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In the great aim of constructing the New Socialist Countryside, as a typical hunting minority in the Daxinganling forest zone, the Orqen ethnic minority is developing towards the management pattern of “ huntermen communization ” . In this process ,a kind of phenomenon appears that the government arrange with full authority from top to bottom. So ,this article made a research from the angle of ethnology in the hope of doing a benefit for the practice and development of “huntermen communization”construction.

在建设社会主义新农村的宏大目标下，作为大兴安岭森林中的狩猎民族，鄂伦春族正在向 着“猎民社区”化管理模式发展。在其过程中，出现了由政府自上而下全权包管的现象。对 此，本文从民族学视角进行分析讨论，以期对“猎民社区”化建设的实践和发展有所裨益。

The concepts of national systems of innovation suggest that the innovative performance of an economy depends not only on how the individual institutions (e.g. firms, research institutes, universities) perform in isolation, but also on how they interact with each other as elements of collective system of knowledge creation and use, and on their interplay with social institutions (such as values, norms and legal frameworks). A significant amount of international literature is currently emerging on the concept of national systems of innovation. Much of this literature has focused on developed countries, although some initial work is now being done internationally on the application of national systems of innovation to developing countries. The paper reports on work currently being undertaken by the author to examine the application of national systems of innovation concepts in developing countries, and cervices tentative policy implications for the Mongolian economy. The paper highlights model of NIS development in Mongolia and problems of formation and development of the NIS in the country.

1990 년 시장경제로의 전환이후 몽골에서도 실업률이 크게 증가했다. 실업은 개인적으로 소득의 감소와 근로의욕의 상실 및 빈곤을 초래한다는 점에서, 그리고 사회적으로 유용한 자원의 낭비를 가져온다는 점에서 사회정책의 주요 관심 대상이 아닐 수 없다. 빈곤을 탈출하는 중요한 수단은 고용이며, 고용을 증대시킴으로서 국민의 삶의 질을 향상시키는 수단을 찾는 것은 현실적으로 가장 중요한 문제이다. 본 연구의 목적은 몽골 노동시장의 현안문제들을 진단하여 그것을 극복하기 위한 적극적 고용증대 방안을 제시하는 데 있다. 고용정책에 대한 문제점은 ① 교육제도, 교육프로그램, ② 청년층의 재교육기회 제공, ③ 사립대학교의 공급과잉, ④ 노동시장 수급과 교육기관들의 정보교환 시스템과 조정의 부족, ⑤ 일자리에 대한 정보시스템의 부족, ⑥ 투자환경의 제한, ⑦ 일자리창출을 위한 지원의 부족, ⑧ 뇌물문제, 높은 세금, 재정난의 문제, ⑨ 사회복지제도, 사회구제서비스, ⑩ 공무원 임금정책의 고용, 숙련, 인적자원 배치에 미치는 영향, ⑪ 임시직 계약조건 등 노동시장 유연성의 부족 등이며, 몽골 고용정책의 현안과제는 노동인력 활용의 효율화, 비정규직근로자의 확대, 노동시장수급에 불일치한 노동인력이다. 몽골의 고용증대를 위한 문제는 정부정책간의 연계성 문제, 유연성과 안정성의 동시추구 문제, 교육체제 구축의 문제, 취약계층의 고용과 사회보험을 통한 빈곤탈출의 문제, 노사파트너십 구축의 문제 등이기 때문에 앞으로의 몽골의 고용증대를 위한 개선방안은 유연성과 안정성의 동시 추구, 변화하는 노동시장에 맞는 교육체제 구축, 청년층의 생활력과 직업 능력의 향상, 높은 생산성과 고용기회의 창출, 빈곤탈출과 복지정책, 취약계층의 고용증대, 노동시장의 개선 등이다.

With the collapse of communism in 1990 and the transition to a market based economy, the economic policies and labor practices of Mongolia has undergone a radical shift. Subsequently the unemployment rate in Mongoliahas experienced a significant rise putting the percentage above the levels needed for a healthy economy and nation. The various problems accompanying such a rise, from the loss of income to poverty have increased so much that it has become a major source of social concern. The purpose of the study is to present a viable plan that can actively increase employment and provide the framework to implement the necessary economic and social policies in order to revitalize and heal the labor market of Mongolia. Based on the research of literature and, based on this, selected an approach method of comparing and analyzing the employment policy and a plan to resolve the socioeconomic issues of Mongolia.A theoretical consideration has been made by studying the factors that affect the creation of job such as work, unemployment, economic development, employment, diversity, system and education and cognitive technology. In addition, the study presents employment policy plan and major policy issues by examining the status of the labor market of Mongolia The issues of employment policy include, education system, excessive provision of private universities, supply and demand of labor market and the lack of control for system to exchange information, lack of information system on available jobs, limitations on investment environment, bribery issue, high tax and financial issue, ninth, social welfare system and social relief service and lack of flexibility of labor market such as terms fo temporary employee, and the present issues of employment policy of Mongolia are efficiency of labor force utilization, expansion of temporary employees and the discord between the labor force and the labor market's demand and supply. Therefore, an improvement plan for increasing employment in Mongolia should things such as simultaneously seeking flexibility and stability, establishing educational system that is relevant to the changing labor market,improving the job capability and resourcefulness of young adults, creating employment opportunities and high productivity, welfare policy and escaping poverty, increasing employment for the underprivileged and improving the labor market condition.

It shows that the longitudinal water quality changes observed along the Tuul River that can be demonstrated by the changes of the concentration of mineralization and ammonium nitrogen. The main pollution source is effluent discharge from the Central Waste Water Treatment Plant (CWWTP) of Ulaanbaatar that can be shown by monthly comparative investigations in the Tuul River in the upstream of Ulaanbaatar (Terelj) and waste water from CWWTP discharges to the Tuul River (Songino) and diurnal study in the discharge from the CWWTP. At Sta MO8, the ammonium nitrogen concentration was highest in April (after snow melting) and lowest in July between 2005 and 2008, which might be related to dilution due to rain events in July. At Sta. M05, the ammonium nitrogen concentration was low throughout the period of investigation. Despite this seasonal variability, the concentrations of ammonium nitrogen and conductivity at Sta. M08 were generally much higher than those at Sta. M05. Moreover there was a very large change in water quality during a day. Ammonium concentration was very high and variable, being correlated with conductivity. There was very little dissolved oxygen at night. This is because of the microbial consumption of oxygen. High ammonium concentration and low dissolved oxygen is very bad (toxic) for fish. Therefore, it seems that Ulaanbaatar is a significant source of pollutants regardless of season in the Tuul River.

This thesis did a detailed status of the analysis on the lives of Ewenki herdsmen form several case interviews, and started from a micro-perspective angle; further more, revealed the underlying causes of the reality that a generally low standard of living in Herdsmen Ewenki community; and puts forward the development ideas and direction of development to improve their own economic strength under the great process of building a new socialist pastoral area.

本文采用个案访谈形式，从微观角度入手，对鄂温克族牧民的生活现状进行了详尽的剖 析，揭示了鄂温克族牧民的生活水平普遍较低的现实的深层原因，并切实提出了在建设社 会主义新牧区的伟大进程中，鄂温克族提高自身经济实力的发展思路和发展方向。

Since foreign investment has been increasing every year, the necessity for analyzing its effects, its better coordination and regulatory restructurings is increasing too. Particularly, the issues on how to make the best use of foreign investments, establishing joint enterprises, and investment agreements are urged to be discussed in terms of the legislations, national security p olicies. T he Government policy for FDI is focused on promoting foreign investments in agricultural, food, light industry, tourism, infrastructure and mining sectors and mining sector based heavy industry areas. All of these are the leading economic sectors at this time. During the foreign investors’ technical forum, held in 2007 in Mongolia, authorities concluded that Mongolia has a need and the absorbing capacity for 10 billion USD of FDI in order to implement the plans for the National Development Strategy till 2015. Mongolia has every possibility such as rich natural resources, a broad territory and a great capability of penetrating high technologies

In recent years, the Republic of Uzbekistan’s employment policy has experienced serious qualitative transformations that have resulted in expansion of the service sector and work at home (hereinafter “homework”), as well as accelerated development of small businesses and entrepreneurship. While 660,900 new jobs were created in 2008, 534,600 jobs including 148,700 in the sphere of services and 124,400 in the sphere of homework were created in the first half of 2009 only. The parameters of creation of new jobs in 2009 were determined with due account of (1) the most important priorities that were defined in the report of the President of Uzbekistan on the results of social and economic development of Uzbekistan in 2008, and (2) main directions of Uzbekistan’s anti-crisis program for 2009-2012. While the world economic crisis has caused massive layoffs throughout the world including developed countries, its impact on the economy of Uzbekistan was not that much severe. On the contrary, Uzbekistan’s economy has grown with new jobs created. The latter is the outcome of well-organized and coordinated actions of State agencies responsible for labor issues, local authorities and employers, as well as strengthened control of the fulfillment of the basic parameters defined in the nationwide and regional employment programs. In order to promote homework, the government introduced necessary regulations, and approved a package of support measures. In accordance with the President’s Decree (5 January 2006) o n M easures for the Stimulation of Expanded Cooperation between Large- Scale Industrial Enterprises and the Services Sector through Promotion of Homework, the enterprises contributing to creation of new jobs for those who work at home are granted various incentives and privileges. The Uzbek homework promotion system differs from other countries’ practice in two ways. First, it targets predominantly women having many children, invalids, and pensioners. Second, it provides concrete mechanisms of support and stimulation of homework. Such a nonconventional means of increasing employment and household incomes in Uzbekistan plays an important role in engaging especially vulnerable categories of population – large-family women, invalids and other individuals with the limited work ability – in creative production activities. This article analyzes situation in the labor market in Uzbekistan, in particular in the sphere of homework industry. It also examines relevant economic indices, and the results of a survey conducted among enterprises and individuals involved in homework. This survey reveals that in s pite o f f avorable conditions, some persistent problems are impeding the steady development of homework industry. In conclusion, this article proposes to adopt special programs of homework support for the years 2010-2012, and take appropriate measures for creation of institutional units that would coordinate the activities of enterprises and home-workers taking account of their potential and demand. It also recommends that enterprises which require labor-consuming work such as carpet weaving, sewing production, or handicraft use home-workers more actively.

В последние годы в Республике Узбекистан происходят серьезные качественные изменения в решении проблемы занятости населения. В этом направлении наряду с ускоренным развитием малого бизнеса и частного предпринимательства, большая роль отводится развитию сферы услуг и надомного труда. Если за 2008 год было создано 660,9 тыс. новых рабочих мест, то в 1 полугодии 2009 года создано 534,6 тыс. новых р абочих м ест, в т ом ч исле 1 48,7 т ыс. в с фере у слуг и с ервиса и 124,4 тыс. в сфере развития надомного труда. В условиях глобального финансово-экономического кризиса создание новых рабочих мест, обеспечение занятости населения и последовательное повышение благосостояния народа имеет особую актуальность для любой страны. Параметры создания новых рабочих мест на 2009 год определены с учетом реализа цией важнейших приоритетов на 2009 год, определенных в докладе Президента Республики Узбекистан на заседании Кабинета Министров, посвященном итогам социально- экономического развития страны в 2008 году и важнейшим приоритетам экономической программы на 2009 год, и основных направлениях Антикризисной программы мер по предотвращению и нейтрализации последствий мирового экономического кризиса на 2009-2012 гг. Следует отметить, что на фоне разразившегося мирового экономического кризиса, обуславливающего сокращение рабочих мест в развитых странах, в Республике Узбекистан наблюдается высокий уровень экономического роста и создания новых рабочих мест. Это является результатом активных и скоординированных действий органов по труду, хокимиятов и работодателей, усиления контроля за выполнением основных параметров территориальных программ обеспечения занятости, поддержки и развития предпринимательства на уровне каждого района обеспечен существенный рост числа новых рабочих мест во всех сферах экономики. Для устойчивого развития надомного труда создана благоприятная нормативно-правовая база, система стимулов и поддержки. В соответствии с Указом Президента Республики Узбекистан от 5.01.2006г. «О мерах по стимулированию расширения кооперации между крупными промышленными предприятиями и производством услуг на базе развития надомного труда» предприятиям, организовавшим рабочие места надомного труда предоставлены льготы. Организация и механизм функционирования надомного труда в Узбекистане существенно отличается от зарубежной практики, прежде всего своей целевой направленностью (обеспечение занятости, в первую очередь многодетных женщин, инвалидов, пенсионеров), конкретными механизмами поддержки и стимулирования надомного труда. Эта фо рма нестандартного решения проблемы занятости и дополнительного источника увеличения доходов семейного бюджета в Узбекистане имеет огромное социальное значение для вовлечения в созидательную производственную деятельность граждан, в первую очередь, уязвимых категорий населения – женщин, в особенности многодетных, инвалидов и других лиц с ограниченной трудоспособностью. Данная статья анализирует ситуацию на рынке труда Республики Узбекистан, в частности в сфере надомничества. Проанализирована ситуация на рынке труда согласно экономическим показателям, проведен опрос среди предприятий, предпринимателей занимающихся надомным трудом, с связи с чем выявлено, что несмотря на созданные благоприятные условия имеются отдельные проблемы, связанные с устойчивым развитием надомного труда. В статье предлагается разработать Программы развития надомничества на 2010-2012 годы, принять соответствующие меры по формированию организационных структур для координации деятельности предприятий и надомников с учетом их потенциала и спроса, а также рекомендуется расширить создание рабочих мест надомного труда на предприятиях, размещающих заказы на такие трудоемкие работы, как ковроткачество, швейное производство, ремесленничество, изготовление разных наглядных пособий и т.д.

Russia and Korea are different enough to possess scores of comparative advantages with respect to each other, creating a substantial potential for trade and economic cooperation. However, trade between the two countries has been rather small. The successful resolution of geopolitical factors appears to be of utmost importance to the further development of economic ties between Russia and South Korea. In particular, resolving political tensions with North Korea is necessary for the successful implementation of the trans-Korean railway and gas pipe project that would significantly reduce South Korea’s energy costs and thus result in an increased comparative advantage. As a general conclusion, I would like to stress the importance of attaching more value to the economic, rather than political, approach to the issue of economic cooperation between Russia and the two Koreas. After all, whatever the political views and systems prevail, people will always respond to the economic incentives. Shifting the focus towards the consideration of such incentives will go a long way expanding the scope and the scale of the economic ties between Koreas and Russia, also relieving political tensions in the peninsula.