Earticle

Spawn is the vegetative growth of the mycelium and serves as the inoculum or seed for cultivating mushrooms. Various cereal grains, such as wheat, millet, barley, sorghum, brown rice, rye, and oat were assessed to compare their characteristics and suitability for spawn production of button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus). The mycelial growth rates, density, and the number of completely colonized grains were measured from the twentieth day of inoculation. Wheat grains showed fastest mycelial growth with 8.4 cm followed by rye, oat, barley with 8.2, 7.5 and 7.3 cm, respectively. In the mycelial density, foxtail millet, barley, and sorghum were best compared with that of wheat grains. Especially, the number of grains which were completely colonized by mycelia were greatest in foxtail millet with 5,123 grains followed by proso millet, and wheat with 3,052 and 914, respectively. Based on the results obtained, barley, foxtail millet, and sorghum grains would be appropriate substituting for wheat grain in spawn production of button mushroom.

Phylogenic relationships and morphological characteristics were classified and investigated among the 233 collected strains of Agaricus spp. The 38 strains were differently identified as different characteristic group using analysis of ITS regions in rDNA. A. bitorquis was showed close relationship in groupA whereas A. campestris was in groupC as different characteristic group among with A. bisporus. There was no phylogentic difference with strains collected by country and different pileus colored Agaricus bisporus. Also the strains were cultivated twice to investigate morphological characteristics of fruiting bodies. The characteristics and yield of collected strains were compared with molecular varieties and seasons by the cultivation. In this result, A. campestirs showed good yield and quality in terms of hardness off-white mushroom was more harder than other number of A. bisporus. Also earliness and color of pileus was influenced by external environment all conditions.

The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic diversity of Hericium species based on their rDNA ITS sequences. Hericium species were collected from various regions and the size of the ITS rRNA gene regions from different Hericium species varied from 450 to 500 bp. A phylogenetic trees based on the ITS region revealed that Hericium species could be classified into 4 different groups, H. erinaceus, H. coralloide, H. alpestre, H. americanum. Among them, ASI 48015 and ASI 48016 was identified as Sprassis and Lentinula genus, respectively, based on blast searches using their rDNA ITS sequences.

We aim to elucidate suitable mixed color of light during development of fruit body in Pleurotus ostreatus. The four mixed color of LED(Light Emitting Diode), blue and white, green and white, blue and green and green and red LED, were irradiated for formation of fruit-body. First, as effect of mixed color of LED, the properties of fruit body of P. ostreatus in blue and white LED irradiation were showed higher commercial yields than those in control(fluorescent lamp). And the ergothioneine was the highest at the blue and white LED. Second, we could obtain higher commercial yields than those at the 1 μmol/m2/s of light intensity by blue and white LED in P. ostreatus.

Although sawdust cultivation of shiitake (Lentinula edodes) is becoming more common, it is insufficiently competitive in spring and autumn, the best time to breed shiitake. Thus, it is urgently needed to develop a technique for all year round cultivation of shiitake using mushroom growing beds. In the present study, the temperature changes according to the location of shiitake cultivation facilities were investigated. We confirmed that a refrigerator, an air conditioner, triple membranes, shiitake cultivation beds, fog nozzles which were installed in the shiitake cultivation facilities play an important role in keeping the low temperature. Bag cultivation of shiitake was tested in temperature variation from 14oC to 29oC with a 3oC interval to know its cultivating temperature range in hot summer season. In summary, the sawdust cultivation of shiitake is possible when the temperature difference between top and bottom is maintained below 1oC. And the temperature of the shiitake cultivation facilities should be maintained below 23oC in the induction period for fruitbody formation.

In previous studies, we selected the green LED(light emitting diodes) for suitable wavelength of the light by higher commercial yields and lower ratio of the abnormal fruit body in Lentinula edodes. In this study, we aimed to select efficient irradiation intensity of the green LED. Stronger irradiation intensity of the green LED resulted in more polyphenol content of fruit body. And Polyphenol content of fluorescent lamp was similar to that of the green LED 20 umol·m-2·s-1.. Ergosterol content of the green LED 5 umol·m-2·s-1 was showed higher 2.1 times than that of the fluorescent lamp. In four level of irradiation intensity, 5, 10, 15, 20 umol·m-2·s-1 there was no big difference in characteristics of the fruit body. However the yield of fruit body in the green LED 5 umol·m-2·s-1 is higher than the others. In addition, The amount of electricity used of the green LED 5 umol·m-2·s-1 was reduced 15.9% than that of the fluorescent lamp. In conclusion, we selected 5 umol·m-2·s-1 for suitable irradiation intensity in Lentinula edodes with sawdust substrate cultivation.

Pleurotus pulmonarius usually grows on the dead wood of deciduous trees from mid summer to early fall. Cultivation of this mushroom is recently increasing due to its good flavour and fragrance. This study was conducted to find out the favorable substrate formulation in the bottle and bag cultivation of P. pulmonarius. The V formulation (10 : 50 : 20 : 20 mixing ratio of poplar sawdust, cottonseed hull, cottonseed meal and beet pulp) showed the fastest mycelial growth in the test tube column medium and highest yields in both bottle cultivation and bag cultivation. Those chemical conditions were pH 5.52, 29.07% organic matter contents, 1.12% total nitrogen, 25.95 OM/N ratio, 0.16% CaO, 0.51% K2O, 0.17 MgO and 0.26 P2O5.

King oyster mushrooms(Pleurotus eryngii) are the second biggest mushroom for exporting in Korea but their browning and soft rot is the main factors of claim during long distance transportation. Fresh king oyster mushrooms were treated with CO2 at 30, 50% for 3 hours at 5oC prior to storage at 20oC and 5oC. There was no difference on respiration rate after CO2 treatment. However exposure to CO2 for 3h prior to MA packing maintained the firmness and delayed color(hunter L and b value) change of mushrooms during storage. Especially an incubation in high CO2 at 30% significantly reduced soft rot and browning symptoms resulting in one week extension of shelf-life during storage at 5oC compared to control and 50% CO2 treatment.

This study investigated the packaging status and sensory quality of fresh -cut mushroom products from retail markets. Fifty one fresh-cut mushroom products were surveyed / purchased from discount stores in four cities in January (winter), March (spring), August (summer), and October (autumn) 2009. Collected fresh- cut mushrooms include single variety products like whole oyster mushroom and winter mushroom, diced or sliced oak mushroom, sliced king oyster mushroom, and ready-to-cook mixed mushroom products. Most fresh-cut mushrooms were packed in trays made of aluminum, polystyrene (PS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), nylon materials covered with PVC (polyvinyl chloride) wrap or solid PP (polypropylene) and PS. Eighty nine percent of the covers were labeled with manufacture and expiration date. Collected samples showed severe browning (10%) and off-flavor (4%). The percentage of products with a rating of ‘good’ or better in overall quality was 90%. Moreover, Survey showed seasonal differences in sensory qualities. All of the collected fresh-cut mushrooms in autumn and winter had high marketability. However, Mushroom products collected in spring and summer had lower quality, hence requires treatment to prevent browning and off-flavor.

This study was analyzed by HPLC that the changing sugar contents according to the strains of Agaricus bisporus and cultivation temperature. All strains showed that high total amino acid content in 19oC. 103 strain have been identified as the lowest total amino acids and amino acids content compare to the other strains. The amino acid ‘cysteine’ content is the highest, followed by phenylalanine, glutamic acid, lysine, proline, histidine. This big difference is estimated because in the strains of A. bisporus and cultivated temperature.

This study was to comparative analysis that different methods of extraction about total sugar content which the major functional components of edible and medicinal mushrooms. Through the phenol-sulfuric acid method was measured that Hot water extraction, acid extraction, and alkaline extraction. Drawing the standard curve to obtain the concentration of the glucose solution and the sample by applying the measured absorbance on the standard curve. Total sugar contents was measured after extraction with different solvents.(Hot water, 70% EtOH, 80% MeOH). The level of total sugar in Cordyceps militaris is highest in the hot water extraction with 658.4(μg/g) and Coriolus versicolor in 649.7(μg/g) and 679.0(μg/g) was found as the highest in the acid extraction and the alkaline extraction. C. militaris and ASI 7025 showed the highest level in the hot water extraction. Finally, C. versicolor, Sparassis crispa showed that higher than the other mushrooms at the 1hr, 2hr microwave extraction. It was varied total sugar content according to the different extraction solvent and the extraction method.

The use of mushrooms has immense potential in many diverse applications. Until now, more than 3,000 species are consumed around the world, and more than 100 have shown promising clinical activity against cancer and other chronic diseases. Sparassis latifolia (formerly S. crispa) is an edible mushroom that harbors β-glucan reported to possess immunostimulatory and anticancer properties. However there have been no reports on the anticancer activity of hydrophobic fractions of S. latifolia. In this study, the anticancer activities of S. latifolia extract and hydrophobic fractions were investigated using AGS (stomach cancer), A529 (lung cancer), and HepG2 (liver cancer) cell lines. In cytotoxicity results of A529 cells, fractions of A2, A3, A4, A6, A7, A8, A9, and A10 in all 12 fractions show low IC50 values. For HepG2 cells, A7 fraction results in the lowest IC50 value while A7, A8, and A11 fractions show low IC50 values in AGS cells. S. latifolia extract lead to low cell viability in cancer cells, compared to positive control of paclitaxel. A compound with molecular weight of 181 were detected using HPLCMS but not identified yet. As a result, the hydrophobic fractions of S. latifolia EtOH extract would be a possible candidate as natural anticancer agents in the future.

Oyster mushroom is one of the popular mushrooms for Korean people and it is thus one of the mushrooms that were mostly cultivated in Korea in addition to winter and king oyster mushrooms. This study was carried out to compare the medicinal effects of fruiting body of Pleurotus ostreatus extracts. We analyzed comparing antioxidant activity and polyphenol contents of fruiting body of Pleurotus ostreatus. Firstly, ASI 2099 showed the highest level in hot water. ASI 2122 showed the highest level in the 70% EtOH and MeOH extraction. Polyphenol contents was measured after extraction with different solvents. polyphenols contents is mostly 8~10 (mg/g) and there is no difference of polyphenols contents depending on the extract solvent.

We analyzed saccharide by dividing and comparing Monosaccharide, Disaccharide and sugar Alcohol. At first, Glucose had outstanding contained quantity of ASI 7114 with 81.11 g/l even comparing with other mushrooms for medical use and edibility. And 119.98 g/l of Fructose was observed at Hericium erinaceum that was more contained quantity than Flammulina velutipes and Lentinus edodes. But, the most contained quantity observed in Ganoderma lucidum was ASI 7015 with 15.70 g/l that was the level of 1/8 approximately against Hericium erinaceum. Ribose was found at low level generally that was hardly contained. Xylose was also observed low level. ASI 7004 was detected at 0.96g/l that was the most content with imperceptible difference by comparing with other mushrooms for medical use and edibility. Next, 35.21 g/l of Trehalose, disaccharide was observed at Agaricus bisporus that was around 11 times of content than ASI 3.09 g/l that was the most content of Ganoderma lucidum. For α-Lactose, Sparassis crispa has the most amount of 3.38 g/l that was around 12.5 times of ASI 7060 0.27 g/l that was the most content of Ganoderma lucidum. For Glycerol, sugar alcohol, 64.74 g/l was observed at Pleurotus eryngii. We knew it was around 8 times of ASI 7004 8.61 g/l that was the most content of Ganoderma lucidum. 0.72 g/l of Solbitol was observed at Flammulina velutipes. We knew it was around 2times of ASI 7003 0.31 g/l that was the most content of Ganoderma lucidum. Moreover most of Ganoderma lucidum didn’t contain Solbitol. 2.96 g/l of Mannitol was observed at Agaricus bisporus. that was the most content among other mushrooms. Also Mannitol was contained in Lentinus edodes and leurotus cornucopiae only. Even Ganoderma lucidum didn’t have Mannitol. At last, as a result of myo-Inosito content analysis, it was seemed not to be involved in any of mushrooms.

For evaluating the anti-allergy activity of mushrooms, forty two mushroom extracts were studied their inhibitory activities on the IgE-mediated degranulation in rat basophilic leukemia cell line (RBL-2H3 cell). Effects of mushroom extracts on the release of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and beta-hexosaminidase, and the cell viability of the IgE-sensitized were measured. From the analysis, five mushroom extracts such as the water extract from Flammulina velutipes (Curt.:Fr.) Sing showed the suppressive activities on IL-4 release as 20%. Eight extracts including the water extract of Ganoserma lucidum showed the suppressive activities on β-hexosaminidase release as 20%. Almost all of the extracts stimulated the proliferation of RBL-2H3 cell. The water extracts of Flammulina velutipes and Phellinus linteus were examined against the inhibitory activity in the production of IL-4 and β-hexosaminidase. Additionally, the extracts from Ganoserma lucidum, Isaria japonica, Phellinus linteus and Pleurotus ostreatus inhibited dose-dependently on β-hexosaminidase production. In conclusion, the result suggests that the mushrooms with the potent inhibitory efficacies on the degranulation of the mast cell would be candidate resources for the anti-allergy resources, and thus need to study for their utilization.

Coprinellus micaceus, belongs to family Psathyrellaceae of Agaricales, Basidiomycota, has been used for edible purposes in the world. This study was initiated to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-cholinesterase, anti-tyrosinase, and nitric oxide inhibitory activities of fruiting bodies from C. micaceus extracted with methanol and hot water. The HPLC analysis of phenolic compounds from the mushroom extracts identified 4 phenolic compounds including procatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, (-)-epicatechin, and naringin. In 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, the scavenging activities of methanol and hot water extracts were lower than that of positive control, BHT. The chelating effects of methanol and hot water extracts were significantly higher than that of BHT, the positive control at the all concentrations tested. In the reducing power assay, methanol and hot water extracts exhibited the lower activities compared with positive control at the 0.125-0.2 mg/ ml. The methanol and hot water extracts of the mushroom inhibited the α -glucosidase activity by 62.26% and 67.59%, respectively at the 2.0 mg/ml, while acarbose, the positive control, inhibited the α-glucosidase activity by 81.81% at the same concentration. In the acetylcholinesterase(AChE) inhibitory activity assay, methanol and hot water extracts of the mushroom inhibited the AChE by 94.64% and 74.19%, respectively at 1.0 mg/ml, whereas the galanthamine, standard drug, inhibited the AChE activity by 97.80% at the same concentration. The tyrosinase inhibitory activities of methanol and hot water extracts were 91.33% and 91.99% at 2.0 mg/ml, while the inhibitory activity of kojic acid, the positive control, was 99.61% at the same concentration. Nitric oxide(NO) production in lipopolysaccahride (LPS) activated RAW 264.7 cells were inhibited by the methanol and hot water extracts in a concentration dependent manner. Therefore, it is concluded that fruiting bodies of C. micaceus contained natural antioxidant, anti-acetylcholinesterase and α- glucosidase inhibitory, anti-inflammatory, anti-tyrosinase substances which might be used for promoting human health.

The composition and content of amino acid and free amino acid were separately compared in cap and stipe of fruitbody obtained from different color strains in winter mushroom and oyster mushroom strains. The result showed different kinds and amount of amino acids according to the mushroom parts, strains and kinds. Tryptophane was not detected in any mushrooms. Alanine was also not detected in all oyster mushroom strains. The content of glutamic acid was the highest and that of methionine, phenylalanine and cysteine were very low in all mushroom strains. When compared by parts, the ratio of amono acids showed similar tendency in composition. Generally the content of amono acids showed higher in caps than in stipes. The profile and content of free amino acid showed a lot of variation between cap and strip in the intra and inter mushrooms.

This study was conducted to evaluate the feeding value of the spent mushroom (Hypsizygus marmoreus) substrates (SMS) in laying hens (Hy-Line Brown). The fresh spent mushroom (Hypsizygus marmoreus) substrates collected from the Namkyung farm were fermented with Bacillus subtilis EJ3 for 2 weeks. A total of twenty-four laying hens were fed corn-soy based experimental diets containing 0% (T0), 5% (T1), 10% (T2) and 15%(T3) fermented SMS for 12 weeks. There were no significant differences among the treatments in egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed conversion and viability during the experimental period. Feed intake was significantly lowered in T0 (118.3 g) than T1 (121.9 g), T2 (120.3 g) and T3 (122.4 g). There were no significant differences among the treatments eggshell breaking strength, thickness and haugh unit, whereas the yolk color of T1, T2 and T3 were significantly heavy than T0. The palatability of boiled meat was significantly better in the T3 laying hens than in the T0 laying hens. In conclusion, fermented SMS can be used as resource of feed in laying hen feed at 5.0-15% level without effect on performance and egg qualify.

Pathogenicity of Steinernema carpocapsae GSN1 strain was evaluated against Morophagoides moriutii larvae. In Petridish tests, insect mortality by the nematode was dose dependent, which increased with dose from 5 to 160 infective juveniles(IJs)/larva. Pathogenicity against fourth-instar larvae was higher than the rate of corresponding second- and third-instar larvae, showing 100% insect mortality with the dose of 40 IJs/4th instar larva and 80 IJs/2nd or 3rd instar larvae. Lethal concentration values at 50% (LC50) of S. carpocapsae GSN1 strain were 4.2 IJs/2nd instar larva; 8.5 IJs/3rd instar larva; and 2.3 IJs/4th instar larva, respectively. The number of nematodes established in M. moriutii larvae after infection increased in the increment of dose and insect developmental stage. The highest number of nematodes was harvested from fourth instar larvae of M. moriutii at a dose of 160 IJs per larva, showing 22.5 nematodes per insect larva. Nematode reproductive capacity was related to insect developmental stage, showing 6,335 IJs/2nd instar larva, 21,660 IJs/3rd instar larvae, and 88,700 IJs/4th instar larvae.

This study was focused on finding a relationship between fruit-body growth and relative humidity in Neolentinus lepideus cultivation. The higher the relative humidity, the moisture content of pileus and stipe were also tends to be increased. The day of formation of primordia and development of fruit body was shortest at the relative humidity 95%. The yield and commercial yield were higher in the relative humidity 95% than in the other treatment. Individual weight of fruit body was the highest at the relative humidity 75% and 85%. Crack indices of pileus was the strongest at the relative humidity 65%

In this study, we attempted to find substitute materials, distillers residue of cassava, alfalfa pellet, and distillers residue of corn, for cotton seed meal in bottle cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus. In all treatments, the total carbon content was comparable with the exception of T4, and the total nitrogen content of T3 was similar to the control group, and C/N ratio of T4 was higher than other treatments. The diameter of plieus was the largest in T2, and the diameter of stipe was the largest in T2 and T4. And the length of stipe was largest in T1 and T2, and the most number of available stipes was in T1 and T3. The yield and bio-efficiency of fruit-body by residue of corn with soluble treatment (T3), were similar to the control of P. ostreatus. Therefore, it was suggested that residue of corn was substituted for cotton seed meal for cultivation of P. ostreatus.

Five to thirty percent of persimmon peels were added to mushroom medium to investigate mycelial growth. Mycelial growth on the medium with persimmon peels was 82~96 mm (28 days) and was slower than that of the control without persimmon peels as, 100 mm (28 days). Mycelial growth time on medium with 5 to 10% persimmon peels was similar to the control without persimmon peels as 28 days but that on medium with 30% persimmon peels was delayed for 4 days. The time of pinhead formations in medium with 10 to 20% persimmon peels was 8 days, the growth time to harvest was 10 days. These results were similar to those of the control without persimmon peels. The sizes of pileus of treatments with 10 to 30% persimmon peels were tend to be smaller compared with the control. The length of stipe of 10% persimmon peels treatment was 89 mm which was shorter than that of the control with 90 mm. The thickness of stipes of 10 to 20% persimmon peels treatments were 36 to 42 mm which were tend to be thicker than that of the control with 42 mm.

The attractions of Lycoriella ingenua to different LED light sources were investigated in the mushroom cultivations which were located in Yongin of Gyeonggi-do province and Buyeo of Chungcheongnam-do Province. The LED light sources which were used in the investigations were white, green, red, blue and orange. Numbers of Lycoriella ingenua to LED lights in Yongin and Buyeo were 132.9 and 3,272.5 to white LED source, 120.3 and 3,109.5 to green LED source, 105.5 and 1,910.1 to red LED source, 88.3 and 2,708.3 to blue LED source and 46.7 and 2,465.5 to orange LED source, respectively. The numbers of Lycoriella ingenua to LED light sources were 2.7~3.5 times higher than the ones of untreated.