Earticle

‘Gonji-2ho’ a new variety of oyster mushroom, fitting for the bag culture, was bred by mating between monokaryons isolated from GMPO35338 and Jangpug. In the major characteristics of fruit body, the pilei were thick and dark-gray and the stipes were thick and long with softness. It was great in elasticity and cohesivness of tissue as compared to Suhan-1ho. The optimum temperature for the mycelial growth was around 26~29℃ and for the pinheading and growth of fruit body was around 14~18℃. In the bag culture, it was required around 20 days at incubation period and 5 days at primordia formation. The fruit body was grown vital and uniform. The yields were 323.3g/kg bag. This variety has high yielding capacity, cultivation stability and the resistance to the bacterial brown blotch disease.

This study was carried out to investigated mixing ratio of redginseng marc using organic waste resource for production cost-reduction of oyster mushroom. Redginseng marc were examined as substitute of cottonseed meal which was primary nutritive material of mushroom growing substrate. Total nitrogen and carbon source of redginseng marc was 45% and 2.7%, respectively and C/N ratio was 16.7. Total nitrogen source and pH of substrate mixed with redginseng marc was 4.6~4.9 and 2.5~2.8, respectively. The contents of P2O5, K2O and MgO were decreased by increasing redginseng marc, but increased at the 20% redginseng marc. The contents of CaO was increased by increasing redginseng marc, but there was no significant difference in Na2O content. The more mixing ratio of redginseng marc was increased in column test, the more mycelial growth growed slowly. Yields of fruiting body was no significant difference compared with control group by adding of 10~50% redsingeng marc instead of cottonseed meal, but decreased sharply at only 20% redsingeng marc without cottonseed meal. The L value of pileus by increasing redginseng marc decreased during mushroom harvest, but there was no significant difference in the a-value and the b-value.

Shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes) is usually cultivated on the oak log. Log cultivation of this mushroom is getting difficult to get oak logs and has a weak point of its long cultivation period. Recently sawdust cultivation is getting increase. It is important to make mycelia browning on the substrate surface. This browned surface in sawdust cultivation plays an important role like as artificial bark of the oak log, which protects the other pests and suppresses water evaporation in the substrate. The period for mycelia browning is so long that the sawdust cultivation of Shiitake mushroom can not spread well into the mushroom farms. The development of methods for the rapid mycelia browning is quite required. In this article we would like to find cultural characteristics of collected strains and to see the correlation with mycelial browning. Mycelial growth in the media was different according to kinds of media and strains. The optimal temperature on mycelial growth was 20-25℃. Browning patterns of mycelium under 200 Lux seemed to be used for a key to differentiate the strains for sawdust cultivation. Browning period was 30-40 days in the agar media and 70-100 days in the sawdust bag cultivation. When we considered the productivity and the other characteristics, ASI 3046 is the best for the bag cultivation. Significance between mycelial growth and browning was not accepted, but that of mycelial growth between on PDA and sawdust was accepted. Browning period on the PDA and sawdust showed a strong relationships. These results suggested that the browning habits could not be depend on the difference of media, but on their own properties. To select the strain showed fast browning can be done by using agar media for saving time.

Changes of fruiting body yield and morphology according to growing temperatures in Pleurotus strains were investigated. In this study, twelve commercial strains divided into low, medium and high temperature groups were tested. On the basis of fruiting body yield, they showed best in their own temperature properties. On the other hand, they didn’t have any fixed tendency to growing temperatures on morphological characteristics. Thicknesses of pilei were best at 10℃, having nothing to do with strains. Lengths of stipes were increased with the progress of cultivation temperatures in five strains including ‘Sambok’. The other strains showed differences on this trait. Thicknesses of stipes were decreased with the progress of cultivation temperatures in other strains excepting ‘Sambok and ASI2029’. Days for harvest were extended as temperature decreased, even though the shortest days were different according to strains. Sometimes there were abnormal shapes of fruiting bodies in response to temperatures in some strains. In ‘Suhan-1’, white cilia fully covered onto the surface of pilei were observed macroscopically at the early stage and then disappeared or remained a little later at 10℃ cultivation. In ‘Chunchu-2’, their stipes were twisted and bent over 20℃ cultivation.

Small scale mushroom growers take a lot of the costs in the bottle cultivation than the large scale growers. Therefore, they are not competitive in the market. Mushroom cultivation in small scale mushroom farm is labor-intensive and this experiment was carried out to establish the method for the cultivation of various kinds of mushrooms together under the similar conditions in the production system. As a result, the common medium were selected based on the growing conditions of Pleurotus eryngii and Agrocybe cylindracea, and the level of medium moisture content were studied. The results were shown below. When the medium in the input stage for bottle cultivation was filled by using automatic machine, the range of the three state rates in the bottle is different depending on ingredients and the mixing ratio. The optimum moisture content of the medium for some mushroom production was a different trend based on the medium cluster of the raw materials. The optimum moisture content for P. eryngii in the medium was 70% (douglas fir sawdust, rice bran or sawdust, dried bean curd refuse). In the medium containing douglas fir sawdust, wheat bran was 65%, and the medium including douglas fir sawdust, wheat bran, dried bean curd refuse was 67%. The optimum moisture content of the above three media for A. cylindracea was 70%. The suitable medium for the bottle cultivation of P. eryngii was selected as douglas fir sawdust 75%, wheat bran 20%, dried bean curd refuse 5%, and moisture content 67%. The medium of A. cylindracea was selected as douglas fir sawdust 75%, wheat bran 25%, and moisture content 70%. The suitable medium for bottle cultivation of P. eryngii and A. cylindracea was shown as douglas fir sawdust 75%, rice bran20%, dried bean curd refuse 5%, and 70% moisture content to be used as a common medium of the growing. The incubation period, primordial formation, and growth environment conditions of P. eryngii and A. cylindracea were a similar trend. Therefore, the small scale farmers of P. eryngii can cultivate A. cylindracea together with P. eryngii.

In this study we carried out to find suitable nutrient supplement of corncob as a main carbon source for bottle culture of oyster mushroom. Data from chemical analysis of Kapok seed cake(KP) treatment showed 20.2 of C/N ratio, 0.28g/cm3 of bulk density and 74.2% of porosity. Mushroom yield of KP treatment is 158g/bottle that is similar to control(150g/bottle). However, the price of KP is 400 won/kg that is cheaper than 550 won/kg of cotton seed cake(CS). The highest REV(relative feed value) also was observed KP treatment. A further study is required determine practical animal performance by feeding the corncob-based KP.

In coculturing with strains of Trichoderma and oyster mushroom, we could detect the difference in the resistance of oyster mushroom against Trichoderma with the phenomena of barrage reaction, overgrowth and lysis. We selected the isolates ASI 2183, ASI2504 and ASI 2477 as varieties that showed the resistance. The isolates ASI 2240, ASI 2479 and ASI 2181 were the best in their resistance against Trichoderma in the method using culture filtrate. In common, the isolates ASI 2479 and ASI 2240 were selected in both methods. In post-inoculation method, the isolates ASI 2479, ASI 2333 and ASI 2181 were selected and ASI 2302 was susceptible. For the same isolate of Trichoderma, the resistance varied depending on the isolates of oyster mushroom used in the experiments. Because we could detect the interactions between Trichoderma and oyster mushroom, it is possible to detect the level of the resistance that differs in the varieties. However, there were the cases of detecting the level of the resistance in repetitions with the same isolate, which may be caused by the vitality of isolates of Trichoderma and oyster mushroom. It is efficient to test the resistance with the resistant isolate of Pleurotus salmoneostramine and the susceptible isolate of ASI 2302.

Spent mushroom substrates (SMS) is a by-product remaining after a crop of mushrooms. About four surfactin-producing strains were isolated from SMS (Pleurotus eryngii). Among of them, one isolate, which designated to YJ07, potentially showed the antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus ochraceous producing mycotoxin on PDA medium. The biochemical characteristics of the strain YJ07 was similar with Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens by Bacillus ID kit and VITEK 2 system. Comparative 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis of the strain YJ07 also showed that the strain YJ07 was most closely related to Bacillus amyloliquefaciens with sequence similarity of 99.5%. On the basis of their biochemical characteristics and phylogenetic distinctiveness, the strain YJ07 was classified within the genus Bacillus as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens YJ07. The antifungal compound from B. amyloliquefaciens YJ07 was similar to lipopeptide surfactin from Bacillus subtilis by TLC and HPLC analysis.

The transitivity of Chemical constituents by Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated in different raw sawdusts, which are Juglans mandchurica, Cudrania tricuspidata and Lindera glauca, was investigated. The HPLC chromatography patterns on the chemical constituents of P. ostreatus showed the similar chromatography patterns in all different raw sawdusts and control sawdust. The unknown chemical constituents of P. ostreatus cultivated in the 10%, 20% mixed medium added 10 %, 20% different raw sawdusts, respectively, were increased. But the significance results in the mixed medium added 50% different raw sawdusts were not showed. The chromatography patterns of mycelia grown in media added the 80% MeOH extracts of three tree species showed the similar patterns in comparison with control mycelia. In the results, the secondary metabolites of functional media were not degrade and changed to other derivatives compounds by P. ostreatus.

Inonotus obliquus is a traditional medicine mushroom that was developed from traditional medicine originating in ancient. It has been applied for cancer or immunotherapy,but its effect on pulmonary tuberculosis is not reported. Therefore, we measured the pulmonary tuberculosis therapeutic effect of methyl alcohol extract from MGIT 960 system with fluorescent indicator. Inonotus obliquus extract showed 14 day more inhibitory activity than the positive control. In addition, the anti-pulmonary tuberculosis activity of Inonotus obliquus was 50㎛. These results suggest that Inonotus obliquus methyl alcohol extracts could contribute to inhibition of pulmonary tuberculosis.

The transitivity of Chemical constituents by Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated in different raw sawdusts, which are Acer tegmentosum MAX, Rhus verniciflura, was investigated. The HPLC chromatography patterns on the chemical constituents of P. ostreatus showed the similar chromatography patterns in the different raw sawdusts and control sawdust. The unknown chemical constituents of P. ostreatus cultivated in the mixed medium added 10 %, 20% raw sawdusts, respectively, were increased. But the significance results in the mixed medium added 50% raw sawdusts were not showed. The chromatography patterns of mycelia grown in media added the 80% MeOH extracts of A. tegmentosum and R. verniciflura showed the similar patterns in comparison with control mycelia. In the results, the secondary metabolites of functional media were not degrade and changed to other derivatives compounds by P. ostreatus

Cobweb disease symptoms were observed in a mushroom farm in Buye, Korea during a disease survey in 2008-2011. Five isolates of Cladobotryum sp. were obtained from the infected caps and stipes. These isolates of Cladobotryum sp. were identified as C. mycophilum based on their morphological, cultural characteristics and analysis of the ITS sequences. Early symptoms were noticed as round, fleshy, yellowish brown lesions on mushroom caps. Late symptoms progressed when the parasitic fungus formed white cobweb circular colonies on dead or damaged pinheads, spread on the surface of the casing, and covered entirely fruiting bodies. Optimal temperature and pH for mycelial growth on MEA is 23℃ and 6.0. Microscopically the spores of the fungus are large and most 2~3 celled produced on vertically branched conidiophores. Mushroom caps turned dark brown and shrunk due to soft rot. Testing of sensitivity to selected fungicides showed that isolate was highly resistance to Mancozeb and Thiophanate-methyl, moderately sensitivity to Iprodione, and highly sensitivity to Benomyl, Prochloraz-Mn and Carbendazim.