Earticle

[PURPOSE] This study reviewed the current trend of the importance of exercise training-related myokine's function for the prevention of aging. [METHODS] On the basis of searching on the recent research results in pubmed and the other internet research file, we reviewed the recent research output. [RESULTS] Myokine has been regarded an important factor of exercise training and brain growth factor for the prevention of Alzheimier's disease. During exercise the release of anti-inflammatory myokine from contracting skeletal muscle controled the metabolic response, and myostatin, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-15 controled skeletal muscle hypertrophy and myogenesis. BDNF and IL-6 promoted the lipid metabolism through AMPK activation. IL-1Ra, IL-10 and sTNF-R inhibited TNF-α as the pro-inflammatory cytokine. IL-15 increased the releasing volume from contracting muscle, and promoted the anabolic factor of muscle growth. IL-7 and IL-8 activated the angiogenesis through the more activation of C-X-C receptor signal transmission. FNDC5/Irisin pathway activated brain cell and BDNF expression through the control of neurogenesis pathway. [CONCLUSIONS] Multiple myokines released from contracting skeletal muscle, and performed the important key factors for skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Therefore exercise training can be suggested the important intervention program for aging prevention and aging-related dysfunction through the delayed sarcopenia. We should try to elucidate the mechanism of myokine's molecular pathway and effects.

[PURPOSE] The purpose of this study was to investigate the preference for exercise information in the elderly. We also analyzed physical literacy related factors. [METHODS] Face-to-face survey and exercise performance evaluation were conducted by trained investigator. The subjects in this study were 289 people aged 65 to 79 years, living in Seoul. Statistical analysis has been operated by SPSS [RESULTS] The subjects preferred the form in which text, numeric data, and diagrams were presented together as a type of exercise information. For examples of action, photographs, Asian, and young women were the most preferred information to conduct exercise. We examined physical literacy related factors using multiple regression model. The final regression model was shown that age(β=-0.269, p<0.000), educational level(high: β=0.220, p<0.001; college or higher: β=0.159, p=0.009), understanding of terms(β=0.118, p<0.042), interest of excercise information(β=0.191, p<0.013) was significantly associated with physical literacy in the elderly. [CONCLUSIONS] The present study suggests that excercise information for elderly has to consider the elderly. preference and degree of difficulty for better understanding

[PURPOSE] The aim of this study was the relationship between cardiovascular fitness and arterial stiffness, heart rate variability, and quality of sleep in middle-aged male firefighters. [METHODS] The subjects were 180 firefighters who were examined for cardiovascular fitness, arterial stiffness, heart rate variability, and sleep quality at the National Fitness Center in 2016. The maximal oxygen uptake was measured by exercise test. The marker of arterial stiffness was the brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity. The heart rate variability index used time domain analysis and frequency domain. The quality of sleep was assessed by the quality index of the Korean version of Pittsburgh. [RESULTS] There was a correlation between cardiorespiratory fitness and arterial stiffness(r=-0.292, p<.05). LF/HF in cardiovascular fitness and heart rate variability(r=-0.318, p<.05). However, there was no correlation between cardiorespiratory fitness and sleep quality. [CONCLUSIONS] These results can be used as a basis for judging the importance of cardiorespiratory fitness enhancement to prevent the risk of cardiovascular disease in firefighters

[PURPOSE] The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of complex exercise and vitamin D intake on body composition, physical fitness, bone density, and obesity hormone in obese middle aged women. [METHODS] The subjects were 32 obese women 30% of body fat, 8 placebo group (PL), 8 complex exercise with placebo group (CE+PL), 8 complex exercise with high vitamin D intake (CE+LV), and 8 complex exercise with high vitamin D intake group (CE+HV). The subjects have performed the exercise program for 70 minutes a day and 3 times a week with weight training and elastic band exercise during 12 weeks. Also, low and high vitamin D intake group took a peel 2.5ug(100IU) and 10ug(400IU) respectively at the same time and place. [RESULTS] There was a significant decrease in body fat to CE+HV compared with CE+PL and PL (p<.05) and significant increase in muscular strength, muscular endurane, and flexibility between groups compared with PL (p<.05) but not in cardiorespiratory endurance(p>.05). Also, There were significant increases in part of upper arm, thigh, and lumbar of bone density(p<.05). For the obesity hormones, leptin and insulin significantly decreased in CE+HV compared with CE+LV, CE+PL, PL(p<.05) and there was a significant increase in ghrelin(p<.05). [CONCLUSIONS] In conclusion, there were positive responses in muscular endurance and bone mineral density, in cases involving both complex exercise and high vitamin D intake, from the development of body composition and obesity hormones

[PURPOSE] Aging is associated with a progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength as well as physical performance called sarcopenia. Sarcopenia is one of the leading causes of disability in the elderly. Despite the growing prevalence of sarcopenia, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the aging-related sarcopenia are not fully understood. The purpose of this paper was to review the potential mechanisms of aging-induced sarcopenia and the effects of aerobic and resistance exercise on sarcopenia. [METHODS] A literature review was conducted via web based search engines such as the PUBMED and OVID to collect data and information. [RESULTS] Mitochondria in skeletal muscle may be considered a major factor underlying aging-induced sarcopenia. Alterations in mitochondrial function increase oxidative stress (ROS), interfere with mitochondrial dynamics leading to the unbalance between fusion and fission, impair mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy), and trigger mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in aging skeletal muscle. In addition, increased pro-inflammatory cytokines and decreased sex hormones may be associated with aging-induced sarcopenia. [CONCLUSIONS] In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the potential mechanisms of the aging-related sarcopenia, and highlight the effects of aerobic exercise and resistance exercise on sarcopenia in aging skeletal muscles, suggesting that combined exercise may be the most effective to protect against aging-induced sarcopenia.

[PURPOSE] Gait pattern has been reported one of major predictors of adverse outcomes in the elderly. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of aging on center of pressure, gait angle and gait time. [METHODS] 29 healthy female college students(FCS) and 28 elderly women(EW) were recruited for this study. A gait analysis system(Gaitview, Korea) was used to collect the center of pressure in static state and gait angle with gait time in dynamic state. [RESULTS] Results of the center of pressure did not show significant differences between two groups. In the gait angle test, the FCS showed 1.56±5.2° on their left while the EW showed 9.76±6.54° on their left. In their right, the FCS showed 2.85±6.47° and the EW showed 10.27±6.97°. In the gait angle test, there was significant difference. A significant difference was evident in the gait time. the FCS on the left was 0.87±0.1sec while the EW’s was 1.28±0.44sec. The FCS on the right was 0.86±0.09sec and the EW was 1.1±0.21sec. The results revealed that the decrease in the musculoskeletal system and changes in posture through aging make the gait angle. Elderly may need to leave their feet on the ground longer for stability slowing their movement. [CONCLUSIONS] In conclusion, it is advisable to develop an exercise program for the elderly focusing on stability the prevention of falls.

[PURPOSE] The purpose of this study was to investigate effect of spatio-temporal variables related to the standing start on short-distance time trial of female athletes by using videos having been executed in cycling world championship and track cycling world cup game. [METHODS] 104 competition videos were analyzed from 2013 to 2016. In order to compare differences among groups, upper group A, middle group B, lower group C were divided by 1 lap time. Standing distance, standing time, average speed to the point of sitting time, average speed before and after 15m sitting time and pearson’s correlation coefficient were analyzed in each sectio1n. [RESULTS] In the fastest group of 1 lap records, standing distance was the most longest and average speeds in each section were the most fastest compared to other groups. And negative correlation showed between average speed and 1 lap time. [CONCLUSIONS] When standing distance to the sitting point was long and average speeds in each section were fast, we confirmed that 1 lap time was fast. It is necessary to sit at full speed using maximum power before sitting and to combine training to increase the overall average speed during long section as well as to increase speed during short section

[PURPOSE] The purpose of this research is to classify pitching motions using the data mining method, which aims to help injury prevention overuse. [METHODS] One healthy person participated in the experiment. Subject performed six actions like pitching including pitching by wearing a smart band with IMU sensor built in the wrist. We converted the IMU data of each of the six motion into 5 Datasets. We performed data mining using the WEKA program to find the Dataset with the highest classification probability among the five Datasets and the appropriate classification model. [RESULTS] Among the 5 Datasets, Peak value Dataset when changing to Frequency domain through FFT showed the highest classification probability of each classification model, and NaiveBayes of each classification model had appropriate advantages for classification of pitching motion. Therefore NaiveBayes has decided on an appropriate classification model to classify pitching motion. [CONCLUSIONS] The data of the acceleration sensor and the gyroscope of the six actions are best classified for conversion using FFT and the NaiveBayes classification model is an appropriate classification model for classifying each motion