balancing confidence scale (ABC), Parkinson’s Disease Quality of Life (PDQ39) Scale, and fall index assessment before and after the intervention. Quantification of improvement was conducted utilizing Sensory Organization Test (SOT) of Computerized Dynamic Posturography (CDP). Statistical significance was tested in between the patients before and after treatment by ANOVA. [RESULTS] There was a statistically significant improvement in scores of VAS, ABC, PDQ39, and fall index assessment results within the experimental group. SOT showed significant difference on condition 5, 6, and vestibular ratios within the experimental group from baseline to post-intervention. [CONCLUSIONS] Virtual reality exercise programs can be an effective method improving for balance, balance confidence, and quality of life among individuals with PD.

[PURPOSE] The purpose of our study was to determine whether cardiovascular risk factor disease and cytokine are associated with fasting blood insulin concentration in prediabetic adults. We also examined the protective target for metabolic disease, diabetes and cardiovascular disease in prediabetic adults with insulin resistance. [METHODS] Fifty healthy male and female university students were randomly assigned and divided into four groups[ > 5μIU/mL(n=9), 5-10μIU/mL(n=26), 10-15μIU/mL(n=7), < 15μIU/mL(n=8)]. [RESULTS] There was were significantly differences such as body fat mass(p<.05), %fat mass(p<.05), waist circumference(p<.001), HDL-C(p<.05), insulin(p<.001), PAI-1(p<.05) between groups. The effect between time and groups showed a significant difference in insulin(p<.05), HOMA-IR(p<.05). Significant positive correlation was observed between weight(r=.312), fat mass(r=.389), BMI(r=.322), waist circumference(r=.415), Glucose(r=.301), HOMA-IR(r=.998) and PAI-1(r=.045). [CONCLUSIONS] Our results showed that higher fasting insulin concentration was contributed to cardiovascular disease and diabetes. These results demonstrated that regulation of insulin resistance and inflammatory cytokines may be a beneficial therapeutic targets for preventing cardiovascular disease and diabetes.

[PURPOSE] This study is to evaluate the effects of lumbar segmental stabilizing exercise on the local muscle activities of patients who underwent Laser microdiscectomy. [METHODS] Twenty-four patients who underwent Laser Microdiscectomy, were divided into two groups including an experimental group who would take lumbar segmental stabilizing exercise and a control group. The exercise therapy was applied for 8weeks after a 6-week postoperative resting period. The experimental group performed an exercise regimen for 30minutes per day, 3times a week for 8weeks, whereas the control group received ordinary physical therapies. Their pains were measured by the visual analog scale(VAS), and echographic measurements were made on changes in the thicknesses o f transversus abdominis and multifidus. The activities of transversus abdominis and multifidus were analyzed 8weeks before and after the exercise, along with VAS. [RESULTS] The results of this study are as in the following: First, the activity of transversus abdominis muscle was enhanced significantly as the period of measurement elapsed. There was no significant inter-group difference, but it appeared that an interaction occurred between a period of measurement and a group. Second, the activity of multifidus muscle was enhanced significantly as the period of measurement elapsed. There was no significant inter-group difference, and more over there was no interaction between a period of measurement and a group. Third, the visual analogue scale showed a significant fall as the period of measurement elapsed, and there were interactions between a period of measurement and a group. [CONCLUSIONS] As regards early rehabilitation for patients who underwent, Laser Microdiscectomy segmental stabilizing exercise, known to strengthen deep spinal muscles, has positive effects on muscular activity and pain and thus is crucial to securing lumbar stability.

[PURPOSE] This study was conducted for settlement of the certification system for sports/exercise specialists in advance of the forthcoming implementation of formal license and qualification for sports/exercise professionals. This study identifies the key issues of current and future system and suggestions for establishing better system. [METHODS] In recent years much attention has been paid to the sports/exercise professionals in the field of health care services in order to better define 1) their role and scope of practice, 2) eligibility and qualifications, 3) examination methods and training, and 4) agency/institute for licenses approval and management. The main goal of this newly reformed qualification system is to educate and train the capable sports/exercise professionals who are more completive and practical in the actual field of health care service with proper qualification. The important changes with new restructured system are inclusion of the patients as a subject for this qualification system and change of academic qualifications for application from a master degree to an undergraduate degree(or an undergraduate graduate-to-be). Acquiring a license under new system requires an evaluation of actual task performance and practical hands-on training after passing both written and practical examinations. Granted, these changes are significant and will require a substantial effort. However, in order to provide better job opportunities for exercise major students and to well establish a new domain within the current job market with this newly established certification system for Sports/Exercise Specialist, many interrelated and detailed tasks need to be well managed in the future. [CONCLUSIONS] The findings indicate a need to determine the level of difficulty and scope of exam questions for both written and practical tests. There is also a need for establishment of formal guidelines to provide evaluating system for written/oral tests and more detail rubrics based on evaluation factors. Practice training requires a more detailed set of guidelines relating to methodology of instruction, qualification of instructors for practice training, and standardized evaluation systems. From an overall career management point of view, discussions should begin addressing balance between supply and demand within the overall job market, developing a system that continuously improves the quality of certified and trained individuals entering the job market, and how to appropriately determine the level of difficulty for practical and oral examinations, all having the intent of creating a more professional and capable sports/exercise career workforce.