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The global mushroom industry has grown rapidly in recent years in terms of beneficial effects, market value, and demand. India has a wide range of agro-climatic conditions and is largely an agricultural country with a cultivated area of about 4.37 %, generating about 620 million tons of agro waste annually. Mushroom cultivation not only helps recycle agro wastes, but also fills the nutritional gap prevalent among a large population of India. Recently, government industrial policy and creative innovation has promoted research and other endeavors aiming towards the cultivation of mushrooms. Mushroom cultivation in India was initiated in Solan, in the mid-sixties. Mushroom cultivation has been successful in temperate regions of the Himalayas, the Western Ghats, and the hills of northeast India. Recently, many unemployed people have begun to adopt mushroom cultivation as a means of self-employment. It is high time that Indian mushroom cultivators and consumers became aware of the nutritional and medicinal values of cultivated and wild species of mushrooms. The total mushroom production in India between 2010 and 2017 was approximately 0.13 million tons, accounting for a 4.3% increase in the average growth rate of mushrooms per annum. In particular, the total production of white button mushrooms is the highest, with a share of about 73% of total mushroom production. In this review article, we have analyzed the current scenario of the Indian mushroom industry and its contribution to the economic growth of the country.

The windrow turner, widely used for outdoor fermentation of mushrooms in Europe, has been improved by using rice straw instead of wheat straw in accordance with Korea’s actual situation. It was compared with conventional excavator work, and the results were as follows. Agitation performance was 81 m3/hr, which was 2.8 times higher than 28.6 m3/hr of excavator. As a result of the temperature distribution in the pile at the end of the fermentation stage, it was found that the temperature at the lower part of the pile was 5oC higher than that of conventional pile. This was more favorable for aerobic fermentation. Meanwhile, ash ratio of prototype (30.9±1.1%) was higher than that of control 28.4±1.6%. In the case of prototype turner agitation, the yield of mushroom cultivation was 880 kg/66 m2, that was 22.9% higher than the conventional control yield of 716 kg/66 m2.

The aim of this study was to re-use spent mushroom substrate (SMS) with increased total nitrogen (T-N) and amino acid content and reduce the amount of cottonseed meal used as nutrient supplement in Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation. Bacteria used for improvement of the T-N content were GM20-4(Bacillus sp.) and Rhodobacter sphaeroides (RS). GM20-4 was isolated from the SMS of P. ostreatus and RS was obtained from Gwangjusi agricultural technology center. SMS in T1, T2, and T3 was reused as substrate after drying and the T-N content of dried SMS (D-SMS) was increased by 0.34% by treatment with the bacteria. T1 with 8% D-SMS and T2 with 18% D-SMS had higher rates of primordia formation compared with T3 and the control. The biological efficiency of the control and of treatment with 8%, 18%, and 26% D-SMS was 110%, 114%, 112%, and 79%, respectively. Considering the economic cost, yield, and biological efficiency, T2 with 18% D-SMS as the culture substrate for P. ostreatus was shown to be the most effective for cultivation.

This study was investigated the growth characteristics of ‘Nongjingo’ cultivar(Lentinula edodes) according to relative humidity(RH). The color difference of the pileus showed the highest L(Lightness, L) value in RH65 and the a(Redness, a) value in RH95. b(Yellowness, b) values were similar in all treatments. The hardness of pileus is highest at RH95. As the relative humidity increased, the length of pileus and stipe tended to increase. The diameter and thickness of pileus were high at RH95%. The diameter of stipe could not see the big difference in the three treatment groups. This study growth characteristics and yield were increased at higher relative humidity, but quality was decreased. Therefore, must adjust the relative humidity to produce high quality mushrooms.

This study was carried out to select the suitable for bag cultivation of Lentinula edodes. We investigated the optimal major materials and its mixing ratio in bag cultivation of L. edodes, ‘Sanjo701ho’ and ‘Nongjingo’. The Suitable substrates for L. edodes bag cultivation were oak sawdust and douglas fir sawdust and rice bran mixed ratio 40:40:20(v/v). At the result, the period mycelial incubation shortened up to 13~18 days compared to the control. And Yield of commercial fruiting bodies was 17~19% higher than that in control. We expect that the cultivation period of L. edodes will be shortened, and the yield increased in the medium replaced half of oak sawdust by douglas fir sawdust.

Lignin degrading enzymes from Lentinula edodes have broad substrate specificities, and therefore can degrade a variety of recalcitrant compounds. In this study, the lignolytic biodegradation was investigated in five different L. edodes fungi (Chunbaegko, Sanjo 303ho, Poongnyunko, Baekhwahyang, and Soohyangko). The fungi were evaluated for their ability to decolorize Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) in malt extract broth medium. Sanjo 303ho, Poongnyunko, Baekhwahyang, and Soohyangko rapidly decolorized RBBR within 7 days. The activities of manganese peroxidase (MnP) and laccase were determined in the absence and presence of lignin. Poongnyunko displayed the highest ligninolytic activity on day 7 of incubation (2,809 U/ mg and 2,230 U/mg for MnP and laccase, respectively).

The button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, is one of the most widely cultivated mushrooms. The domestic production of cultivated mushrooms in 2016 was approximately 10,173 tons, with a total value of 59 billion won. Currently, 10 cultivars have been developed; however, Korean farmers continue to demand new cultivars of mushrooms with improved quality. To breed superior lines, KMCC00754 and KMCC00775 were selected as mother strains from the 170 collected genetic resources. The putative homokaryotic strains were 25 strains from the 120 SSIs of KMCC00754 and six strains from the 120 SSIs of KMCC00775 selected by using the AbSSR45 marker. These homokaryotic strains were crossed with each other and the crossing was confirmed by SSR analysis. Seventy-four lines were crossed into 150 lines for a 50% ratio of crossing. Abs2-2015-16 was selected as a superior line by three cultivations. A new cultivar, ‘Dodam’, was developed in 2017.

‘Yeoreumhyang1ho’—a new variety of Flammulina velutipes, light brown in color and adaptable to high temperature—was bred by mating two monokaryons isolated from ‘Garlmoe’ and ‘Konkuk1ho’. It exhibited better quality compared to ‘Geumhyang’ and ‘Garlmoe’ under conditions where temperature was maintained at 16oC, without exposure to low temperature (4oC), during the cultivation period. Bottle cultivation at 16oC required 22, 6, and 10 days for mycelial growth, primordia formation, and growth of the fruit body, respectively. The total cultivation period for ‘Yeoreumhyang1ho’ was observed to be 38 days, which is 3 and 7 days shorter than that for ‘Geumhyang’ and ‘Garlmoe’, respectively. The primordia formation showed remarkable uniformity and the pileus color was observed to be light brown, an intermediate between yellowish ivory of ‘Geumhyang’ and medium brown of ‘Garlmoe’. The yield was 138 g per 850 ml bottle, which was 10% higher than that of ‘Geumhyang’.

‘Geumhyang2ho’, a new brown and labor-saving variety of Flammulina velutipes, was bred by spontaneous crossing between ‘Geumhyang’ and ‘Garlmoe’ during demonstration cultivation in bag culture farm of oyster mushroom in 2013. During bottle cultivation, the temperature was maintained at 16oC; the variety displayed good quality compared to the control (‘Geumhyang’), without necessitating vinyl cone treatment. The time periods necessary for mycelial growth, fruit body growth, and primordia formation were 24 days, 11 days, and 8 days, respectively. The total cultivation period was 43 days, which was 2 days longer than that of the control. The pileus diameter was smaller, but the pileus thickness and stipe diameter were greater than those of the control. The pileus color was yellowish ivory, which was very similar to that of the control. The yield of ‘Geumhyang2ho’ was 118 g per 850 ml bottle, which was markedly lower than that for bottle cultivation with vinyl cone treatment. However, its good quality suggests the potential of the labor-saving bottle-based cultivation of ‘Geumhyang2ho’ without vinyl cone treatment in oyster mushroom farms.

Flammulina velutipes, which is a white rot fungus, is a commercially important edible mushroom and is produced in large quantities with the help of an automated and mechanized cultivation system in Korea. F. velutipes has the lowest distribution rate among domestic cultivars, estimated at about 20 percent. As most white cultivars of F. velutipes produced and exported to Korea were introduced from Japan, farmers pay large amounts of royalties. Therefore, we have developed a new, purely domestic cultivar, “Baeke,” to substitute for Japanese cultivars, which has improved storage characteristics for export. Baeke was bred by mating two monokaryotic strains isolated from ASI 4216-18 (Hansol) and ASI 4217-26 (Baekjung). Baeke showed faster mycelial growth and higher mycelial density upon incubation for seven days at 25°C on PDA media than the control variety. The mycelial growth of Baeke was even maintained at 30°C unlike the control. The lengths of pilei and stipes in Baeke harvested in the optimal stage were 11.2±0.5 mm and 125±5.4 mm, respectively, and they were 11±0.5 mm and 141.9±5.7 mm, respectively, in the control harvested in the optimal stage. The yields of Baeke (257.4±13.5 g) and control (270.7±17.8 g) per 1,100ml in bottle cultivation showed no significant difference. Overall, our results showed that Baeke was at par with foreign varieties of Flammulina velutipes in terms of quality and yield and had a uniformly shaped fruitbody, which added to its commercial value.

Beta glucan was purified from Phellinus baumii and tested for its effect on the group performance of ants, a principal model of eusociality and of superorganisms. Japanese carpenter ants (Camponotus japonicus) were reared on diets containing beta glucans to characterize their effects on eusociality. Culturing structures for ants were assembled by implanting autoclaved soil into polyethylene terephthalate bottles. Three different eusocial strength indices were used to study the effect of beta glucan extract (BGE) on eusocial activities—the number of residence chambers, cooperative defense index (CDI), and group size and composition. Control, low- BGE, and high-BGE diets were prepared with the following three levels of BGE supplements in sucrose powder: 0, 20, and 50% (g/g). More residence chambers were observed in the BGE-fed groups than in the control. The CDI against a foreign queen ant was calculated according to the time taken to subdue the foreign queen. The high-BGE group took less time to complete their defense formation than the other groups. Differences were evident between control and BGE-fed groups in the total numbers of ants and eggs. The BGE-fed groups showed a significant increase in both the number of workers and the number of eggs. When fed with BGE, ants responded positively for all three eusocial strength indices. These results show that BGE exerts beneficial effects on the eusociality of ants as a superorganism.

The aim of this study was to identify chemical composition and antioxidant activity of phenolic extract of fruiting bodies of an artificially cultivated Hankyong Sanghwang mushroom, Phellinus linteus KACC 93057P (PLHS). The total phenolic content of 60% ethanolic extract of fruiting bodies of two-year-old PLHS grown on Oak wood logs was 19.05±0.32 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g, which was 4-10 times high compared to the other species of mushrooms. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbisthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activities and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) value of PLHS were 2-10 and 5 times higher, respectively, than those of the other species of mushrooms. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of ethyl acetate fraction of 70% methanolic extract of the fruiting bodies of PLHS revealed the presence of styrylpyrone-class compounds, davallialactone, hispidin, hypholomine B, and caffeic acid, a compound of the phenylpropanoid pathway.

This study investigated whether Ganoderma lucidum (Y2)-mediated fermentation of Artemisia capillaris extract (ACE) could synergistically enhance its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and tyrosinase-inhibiting activities. Both G. lucidum extract and fermented ACE exhibited 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging ability, but with poorer efficacy than ACE (even at a low ACE concentration). Viability of RAW264.7 macrophages was significantly reduced in the presence of ACE (150 mg/mL and above). However, this effect was greatly mitigated upon G. lucidum-mediated ACE fermentation. Additionally, relative to the same concentration (25 μg/mL) of G. lucidum mycelial extract, ACE exhibited an improved ability to significantly inhibit RAW264.7 macrophage nitric oxide (NO) production. Finally, relative to the same concentration (200 μg/mL) of a positive control (arbutin), fermented ACE exhibited an approximately 3.66 times higher capacity for tyrosinase inhibition. These results suggest that G. lucidum-fermented ACE possesses enhanced tyrosinase-inhibiting activity and may be of utility as a skin-lightening agent.

The objective of this study was to evaluate antioxidant effect and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of white beech mushroom (Hypsizygus marmoreus) extracts. The white beech mushroom was extracted into hot water and methanol. Total polyphenol content was highest in the hot water extract (8.4±3.27 mg GAE/g) compared to the methanol extract (7.3±2.85 mg GAE/g). The flavonoids contents in hot water and methanol extracts were 3.8±3.81 ug/mg and 2.5±1.95 ug/mg, respectively. The tyrosinase inhibitory activity of extract was increased in a dose dependent manner and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of extract (hot water extract, 69.72%; methanol extract, 52.67% at 40 mg/ml) was lower than those of positive control 2% arbutin (96%). The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the hot water and methanol extract was 80% and 74%, respectively. Hot water extract (63.34±1.00 uM TE/g) were more effective in ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity) value than methanol extract (46.33±0.48 uM TE/g). The toxicity of hot water and methanol extracts was investigated using WST-1 (4-[3-(4-iodophenyl)-2-(4- nitrophenyl)-2H-5-tetrazolio]-1,3-benzene disulphonate) assay on the B16BL6 melanoma cells.

The incorporation of Shiitake culture into sawdust is a widely utilized technique that can assist in reducing the cost and time consumption associated with oak cultivation. In sawdust cultivation, browning of the surface mycelia is an important stage with respect to the utility and longevity of the sawdust media. Surface browning forms a protective coating on the substrate, which can inhibit the invasion of pathogens and suppress water evaporation. Several different light sources (red LED, white LED, blue LED, and fluorescent light) were used and the intensity of illumination was carefully controlled (1.5, 10.5, 20.5 μmol/m2s for LEDs and 10, 100, 300 lux for the fluorescent light) to induce browning. The light sources were regulated via a 1 h on/off cycle in a controlled room environment at a temperature of 20°C, 60% humidity, and 1200 ppm CO2 concentration for 60days.The browning effect varied depending on the source and the intensity of illumination. This effect was most effectively induced at 1.5 μmol/m2s for the red and blue LEDs. All light sources induced less browning at the highest intensity of illumination. This indicates that intensity values higher than 20.5 μmol/m2s in the case of the LEDs and 300 lux for the fluorescent light are not effective. After harvesting of the fruit bodies, we measured the weight, length, and width of the pileus and stipe in addition to their chromaticity and hardness. Treatment with 1.5 μmol/m2s blue LED produced the best harvest with the highest average chromaticity, weight (21.2 g), stipe length (30.8 mm), and hardness (377.9 g), with a fine length and width of the pileus.

Amanita virgineoides Bas is an ectomycorrhizal mushroom belonging to the family Amanitaceae in the order Agaricales. This fungus usually grows solely on damp soil in coniferous or deciduous forests from summer to autumn. Although Korean people consume A. virgineoides, some studies indicate that it can be poisonous. During our biodiversity survey of four specific regions i.e., Yongin, Eumseong, and Chungju from 2016 to 2018, A. virgineoides specimens were collected on the sixth rotation. We analyzed the temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, and vegetation surrounding the A. virgineoides fruiting bodies to reveal the environmental factors that influenced mushroom formation. It was found to usually grow in August, the hottest season in Korea. For 60 days before forming the fruiting body, temperatures were found to be between 20 and 30oC. More evidence is necessary to ensure that change in temperature is the major environmental factor that determines A. virgineoides fruiting.

This study investigated the possibility of using pine tree sawdust in thinning-out tree as a substitute for poplar and douglas-fir tree sawdust in oyster mushroom cultivation. Mycelial growth was 10.8 cm in medium supplemented with 70% pine sawdust after 18 days of culture and 10.2 cm in control medium. Mycelial density showed high density with no significant difference between treatments. Fresh weight and diameter of fruiting bodies were slightly lower in medium supplemented with pine tree sawdust. The hardness of pine tree sawdust was slightly higher in the medium supplemented with 20% and 30% of pine tree sawdust. The L value showed a tendency to be higher in the pine added medium, but the a and b values d id not show any significant difference between the treatments. The yields of fruiting body were 157 g / 850 ml for the control and 170 g / 850 ml for the 40% added pine tree sawdust

The temperature and humidity of 49 greenhouses for oak mushroom cultivation were investigated for 5 years to analyze the trends in the change of these parameters according to the climate change in Korea. The 5-year average temperature and humidity were 24.7oC and 60.5%, respectively, in sawdust media-based cultivation houses and 24.4oC and 60.0%, respectively, in log-bed cultivation houses. The average temperature in the summer was 29.8oC in 2016, 29.1oC in 2017, and 33.3oC in 2018 in the log-bed cultivation houses and 26.8oC in 2016, 20.4oC in 2017, and 24.2oC in 2018 in the sawdust media-based cultivation houses. During the investigation, temperatures over 30oC were detected in one cultivation house in spring and five such houses in summer. When classifying by cultivation type, temperatures over 30oC were found in five log-bed cultivation houses and temperatures less than 20oC were found in four log-bed cultivation houses in fall. This study shows that log-bed cultivation houses for oak mushroom need to be modified to cope with the climate change.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of Eleutherococcus senticosus (ES) on the laccase and cellulase activity of Ganoderma lucidum mycelia. Following the addition of ES, the laccase activity of Ganoderma mushroom mycelia was found to be 0.84–2.18 times, 0.61–2.37 times, and 0.78–2.17 times the activity of mycelia treated with sawdust in Yeongji-1 (Y1; ASI-7004), Yeongji-2 (Y2; ASI-7071), and nokgak (GN; ASI-7013), respectively, with the laccase activity of Y2 being the highest at 0.947 U/min. Using the Congo-red assay, a wider clear zone was formed because of the CMCase activity of mycelia treated with ES than that of mycelia treated with sawdust. Cellulase activity was found to be 1.84–2.24 times, 1.77–1.87 times, and 2.74– 2.81 times that of mycelia treated with sawdust in Y1, Y2, and GN, respectively, with the cellulase activity of GN being the highest at 0.172 U/min. However, the addition of ES did not affect the growth of G. lucidum mycelia.