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[PURPOSE] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects. of the vertical jump and ground reaction force variables according to fatigue by submaximal treadmill exercise. [METHODS] We selected n=9 young and healthy men(mean age: 25.33±3.80 yrs, mean heights: 1.73±0.02 m, mean body weights: 69.65±6.79 kg). Fatigue was induced by a short period of strenuous exercise performed on a treadmill with using the Bruce protocol. The variables analyzed were the vertical jump height, ground reaction force(medial lateral[ML] GRF, anterior posterior[AP] GRF), peak vertical force[PVF], and dynamic postural stability index([MLSI, APSI, VSI, DPSI]) according to induced fatigue. [RESULTS] 1. Vertical jump heights was significantly lower posttest(p<.01). 2. AP GRF, PVF, and loading rate were significantly loewr posttest(p<.05). 3. Dynamic postural stability index(MLSI[left], VSI, DPSI) was significantly higher posttest(p<.05). 4. GRF variables showed similar correlation(PVF with loading rate r=.596[R2=35%], MLSI with APSI r=.816[R2=66%], VSI with DPSI r=.970[R2=94%]) according to induced fatigue(p<.05). [CONCLUSIONS] In conclusion, fatigue alters vertical jump performance and landing performance including changes in dynamic stability; and GRF magnitudes. Also future research should continue to investigate the different GRF responses that occur during landing after fatigue.

[PURPOSE] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different water temperature on heart rate, body temperature, cardiovascular stress and blood lactate concentration in male college students while performing aquatic exercise and at rest. [METHODS] A total of 8 participants performed aquatic exercise with intermittent rest periods. The water temperatures were 18°C and 38°C. Physiological variables were measured at rest and at 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes post exercise. [RESULTS] The results showed that heart rate increased during rest and exercise periods at 38°C and the difference in increased heart rate was substantially larger as the temperature increased. Systolic blood pressure increased during rest and exercise periods when the temperature was low. During rest, the rate of increase on systolic blood pressure was higher at 18°C. Therefore, during exercise and rest periods, both high and low temperatures had no significant impact in accordance with the rate pressure product. During rest and exercise periods, 18°C caused body temperature to constantly stay low. During rest, 38°C caused body temperature to stay high. Blood lactate concentration constantly increased while resting at low temperature. At high temperature, blood lactate concentration did not change. On the other hand, while exercising, blood lactate concentration constantly increased at both 18°C and 38°C. [CONCLUSIONS] During rest and exercise at low and high temperatures, heart rate and systolic blood pressure showed an inverse response to water temperature changes, while the rate pressure product remained constant. During rest, the recovery mechanism is more effective at the higher temperature of 38°C. However, during exercise, the recovery mechanism is more effective at a water temperature of 18°C.

[PURPOSE] The purpose of this study was to identify the mediating effects of emotional regulation factors on the relationship between stress and burn-out among college athletes. [METHODS] Four hundred fifty basketball, baseball and soccer athletes registered to the Korean Sport Olympic Committee completed the questionnaires, and 419 responses were used for the analyses after the initial screening process. Using the SPSS Ver.20.0, frequency analyses, exploratory factor analyses, validity analyses, correlation analyses, multiple regression analyses, and hierarchical regression analyses were performed. [RESULTS] Results showed, first, competition stress and athletic support factors positively influenced the emotional drain factor of the burn-out. Also, the impersonalization factor was positively influenced by competition, athletic performance, and athletic support while the personal achievement factor was positively influenced by competition and athletic performance. Next, these relationships between stress and burn-out of the college athletes were reported to be mediated by emotional regulation. Specifically, the regulating effect was displayed when competition, social environment and athletic support factors of stress were interacting with the cognitive reappraisal factor of the emotional regulation. [CONCLUSIONS] These results emphasize the importance of emotional regulation ability when college athletes are in the conditions with high levels of stress and burn-out.

[PURPOSE] The purpose of this study was to examine differences in career decision-making self-efficacy and career exploration behavior by sports career of student boxers. [METHODS] 89 student boxers who participated in 95th National Sports Festival were responded to two questionnaires, Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy Scale(CDMSE) and Career Exploration Behavior(CEB). [RESULTS] Significant differences in CDMSE and CEB by sports career of student boxers were as follows: (1) The group with higher career (GHC) had a higher level in CDMSE than the group with lower career (GLC). (2) The GHC was more active in CEB than the GLC. (3) Compared with the group with none performance career, the group with high performance career had a higher level not only in CDMSE, but also CEB. (4) In order to promote career development and transition, career counseling must be served to athletes in an early stage of their sports career. [CONCLUSIONS] Judging from the results, CDMSE and CEB of the student boxers seem to be not good enough for the career development and transition. Like cases of foreign countries, we also must establish a support system which can give athletes an opportunity for career counseling from his early years.

[PURPOSE] To investigate effects of instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization(IASTM) on flexibility and pain in long distance runners with iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS). [METHODS] Twelve amateur long distance runners with ITBS participated in this study. Jogging with pain test was applied on treadmill with 8km/h speed for 5 minutes. Ober’s test was measured with digital inclinometer. Noble’s compression test and Renne’s test were measured with Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). IASTM was applied for 5 minutes around iliotibial band area, and Ober’s test, Noble’s test, and Renne’s test were measured again immediately after the treatment. This experiment continued for 6 weeks. [RESULTS] Each week of IASTM treatment (pre-post) showed significant change in Ober's test (week 1 p=.01, week 2 p=.02, week 3 p=.03, week 4 p=.001, week 5 p=.001, week 6 p=.004). 6 week Ober's test degree change was not significant(p=.64). 6 week IASTM treatment Noble's compression test change was significant (p=.001). Each week of IASTM treatment (pre-post) was not significant with Noble's compression test (p=.13). 6 week IASTM treatment Renne's test change was significant (p=.001). Each week of IASTM treatment (pre-post) was not significant (p=.22). Jogging pain change in 6 weeks was significant (p=.001). Jogging pain decreased 2.75 to 0 in 6 weeks. [CONCLUSIONS] 6 week IASTM treatment can decrease pain with iliotibial band syndrome in long distance runners.

[PURPOSE] Mexican-Americans have higher rates of Type-2 Diabetes (T2D), and cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., impaired glucose tolerance, hyperinsulinemia, obesity, and physical inactivity) as compared to Non-Hispanic Whites. This study investigated the effects of physical activity on cardiovascular risk factors and dietary habits in Mexican-Americans with T2D. [METHODS] Eighty three participants with T2D (male: 15, female: 68), aged 51.1 ± 9.6 years, were grouped by physical activity level: physically active (PA, n=47) and physically inactive (PIA, n=36). Survey data was collected via face-to-face interviews by ethnically similar interviewers; anthropometric characteristics and cardiovascular risk factors were also measured. [RESULTS] Physically active T2D Mexican Americans had significantly lower systolic blood pressure (OR 1.08; 95%CI 1.02-1.14) and waist-to-hip ratio (OR 0.04; 95% CI 0.01-0.64), and lower consumption of bread and tortillas (OR 0.14; 95% CI 0.02-0.93) as compared to the PIA group, after controlling for lipids, dietary habits, and fasting glucose in the logistic regression model. [CONCLUSIONS] Physically active Mexican-Americans with T2D tend to have fewer cardiovascular risk factors than their inactive peers.

[PURPOSE] This study set out to apply remote exercise program to elderly women with sarcopenic obesity and investigate its effects on their body composition and physical function. [METHODS] The subjects include 18 elderly women (80.66±6.46 years old) with sarcopenic obesity whose SMI (Skeletal Muscle Index) was 25.1% or lower based on ASM (Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass) and percent fat was 30% or upper according to the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry results. The exercise group (n=9) carried out remote exercise, which consisted of resistance exercise for 30~50 minutes a day three times per week for 12 weeks. The control group (n=9) maintained the normal life style throughout experiment without special treatments. The investigator measured the factors related to body composition and physical function before and after the experiment and analyzed data using repeated measures of two-way ANOVA with the statistical significance level set at α=.05. [RESULTS] There were significant interactive effects between the time of measurement and groups in body fat percentage (p=.019), upper limb muscle mass (p=.041), SMI (p<.001), and arm curls (p=.002). [CONCLUSIONS] The 12-week remote exercise program seems to have positive influences on the body fat, upper limb muscle mass, SMI, and arm curls for elderly women with sarcopenic obesity. For future research, it would be applied to broader participants who need ICT (Information & Communication Technology) based remote exercise, including the disabled and young or middle-aged adults, suggesting a new research modality in kinesiology.

[PURPOSE] The purpose of this review was to review different types of shoulder injuries of throwing group (TG) and resistance training group (RTG). [METHODS] A literature review was conducted via web based search engines such as the PUBMED and OVID to collect information about physical characteristics of the overhead sports activity. [RESULTS] The overhead athlete including TG and RTG has unique physical traits and adaptive changes as a result of the repetitive nature of overhead motion. Especially, they have a higher range of motion of external rotation of glenohumeral joint and low range of motion in the internal rotation. In overhead athlete, glenohumeral internal rotation deficiency (GIRD) is a normal phenomenon that can be easily expected. However, this change leads to contracture of the posterior shoulder, increases humerus retroversion, and results in imbalance of rotator cuff. Therefore, overhead throwing and resistance training induce soft tissue damage, anterior instability or subluxation, subacromial impingement, nerve compression, and acromialclavicular injury. Throwing was well reported on rotator cuff injury while overhead resistance training induces injuries on biceps brachii long tendon and supraspinatus. There are similarities between high five position in RTG and 90° abduction and external rotation of the shoulder in TG groups. [CONCLUSIONS] We know that TG and RTG have a similar to the shoulder injuries from this review. However, Because the types of shoulder injuries are different by the motion of resistance training, we recommend the adaptation of resistance training for shoulder injury prevention.

[PURPOSE] The purpose of this case report was to determine the effects of short-term corrective exercise on pain, hip Joint range of motion and trunk muscle strength of a patient with anterior pelvic tilt (APT). [METHODS] The single-subject was a 21-year-old female with APT and low back pain (LBP). Corrective exercise program was performed for 40 min/day twice a week for 4-week. LBP (VAS), lumbar disability (ODI), range of motion (hip flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal rotation, and external rotation) and trunk flexor and extensor strength were measured before and after 4 weeks of corrective exercise. [RESULTS] VAS and ODI decreased after corrective exercise. Hip joint range of motion increased at flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal rotation, and external rotation after corrective exercise. Trunk flexor and extensor strength improved after corrective exercise. [CONCLUSIONS] We demonstrated that short-term corrective exercise decreases pain and disability, increases range of motion, trunk flexor, and extensor strength of a patient with anterior pelvic tilt.