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[PURPOSE] The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of combined exercise (walking and kettlebell) program on body composition of middle-aged obese and non-obese women. [METHODS] 10 obese (body fat over 30%) and 13 non-obese (body fat under %30) women (mean age 44 years) participated in this study. Height, weight, body fat, BMI, muscle mass, fat mass, basal metabolic rate, and waist circumference were measured for the pre and post measurement of body composition. The same combined exercise (walking and kettlebell) program was applied to both obese and non-obese groups equally which lasted 30min for each session, 3 times a week for 8 weeks. Mean difference between pre and post measurements within a group was analyzed with two-way mixed ANOVA. [RESULTS] ANOVA was used to examine the interaction between group and time, Results showed that body composition parameters except muscle mass showed improvement. Obese group lost more body fat than non-obese group. [CONCLUSIONS] In conclusion, the combined exercise program has a positive effect on body composition for both obese and non-obese groups. The exercise program shows more benefit on body composition in obese group compared to non-obese group.

[PURPOSE] The purposes of this study were to identify the difference among rating of perceived exertion (RPE) of marathon enthusiasts, their exercise commitment, exercise adherence according to personal characteristics, and to verify the causal relationship among the variables of exercise commitment, and exercise adherence. [METHODS] The data were collected with purposive sampling from 360 marathon enthusiasts who have completed a full course marathon more than one time. With exclusion of 20 subjects due to missing survey or insincere responses. The data from 340 participants were analyzed by one-way ANOVA using SPSS WIN 18.0. [RESULTS] This study found following results. First, the participants who had lower participation rate had higher RPE. Second, as for exercise commitment according to RPE, light-moderate intensity group showed higher cognitive commitment and behavioral commitment than moderate-hard intensity group and very hard-maximal intensity group. [CONCLUSIONS] This study showed that the personal characteristics of a marathon participants are strongly related to RPE, exercise commitment, exercise adherence.

[PURPOSE] This study set out to apply combined exercise to elderly women with sarcopenia and investigate its effects on their skeletal muscle mass index (SMI)-related factors through appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) and balance scale-related factors. [METHODS] The subjects include 22 elderly women (79.13±5.88 years old) with sarcopenia whose SMI was 25.1% or lower based on ASM according to the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) results. The exercise group (10) carried out combined exercise, which consisted of aerobic exercise and resistance exercise for 30~50 minutes a day three times per week for 12 weeks. The control group (12) maintained the lifestyle before the experiment without special treatments. The investigator measured and analyzed the factors related to SMI and balance scale before and after the experiment and treated collected data through repeated measures of two-way ANOVA with the statistical significance level set at α=.05. [RESULTS] There were significant interactive effects between the time of measurement and groups in body fat percentage (p=.019), total muscle mass (p<.001), upper limb muscle mass (p=.005), lower limb muscle mass (p<.001), ASM (p<.001), and SMI (p<.001). While there were significant differences between the times of measurement in total length (p=.004), sway velocity (p=.004), and stability score (p=.030), no significant interactive effects were observed between the time and groups. [CONCLUSIONS] The 12-week combined exercise seems to have positive influences on the SMI-related factors for elderly women with sarcopenia to prevent falls or fractures. For future research, it is required to develop a variety of exercise methods for the elderly with sarcopenia whose ASM decline is prominent.

[PURPOSE] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of muscle deficit of knee extension angle 30° on knee functional scores following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. [METHODS] The patients who had less than 20% of peak torque value following reconstructive ACL operation were participated in this study. In addition, they were divided into a group with knee extension angle 30° muscle deficit less than 20% (Control group; CON, n = 15) and into a group with knee extension angle 30° muscle deficit more than 20% (Muscle deficit group; MDG, n = 15). Knee extension angle 30° muscle deficit, IKDC and Lysholm scores were measured in knee extension angle 30°. [RESULTS] Knee extension angle 30° muscle deficit was significantly higher in the MDG compared with CON (p<.001). IKDC and Lysholm scores were significantly lower in the MDG compared with CON (p<.001). [CONCLUSIONS] This study demonstrated that a larger knee extension angle 30° muscle deficit following reconstructive ACL operation reduces IKDC and Lysholm scores. Therefore, it is recommended that knee extension angle 30° muscle deficit should be considered for rehabilitation and return to sports after ACL reconstruction.

[PURPOSE] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Vojta combined exercise program on improvements in motor development, physical activity, and trunk muscle activity in premature children who were born without neurologic abnormality, but have delayed motor development. [METHODS] Three children aged between 59 and 79 months participated in this study. They were born prematurely without neurological abnormality, but currently have delayed motor development. Vojta combined exercise program consisted of Vojta exercise and aerobic exercise by using a video game. All participants performed exercise 50 min/day, 3 days/week at 11-13 RPE intensity for 12 weeks. Test of gross motor development(TGMD) and physical activity volume was measured by pedometer. Trunk muscle activity was measured by surface electromyogram (sEMG) at median frequency. [RESULTS] After 12 weeks of Vojta combined exercise, all subjects increased gross motor skills. Physical activities were also increased in all subjects. There were no overall increases in trunk muscle activities, but differences between right and left were decreased. [CONCLUSIONS] These results indicate that Vojta combined exercise is an effective treatment for premature children born without neurologic abnormality, but with delayed motor development. It seems that Vojta combined exercise may be applied to other children with delayed motor development.

[PURPOSE] The purpose of this study was to illuminate the philosophical concept of human movement which is the scientific basis of kinesiology. [METHODS] To attain this end, this study focused on Aristotle's natural philosophy. According to Aristotle who completed the first philosophical investigation of motion, 'kinesis(motion)' is present in 'dynamis' which is the complementary concept of 'energeia'. Especially, the essential quality of kinesis that exists as 'dynamis' opened the way for a new interpretation of the potential of the human movement. [RESULTS] Based on this philosophical consideration, the conceptual difference between human movement and sport or physical education was discussed by the deductive method. Human movement has a completely different category compared to sport. Sport exists as culture; on the other hand human movement exists as externalization of 'movement form'. And consideration of the conceptual difference between human movement and physical education provided the possibility of academic independence of kinesiology that has been regarded as a subfield under physical education. [CONCLUSIONS] This macroscopic approach will cast new light on the essence and social role of the kinesiology in Korea.