Earticle

Land degradation and desertification are serious matters of concern and high relevance due to their impact on security, co-operation, economic development and the environment in the country. It is clear that desertification and land degradation are caused by both climatic factors and specific human activities (poor, unsustainable agricultural practices, overgrazing, deforestation, inadequate waste management etc). Taking into account the definition of desertification, as formulated by the UN Convention on Combating desertification, some 90 percent of the territory of Mongolia is susceptible for degradation, mostly by wind and water erosion after the vegetation has been removed and the topsoil damaged by overgrazing, compaction by animals or vehicles, and removal by mining or deforestation. Desertification or land degradation has a negative impact on economic and social development and increases the frequency of extremely cold winters and other major weather events. With this regard, it should be noted that poverty and unemployment has become even worse by the recent movement of historically nomadic people to urban areas caused by the abovementioned factors. For these reasons, desertification and land degradation have become a major ecological threat for the nation, affecting human safety, national security and development. The extent of decertified land is increasing not only with increase of drought frequencies and other natural phenomenon but also with human interaction with natural environment. To date we assessed how severe and where exactly we can talk about desertification, however it is need to assess the impact of different factors in detail in order to develop proper plans, programs and actions to tackle desertification. The severity of desertification is highly varied with geography of population concentration and/or distribution. Simply it can be explained as result of centralization of social and economic relations, which is highly dependent from infrastructure. Very severely degraded such economic centres as Ulaanbaatar, surroundings of Sainshand, some more aimag centres. The natural degradation or desertification caused by natural factors in Mongolia more common in steppe, dry steppe and desert steppe regions, where during last 15 years the annual precipitation have decreased by 50-75 mm and the mean annual temperature increased by 1.5-1.9 degrees.

Энэ илтгэлд дэлхийд нийтэд тулгараад байгаа байгаль орчны өөрчлөлтийн асуудлын нэг болох монгол улсад бий болж буй цөлжилтийн асуудлын тухай товч өгүүллээ. Эн э өгүүлэлд цөлжилтийн тухай ойлголтуудад тулгуурлан монгол оронд цөлжилт үүсэн гарч байгаа шалтгаануудыг бусад эрдэмтэн судлаачдын судалж гаргасан судалгааны м атериалуудыг ашиглан боловсруулсан болно. Мөн мэдээллийн хоёрдогч эх үүсвэри йг а шиглан монгол улсын засгийн газраас цөлжилтөөс урьдчилан сэргийлэхийн тулд хи йж буй ажлуудын талаар судалсан болно. Нэгдүгээр бүлэгт цөлжилттэй холбоотой гол то дорхойлолтуудыг авч судалсан юм. Хоёрдугаар бүлэгт Монгол улсад бий болж байг аа цөлжилтийн асуудлын шалтгаануудыг бусад эрдэмтэн судлаачдын судлан гаргасан с уд алгааг үндэслэн нэгтгэж үзэхийг оролдлоо. Гуравдугаар бүлэгт монгол улсын засги йн газраас цөлжилтөөс урьдчилан сэргийлэхийн тулд авч явуулж буй гол арга хэмжээнүү дийг авч үзсэн. Сүүлийн бүлэгт хийгдсэн судалгаандаа тулгуурласан дүгнэлтийг гарг ас ан болно.

Russia is the only big trading nation that is outside of the World Trade Organization (WTO). The WTO covers around 96% of world trade. With Russia’s accession to this organization, the multilateral trading system will take a step forward to become a truly ‘universal’ trading system. As one of the largest economies in the world, Russia had no choice but to go down a long and thorny path towards its accession to the WTO through demanding negotiations and tough screening procedures. The WTO accession process consists of three stages such as application, the Working Party process, and finalizing procedures, the first two of which Russia has reportedly completed. Being a WTO member has both pros and cons for the Russian economy. On the one hand, Russia will have better access to foreign markets, but on the other it will have to adapt to a new competitive environment and challenges from increasing import flows. Only the correct and wise policy of using the opportunities from the global trading system can help Russia overcome difficulties that may arise after its accession to the WTO. This paper concludes that with Russia as a full-fledged WTO member, Korea may expect improved market access, more transparent and predictable behavior of the Russian government with respect to trade issues, as well as gain momentum towards negotiation of a free trade deal.

According to John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur fund there was a research of women’s employment and unemployment in rural areas of the republic of Buryatia Russia during the period of transition to market economy. The research was carried out in three regions of the republic (Kizhinginskiy, Zaigraevskiy, Ivolginskiy) that represent rural, industrial and suburban parts of it. Analysis of the results characterizes social and economical status of women including the unemployed and working in rural areas. To characterize the status here are six typical situations in the republic during the research.

몽골경제는 시장경제를 지향하고 있는데, 시장경제가 실제로 몽골 경제에 적합한가에 대해서는 몇 가지 견해가 제시되고 있다. 현재 전 사회주의 국가에서 진행 중인 계획 경제에서 시장경제로의 전환이 몽골의 유목사회에는 적합하지 않을 수 있다는 견해이다. 왜냐하면 자유 시장경제란 본질적으로 서구사회에서 좌업(Sedentary job), 농업, 제조업의 경험에 바탕을 둔 것이고, 러시아와 중국의 경제적 기반도 본래 자본주의의 기반과 비슷한 것이어서 성공가능성이 있으나 몽골에는 그렇지 않다는 것이다. 몇 가 요인을 생각해 보면, ➀ 몽골 사회는 유목 사회이기 때문에 이동성이 강하다는 것이다. 가축을 따라 이동하기 때문에 정착을 할 수 없다. 따라서 지정된 장소에서 부의 축적보다는 이동적인 부의 축적, 예를 들면 가축 수의 증가가 더욱 중요한 것이다. ➁ 가축의 고기를 주식으로 하고, 물고기는 종교적인 이유에서 먹지 않으며, 야채도 먹지 않기 때문에 농업의 발전이 어렵고 균형적인 산업구조를 갖추기 어렵다. ➂ 유목이 주업이기 때문에 외로운 생활을 많이 하여 솔직하고 감정적이며 판단이 단순하기 때문에 자본주의 사회 관습과 어울릴 수가 없다. ➃ 목초지를 따라 유목하기 때문에 사유제 개념이 희박하고 공유제 개념이 타당하다. ➄ 교역은 이익을 추구하기 때문에 사기나 거짓이 개재될 수 있으므로 교역을 주로 물물교환으로 이루어지는 것을 선호한다. ➅ 화폐 사용, 특히 지폐인 경우는 극히 제한적이다. 또한 외로운 유목생활이기 때문에 화폐의 용도가 다양하지 못하고 의미가 없다. 금속화폐가 아닌 지폐는 재산축적의 대상이 될 수 없으며, 재산 축적의 수단은 주로 가축의 숫자가 된다. ➆ 노동의 질보다는 노동의 양을 중시한다. 왜냐하면, 목동의 숫자가 가축의 숫자와 비례하기 때문에 노동의 질은 그다지 중요시되지 않는다. 따라서 이 같은 유목생활의 경제관은 유목을 바탕으로 한 산업 구조에 맞게 되어 있다. 따라서 사회주의 경제 체제의 운용이 몽골의 유목기질에서 성공할 수 없었듯이, 시장경제 체제의 전환도 몽골의 유목적인 경제관과 조화를 이룰 수 있을지 크게 의문시된다. 따라서 몽골의 경제적 부흥은 유목 사회에 맞는 몽골적인 경제 체제의 개발과 선택에 의존한다고 볼 수 있다.

The purpose of this study is to make a general survey about the Mongolia's past, present and future and arouse our interest in new millenium. Mongolia is a country on a prairie. We can see various landscapes of gentle slants prairie extended to the horizon. Prairie is a ground of Mongolian traditional way of life. Nomadic life which people should always move to search for water and grass is Mongolian living economy. Meat and Dairy products from the cattle are Mongolian everyday foods and their dwelling house is 「Ger」 which is made of woolen felt. Mongolia is situated on the end of Eastern area of the great prairie which crosses the Eurasia Continent from the east to the west. Mongolian Prairie extends to the Eastern Europe and Russia. Mongolian mounted army constructed world empire containing Russia and East Asia following the Mongolian Prairie. Mongolia conquered the 7.77 million  which are bigger than the total area that Napoleon, Hitler and Alexander the great conquered, and this was under control of Mongolia for 160 years. But in modern world nomadism is on the decline both Mongolia and other countries like Mongolia. And furthermore by increasing the settlement of the nomadic people, nomadic way of life itself gradually has begun to disappear. In spite of this adverse circumstances, nomadic life in Mongolia are expected to be continued until 21th century. Because living technology in nomadism and stock farming manufacture in Mongolia has begun to develop rapidly.

This paper seeks the ideal direction of Korea' trade structure toward north-east Asia area centering China, Japan and Russia as Korea pursues export-driven policy since Korea has poor natural resources. Korea's trade structure from the beginning of 1990 to the present is superior quality intra-industry trade(SQIIT) with China as a foreign trade partner; intra-industry trade(IIT) is consistently high with Japan; and inter-industry trade is high with Russia. Korea should change the trade structure into intra-industry trade(IIT) with these countries. Intra-industry trade(IIT) can increase export·import portion of the trading partners so that each country can avoid trade frictions and pursues economic gains through trade.

대학촌은 대학인의 보조적 활동을 충족시키기 위해 대학주변에 형성되는 공간으로써 대학의 커뮤니티라고 할 수 있으며 대학인을 위한 대학 문화를 형성하는 공간으로 대학생들에게 중요한 터전이라 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 평택대학교 인근지역에 대학촌을 형성하기 위해서 대학생과 인근주민과 고등학생을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하여 대학촌 형성에 따르는 욕구조사를 실시하였다. 바람직한 이상적인 대학촌 형성을 위해서 욕구조사한 내용을 중심으로 대학촌 형성의 모델을 제시하였으며, 외국 대학과의 대학촌 모델을 국내 대학과 비교하여 국내 대학의 대학촌 형성의 방향을 제시하였다.

There are many strong point in making university village. First, it takes charge of functionality of Campus. Second, it bear the responsibility for Art and Science, Residence, Leisure, Social Relationship. A making village is a good point to student of the Pyeongtaek University, nearby a residents of the Pyeongtaek University. So, we study about the university village in another district. Also, we survey the nearby residents of the Pyeongtaek university. We proposal the making university village for development direction of the university district. We surveyed the residents living in nearby Pyeongtaek University. So, we analyze the result using the SPSS/PC 15.0. We analyze the question paper using the significant level 0.05. Also, we make the decision about the development direction in Pyeongtaek University village. We obtained the development direction of the Pyeongtaek University village through the result of survey. We proposal the direction of the development in Pyeongtaek University village. University village is very important to students of university, residents of nearby village, and students of middle and high school. So, many student want to make University village. Through this study, we know that they want to make the university village which is consist of culture space, theater, library, coffees-hop. Also, they want to make the culture load like Rodeo located in Bundang. Many residents want to make the university village like America. In the future, we consider about benchmarking to America for making University village.

There are many strong point in making university village. First, it takes charge of functionality of Campus. Second, it bear the responsibility for Art and Science, Residence, Leisure, Social Relationship. A making village is a good point to student of the Pyeongtaek University, nearby a residents of the Pyeongtaek University. So, we study about the university village in another district. Also, we survey the nearby residents of the Pyeongtaek university. We proposal the making university village for development direction of the university district. We surveyed the residents living in nearby Pyeongtaek University. So, we analyze the result using the SPSS/PC 15.0. We analyze the question paper using the significant level 0.05. Also, we make the decision about the development direction in Pyeongtaek University village. We obtained the development direction of the Pyeongtaek University village through the result of survey. We proposal the direction of the development in Pyeongtaek University village. University village is very important to students of university, residents of nearby village, and students of middle and high school. So, many student want to make University village. Through this study, we know that they want to make the university village which is consist of culture space, theater, library, coffees-hop. Also, they want to make the culture load like Rodeo located in Bundang. Many residents want to make the university village like America. In the future, we consider about benchmarking to America for making University village.

본 연구는 리더의 리더십들 중 변혁적 리더십과 거래적 리더십이 의사결정시 심리적 편향에 미치는 영향관계를 알아보기 위하여 수도권에 소재하고 있는 증권관계기관의 과장급이상의 중간관리자들을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 실증분석결과에 의하면, 리더십과 심리편향간의 유의적인 관계가 발견되지 않아 증권업계 관리자의 리더십은 심리편향에 중요한 변수가 아니라고 할 수 있다. 본 연구의 의의는 우리나라의 증권업을 대상으로 관리자의 리더십이 심리편향에 미치는 영향관계를 최초로 실증분석 하였으며, 실무적으로는 증권업에 종사하는 중간관리자 이상의 경영진들이 심리에 관한 정보를 미리 알게 됨으로써 보다 효율적인 의사결정을 할 수 있도록 한데서 그 의의를 찾을 수 있다. 본 연구가 안고 있는 몇 가지 한계점과 연구방향은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 조사대상 업체 선정기준을 전국을 포괄하지 못하고 수도권에 소재하고 있는 증권기관으로 제한하였다는 점을 들 수 있다. 둘째, 증권기관별 특성을 반영한 분석이 이루어지지 않았다는 점이다. 수집된 자료를 해석하고 도출된 결과를 일반화하는 데는 한계가 있다는 점이다. 셋째, 성과변수를 이용하여 성과 와의 관련성을 고찰하지 못하였다는 점이다.

his study examined the casual effect of transformational leadership and transactional leadership to psychological biases and fallacies that ordinary people possess such as overconfidence and confirmation bias through questioning mid and upper level managers in securities business located in Seoul. According to the result of the experiment analysis, the meaningful relationship between leaderships and psychological biases was not found. That means that the leadership of the managers in securities business might not be the crucial variable to psychological biases. The meaning of this field study is that for the first time, the effect of leadership to psychological biases is attempted to be proven and by knowing the psychology of the managers, that will help them to make decisions efficiently on their day-to-day business issues. The limitations and direction of this field study are as follows, Firstly, the target of the questions was the managers in Seoul region only. Secondly, The characteristics of the financial institutions were not reflected on this analysis. It means that there were some limits to generalization of the question outcome. Thirdly, the relationship of the performance using performance variable is failed to be observed.

본 연구는 리더의 리더십들 중 변혁적 리더십과 거래적 리더십이 의사결정시 심리적 편향에 미치는 영향관계를 알아보기 위하여 수도권에 소재하고 있는 증권관계기관의 과장급이상의 중간관리자들을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 실증분석결과에 의하면, 리더십과 심리편향간의 유의적인 관계가 발견되지 않아 증권업계 관리자의 리더십은 심리편향에 중요한 변수가 아니라고 할 수 있다. 본 연구의 의의는 우리나라의 증권업을 대상으로 관리자의 리더십이 심리편향에 미치는 영향 관계를 최초로 실증분석 하였으며, 실무적으로는 증권업에 종사하는 중간관리자 이상의 경영진들이 심리에 관한 정보를 미리 알게 됨으로써 보다 효율적인 의사결정을 할 수 있도록 한데서 그 의의를 찾을 수 있다. 본 연구가 안고 있는 몇 가지 한계점과 연구방향은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 조사대상 업체 선정기준을 전국을 포괄하지 못하고 수도권에 소재하고 있는 증권기관으로 제한하였다는 점을 들 수 있다. 둘째, 증권기관별 특성을 반영한 분석이 이루어지지 않았다는 점이다. 수집된 자료를 해석하고 도출된 결과를 일반화하는 데는 한계가 있다는 점이다. 셋째, 성과변수를 이용하여 성과와의 관련성을 고찰하지 못하였다는 점이다.

This study examined the casual effect of transformational leadership and transactional leadership to psychological biases and fallacies that ordinary people possess such as overconfidence and confirmation bias through questioning mid and upper level managers in securities business located in Seoul. According to the result of the experiment analysis, the meaningful relationship between leaderships and psychological biases was not found. That means that the leadership of the managers in securities business might not be the crucial variable to psychological biases. The meaning of this field study is that for the first time, the effect of leadership to psychological biases is attempted to be proven and by knowing the psychology of the managers, that will help them to make decisions efficiently on their day-to-day business issues. The limitations and direction of this field study are as follows, Firstly, the target of the questions was the managers in Seoul region only. Secondly, The characteristics of the financial institutions were not reflected on this analysis. It means that there were some limits to generalization of the question outcome. Thirdly, the relationship of the performance using performance variable is failed to be observed.