Earticle

To study the fairy ring and genet characteristics of Suillus bovinus based on thinning intensity in Pinus densiflora forests, a simple sequence repeat (SSR) analysis was performed on the fruiting bodies of the plant. In pine wood production forests, the thinning strengths applied were 34%, 45%, and 60%. As a result, the number of fruiting bodies in the 34% treatment area was 104, which was higher than that in the other treatment areas. In the 34% treatment area, fruiting bodies occurred in a circular shape, within a diameter of approximately 5 meters (m) of the trees. In the 45% treatment area, the fruiting bodies were randomly distributed between 6 to 7 m from the trees, while in the 60% treatment, fruiting bodies occurred in a narrow oval shape, 6 m from the trees. In the control area, two fruiting bodies were present around the root collar. Hybridity was confirmed in the SSR markers of Sb-CA1 and Sb-CA3. The fruiting bodies in the 34% treatment area had a He / Ho value lower than that in the 60% treatment area. In fruiting bodies of the 34% treatment area, a total of 20 genets were identified, with an average size of 14±11 m2; 60% of genets were formed by a single fruiting body. In fruiting bodies of the 45% treatment area, a total of 6 genets were identified and the average size was 11±12 m2; 50% of genets were formed by a single fruiting body. In fruiting bodies of the 60% treatment area, a total of 10 genets were identified, with an average size of 1.1±0.8 m2; 70% of genets were formed by a single fruiting body. Thus, the formation ratio of a new genet increases when the thinning intensity is increased.

We examined the chemical properties of mixed media and the yield of Pleurotus pulmonarius using bag culture (1 kg) and also evaluated their relationship. The yield of mushrooms in the first flush appeared to be correlated with total nitrogen content. The highest yield of mushroom in the first flush occurred when the nitrogen content of the media was 1.12 %; however, when the nitrogen content was lower or higher than 1.1 %, the yield decreased. The yield of mushrooms in the second flush was highly correlated with various chemical properties including total nitrogen, total carbon, and C/N ratio; for example, higher nitrogen and carbon content produced a higher yield in the second flush. Therefore, when cultivating bottle culture, the nitrogen content of the media should be approximately 1.1 %, such that most mushrooms are harvested in the first flush. Additionally, when cultivating bag culture for harvesting two or more times, it is advantageous to have higher nitrogen and carbon contents in the media than the amount required for bottle culture media.

In this study, we attempted to find alternative materials to replace Cotten seed meal(CM) using the wastes of bean sprouts by-product in bottle cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus. In Proximate analysis, the protein content of BW was slightly lower than that of CM, but the growth characteristics of mushrooms were similar to those of control when byproduct of bean sprouts was used. In addition, the amino acid composition of fruit body did not show a significant difference in the treatment section. Therefore, it is judged that BW could be a suitable substitute for CM in the cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus.

A new cultivar, ‘Bambithyang’, was bred from monokaryotic strains of Sanbaekhyang and SANJO 707ho using the mono-mono hybridization method. Its incubation period was determined to be 100 days and its optimum temperature for fruit body flushing, 11-20°C. The mushrooms had a convex cap (diameter, 69.6 mm; thickness, 15.2 mm) and stipes in their center. The color of their upper sides was chestnut brown; their gills were arranged in a ripple style and had medium density. Their scales were cream-colored and fully distributed; the stipes were cream-colored and cylindrical (thick upper part). They also had cream colored fluffs and sporadic fruiting bodies. Zone lines were present when they were cultivated with mother and father varieties. Their stipe lengths and caps were 9% shorter and 16.9% thicker, respectively, than those of Sanbaekhyang.

Antioxidant activities and contents of β-glucan and amino acids of wild mushrooms collected from Geosan, Boeun, Eumseong, and Bonghwa in Korea were investigated. Phaeolus schweinitzii (OK1165) displayed the highest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity (60.3%), ferric reducing antioxidant power (3.84), reducing power (1.05), nitrite scavenging activity (96.4%), total polyphenol content (54.7 mg gallic acid equivalent/g), and flavonoid content (19.98 mg quercetin equivalent/g). The β-glucan content of Pycnoporus cinnabarinus (OK1172) of 51.9% was higher than the contents of the other mushrooms. P. schweinitzii (OK1165) displayed the highest total amino acid (1,373.9 mg/kg) and essential amino acid (515.0 mg/kg) contents among the wild mushrooms. The findings confirmed that wild mushrooms could be a high-value resource for functional foods with pronounced antioxidant activity. The results also provide fundamental data for extracting useful compounds from wild mushrooms.

The extracts of four species of ectomycorrhizal mushrooms—Cantharellus cinnabarinus (OK1247), Lactarius parallelus (OK1264), Tricholoma matsutake (OK1282), and Ramaria botrytis (OK1283)—were prepared to determine their antioxidant activities and nutritional properties. R. botrytis extract displayed the highest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity (33.8%), ferric reducing antioxidant power (0.38), reducing power (0.35), total polyphenol (13.83 mg gallic acid equivalent/g), and flavonoid contents (2.56 mg quercetin equivalent/g). L. parallelus extract displayed the highest nitrite scavenging activity. Analysis of amino acid contents revealed that C. cinnabarinus extract had the highest total amino acid (1,046.1 mg/kg) and essential amino acid (404.9 mg/kg) contents, while R. botrytis extract had the lowest total amino acid (708.3 mg/kg) and essential amino acid (247.3 mg/kg) contents. Among the amino acid components detected in the four ectomycorrhizal mushrooms, cysteine was the most abundant, accounting for 14.3~20.7%, followed by phenylalanine, which accounted for 9.5 ~13.4% of all amino acids. In summary, the antioxidant activities were the highest in R. botrytis extract, and the amino acid content was the highest in C. cinnabarinus extract, among the four ectomycorrhizal mushrooms.

This study sought to determine the optimal mixing ratio of Korean cultivated Artemisia annua for production of functional oyster mushrooms. After 23 days of cultivation, mycelial growth was 12.7 cm in medium supplemented with 5% A. annua and 12.5 cm in control. Mycelial growth progressively slowed with the addition of A. annua, with barely any growth (2.1 cm) in the presence of 70% A. annua. Mycelial density was high density without significant difference between treatments. The pileus diameter was greater in the presence of A. annua than in the control, but the pileus thickness was only slightly higher compared to the control. The stipes thickness was greatest for 15% A. annua, and the length of stipes was longest at 10% A. annua, but was lower than the value of the control. The L value of the fruiting zone was highest 10% firewood, and the L value of freshwater was highest at 5% A. annua. The fruiting body yield was highest to (122 g/850 ml) in medium supplemented with 5% A. annua but markedly decreased at higher levels of A. annua.