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가톨릭철학 [The Catholic Philosophy]

간행물 정보
  • 자료유형
    학술지
  • 발행기관
    한국가톨릭철학회 [The Korean Associotion of Philosophers]
  • pISSN
    1229-2915
  • 간기
    반년간
  • 수록기간
    1999 ~ 2020
  • 주제분류
    인문학 > 철학
  • 십진분류
    KDC 230 DDC 230
제6호 (16건)
No
1

권두언

장욱

한국가톨릭철학회 가톨릭철학 제6호 2004.03 pp.3-14

※ 원문제공기관과의 협약기간이 종료되어 열람이 제한될 수 있습니다.

[특집] 인 간

2

인간의 감정과 도덕 능력

서병창

한국가톨릭철학회 가톨릭철학 제6호 2004.03 pp.17-51

※ 원문제공기관과의 협약기간이 종료되어 열람이 제한될 수 있습니다.

Human being should have a prudence and a rightful appetite whose are one another uniting to be moral. Reason introduces a rightful end and proper means in conformity with human nature. Will morally acts by desiring them and making choice of them. There are both rational appetite of will and passion of sensible appetite in human appetite. If reason and will could not regulate and control passions, man could not be moral. How can man properly control his passion? Passion is the subject of habit and virtue like reason and will. For formation of habit, the subject should not be disposed necessarily according to his nature, should be capable of disposing well or ill to its form, should actualize a disposition which is not easily changed by acceptance of fast actions. The habit could be formed by subject’s nature and exterior principle, intensified or corrupted by like or contrary actions. Among habits virtue is a good quality in conformity with human nature. Reason have wisdom and understanding, science as intellectual knowledge, and prudence and art as practical knowledge. Will and passion have a temperance, fortitude, some various virtues whose are beyond sensible stage, justice having no concern with sense. Theological virtue consists of faith, hope and love whose are given by grace. Moral virtue is formed by rightful consideration of reason and rightful practice of will. However continence and incontinence happen in discord with reason and passion. Although such passion is more batter than that which is accord in malice, it is not right because that is discord in reason. In that case the prudence is imperfect, and the will is weak. As reason introspects doxa that produce fault passion, and fault results of excessive passion, will rightfully practices according to this means, that passion could be correct.

3

서병창 박사의 발표문에 대한 논평

채이병

한국가톨릭철학회 가톨릭철학 제6호 2004.03 pp.52-58

※ 원문제공기관과의 협약기간이 종료되어 열람이 제한될 수 있습니다.

4

헤겔 인간학에 대한 불충분한 고찰

이정일

한국가톨릭철학회 가톨릭철학 제6호 2004.03 pp.59-109

※ 원문제공기관과의 협약기간이 종료되어 열람이 제한될 수 있습니다.

헤겔은 인간을 철저하게 정신과 인격의 관점에서 이해한다. 그의 존재론은 이념 일원론으로서 이해된다. 왜냐하면 이념만이 가장 탁월한 의미에서 그 자체로서 현실적이기 때문이다. 이념의 타자는 없다. 거기로부터 이념은 정신의 절대성과 타자성을 누리게 된다. 정신은 타자를 통해서 자기를 발견한다. 정신은 자연을 자기에게 낯설고 대립된 것으로서가 아니라 자기의 거울로 다시 발견한다. 그런 한에서 정신은 항상 타자를 통해 자기를 알고 자기를 통해 타자를 알게 된다. 이런 매개된 충족 때문에 정신은 내면에만 갇힌 추상적 전체가 아니라 현실화된 전체가 된다. 정신은 자기를 증명하기 위해 주관 정신, 객관 정신, 절대 정신의 매개 과정을 남김 없이 거친다. 펼쳐진 전개가 바로 정신이 자기를 증명한 길이기도 하다. 노동을 통한 자연의 인간화, 타인을 통한 인정의 획득, 모든 실재성이고자 하는 의식의 확실성을 완성하는 것, 시간 속에서 참된 것을 펼치고 완성하는 것 모두는 정신이 자기를 증명하기 위해 거쳐 간 길이다. 유한한 것은 자신이 아닌 것이 되어야만 하고 동시에 자기인 것은 중지된다. 왜냐하면 유한한 것은 자기가 아닌 것에 의해 측정되고 거기로부터 자신의 현실성을 얻기 때문이다. 따라서 헤겔의 인간학은 철저하게 유한한 것의 자립성을 궁극적인 진리로 인정하지 않는다. 유한자 인간이 자신의 유한한 인간 조건을 포기함이 없이 무한한 것을 자기 내용으로 만든다는 점에서 유한자의 초극은 불가피하다. 유한자는 매개 연관의 전 계열을 거치면서 자신의 현실성을 비로소 의미 있는 전체로서 현실화한다. 철학은 참으로 있는 것의 파악을 목적으로 한다. 헤겔에게서 인간은 참으로 있는 것을 완성할 때 참된 의미에서 주체성과 인격성의 자격을 얻는다. 그것은 인간으로 하여금 절대성을 향하게 하고 그런 한에서 그것과의 매개를 통해 스스로의 현실성을 알게 한다. 이것은 일치와 불일치의 일치, 결합과 비결합의 결합, 동일과 비동일의 동일로서 역동적으로 전개된다. 차이에 의해 측정되고 차이를 해소해 가는 과정을 통해서 유한자는 무한성을 그때그때 현실적으로 증명한다. 헤겔은 우리에게 이런 긴장을 의식시킴으로써 인간을 가장 탁월한 의미에서 정신적 본질로 파악하고 있다.

Der Mensch vollendet sich im ausgezeichneten Sinne als die geistige Person, insofern er sowohl die adquate Einheit von Begriff und Bestimmtheit(=Realitt) als auch die vermittelte Adquatheit von Endlichkeit und Unendlichkeit in Erfllung zu bringen fhig ist. Hieraus wird auch ein ambivalentes Verhltnis einsichtig, daß das Endliche ist, was es nicht ist, und nicht ist, was es ist. Dadurch, daß es fr anderes ist, hat es seine Wesenheit in dem, was es nicht ist, da es durch die wahrhafteste Idee auszumessen ist. Von dem Sein dessen her aber, was es zwar nicht ist, aber vermitteln, ist es in paradoxer Weise erst sinnvoll, weil es seine Wirklichkeit aus dem haben, was es selbst nicht ist. Die unleugbare Tatsache, daß der menschliche Geist im eigentlichem Sinne durch Idee auszumessen ist, liegt daran, daß sie als die allumfassende und bergreifende Wirklichkeit zur Darstellung kommt. Hegels Metaphysik wird in dieser Hinsicht als Ideemonismus gefaßt, insofern sie das Sein als solches an und fr sich in Betracht zieht. Die Selbstbestimmung des menschlichen Geistes vollendet sich als solche vermittelte Einheit, so daß der Anspruch des Selbstbewußtseins darauf, alle Realitt zu sein, durch die absolute Negativitt zur Entfaltung kommt. Es handelt sich der menschlichen Freiheit immer darum, sein Worumwillen auf dem Boden der absoluten Idee in Vollendung zu bringen. Der Mensch erwesit sich als solche vermittelte Geschichtlichkeit, die Natur vermenschlichen zu knnen und durch den Anderen an Anerkennung zu gewinnen. Das ist eine unabdingbare Bedingung fr die Menschwerdung des Menschen, da sonst seine Verwirklichung zum Scheitern verurteilt ist. So betrachtet kommt zum Schluß, daß Geist sich seiner selbst bewußt ist, indem er die Natur als das Seinige wiederzuerkennen befhig ist. Im negativen Sinne bedeutet Vermittlung solche Emanzipation, sich von solcher ontologischen Isolation von der Realitt befreien zu knnen. Im positiven Sinne soll sie als die vermittelte Erfllung zur Darstellung kommen, insofern sie den bergreifenden und allumfassenden Inbegriff aller Realitt zu ihrem Inhalt zu machen fhig ist. Der Logos, als das Resultat seiner selbst, d.h. seiner eigenen Vermittlung mit sich durch alle Bewußtseinsstufe hindurch, hat die Trennung von Form und Inhalt, Subjektivitt und Objektivitt, von Begriff und Gegenstand aufgelst. Die unendliche Freiheit, welche in der Persnlichkeit des Menschen wurzelt, entfaltet sich als die Macht der absoluten Negativitt, insofern sie ihre ausfhrliche Bildungsstufe durchsetzen kann. Die Übereinstimmung des Selbst mit sich selbst kommt nur dann zur Verwirklichung, wenn es die sich vermittelnde Unmittelbarkeit zum Inhalt zu machen befhigt ist. Die vermittelte Einheit von Wirklichkeit und Vernunft erweist sich als die ausfhrlich entfaltete Vollendung des sich transparent machenden Vermittlungszusammenhangs, welche in seinem ganzen System zur spekulativen Idee fhrt. Die Auffassung dessen, was in Wahrheit ist, versteht sich und rechtfertigt sich als Vollzug des sich anstrengenden Begriffs, indem er solchen Versuch macht, sich von der Gefahr der ontologischen Isolierung zu befreien zu knnen. Nur unter diesem Horizont der wahrhaften Wirklcihkeit, die im emminenten Sinne mit dem ontos on identisch ist, kommt Idee als die erfllte Einheit von Begriff und Objektivitt zur Vollendung. “Die Idee ist der adquate Begriff, das objektive Wahre oder das Wahre als solches. Wenn irgend etwas Wahrheit hat, hat es durch seine Idee, oder etwas hat nur Wahrheit, insofern es Idee ist”(LII 407). So gesehen folgt Wahrheit immer ihrer erfllten Wirklichkeit der Idee, welche fr Bewußtsein auf den Maßstab der endgltigen Wahrheit wirkt. Im demselben Kontext versteht sich, daß das Ganze nur das Wahre vertritt. Erst unter diesem Horizont kann sachgerecht von der Metaphysik der Idee gesprochen werden. Es handelt sich dem philosophischen Ideemonismus immer darum, Substanz(=causa sui) als die entfaltete Subjektivitt in Vollendung zu bringen, da sonst die Vollendung dessen, was an und fr sich in Wirklichkeit ist, unmglich ist. Die Aufgabe der wahrhaften Spekulation besteht darin, solchen unhaltbaren Gegensatz zwischen Endlichkeit und Unendlichkeit, Einem und Vielem, Begriff und Wirklichkeit, Sein und Sollen, Geist und Natur, welchen der rsonierende Verstand fr unberwindlich hlt, flssig zu machen. Daraus stellt sich heraus, daß die vershnte Einheit von Endlichkeit und Unendlichkeit ber die fixierte Gegenstze hinaus zur wahrhaften Einheit kommt. In dieser Hinsicht wohnt der Mensch im ausgezeichneten Sinne in der vermittelten Einheit von Individualitt und Allgemeinheit, wie Hegel solche vermittelte Persnlichkeit als die absolute Subjektivitt bezeichnete.

5

이정일 박사의 발표문에 대한 논평

이경수

한국가톨릭철학회 가톨릭철학 제6호 2004.03 pp.110-117

※ 원문제공기관과의 협약기간이 종료되어 열람이 제한될 수 있습니다.

6

'인간'에 관한 베르그송의 고찰

정순현

한국가톨릭철학회 가톨릭철학 제6호 2004.03 pp.118-138

※ 원문제공기관과의 협약기간이 종료되어 열람이 제한될 수 있습니다.

La mtaphysique bergsonienne consiste la notion de la dure et de la vie. La dure et la vie, en tant que le vrai temps, sont la gense du concept central de l’homme. L’homme est du temps, le produit du temps et en mme temps le temps en gnral. Pour Bergson, il est, avant tout, par dfinition Homo faber. Il est n pour agir, non pas pour philosopher. Mais l’action de l’homme qui a l’origine de la vie, a la possibilit de dpasser sa condition humaine, et enfin, de se saisirer la ralit elle-mme. Mais cela exige l’effort de quasi-divin de l’homme. Cet effort signifie l’intuition de la dure. Dans le bergsonisme, l’homme est, en droit, la libert et la cration. Mais, en fait, il commence par la double fonction de la perception et de la mmoire pour accumuler l’nergie et contracter les intervalles du temps. Ensuite, l’intelligence humaine, aprs avoir comprise la matire, dveloppe son rle et se prolonge dans la technique. La perception, l’intelligence, la technique sont les trois moyens essentiels de la condition de l’homme libre. Ns comme Homo faber, les tres humains vont se comprendre sa vocation et enfin peuvent devenir l’homme sage.

7

정순현 박사의 발표문에 대한 논평

주성호

한국가톨릭철학회 가톨릭철학 제6호 2004.03 pp.139-142

※ 원문제공기관과의 협약기간이 종료되어 열람이 제한될 수 있습니다.

8

셀러(Max Scheler)의 인간 이해 - 그의 정신의 의미를 중심으로 -

진교훈

한국가톨릭철학회 가톨릭철학 제6호 2004.03 pp.143-172

※ 원문제공기관과의 협약기간이 종료되어 열람이 제한될 수 있습니다.

Wir koennen in der drei Phasen im Werk von Max Scheler seine Grundgedanken ueber den Menschen finden. Die Werke von Max Scheler lassen erkennen, dass er seinem Denken nacheinander drei thematische Schwerpunkte gegeben und dabei jedesmal einen neuen inhaltlichen Menschensgedanke eingenommen hat. In seiner Fruehephase behandelt er vorwiegend methologische Fragen und vertritt einen Standpunkt, der der Lehre vom Geist seines Lehrers Eucken nahesteht. In seiner mittleren Phase wendet er sich vorwiegend Fragen der Ethik und der Wertphilosophie zu und bekennt sich ausdruecklich zum Katholizismus. In seiner dritten Phase gilt seine Bemuehung vorwiegend Fragen der philosophischen Anthropologie und der von ihm begruendeten Soziologie des Wissens. Er ist nach dem ersten Weltkrieg ueberzeugt von dem Gegensatz zwischen ohnmaechtigen Idealfaktoren und uebermaechtigen Realfaktoren im Leben des Individuums und der Gesellschaft und kann sich deshalb nicht mehr Katholizismus bekennen. Vor allem das Bild von Scheler als dem katholischen Philosophen ist fuer seinen Einfluss auf die katholische Theologie und die gegenwartige Religionsphilosophie bestimmend geworden und hat in dieser Hinsicht, weit ueber seinen Tod hinaus, die Wirkungsgeschichte seiner Philosophie bestimmt.

9

진교훈 교수의 발표문에 대한 논평

혀재윤

한국가톨릭철학회 가톨릭철학 제6호 2004.03 pp.173-181

※ 원문제공기관과의 협약기간이 종료되어 열람이 제한될 수 있습니다.

10

로마노 과르디니의 인간관

전헌호

한국가톨릭철학회 가톨릭철학 제6호 2004.03 pp.182-216

※ 원문제공기관과의 협약기간이 종료되어 열람이 제한될 수 있습니다.

Romano Guardini war einer von bedeutensten Fhrer in 20 Jahrhundert. Er war katholischer Priester, Philosopher, Dogmatiker und Kulturkritiker. Er hat ca. 40 Jahre lang als Professor fr Religionsphilosophie und christliche Weltanschauung in Berlin, Tbingen, Mnchener Universitt unterrichtet und ber 100 Bcher verffentlicht. Nebenbei hat er fr liturgische Erneuerung und fr Jugendbewegung gearbeitet. Was er sein Lebenlang gesucht hat, war Wahrheit. Wahrheit ist fr ihn die Kraftvollste und Friedenschaffendeste. Was fr ihn Wahrheit ist, sind die Kirche und Offenbarung. Die Kirche und Offenbarung sind fr Guardini Grundlage seiner Philosophie und Theologie. Guardinis Gedanken ber Gestalt, Individualitt und Persnlichkeit sind vorbereitende Hinweise auf die Frage nach der Person. Person ist eine Einheit von Gestalt, Individualitt und Persnlichkeit, also ein gestaltetes, in Innerlichkeit begrndetes, geistig bestimmtes und schaffendes Wesen. Die drei Stufen beschrieben phnomenologisch―von außen nach innen―die Gesamterscheinung dessen, was Person ist. Wenn es um die Person im eigentlichen Sinn geht, erst die Wer-Frage gibt Antwort. Wer ist Dieser da? Im Ich kommt zum Ausdruck, was Person im eigentlichen Sinn bedeutet. Dadurch, daß der Mensch Ich sagen kann, ist er Person. Damit verlßt Guardini die phnomenologische Betrachtungsweise und fragt ontologisch nach den Sein, dem Trger aller personalen Schichten. Die Ausarbeitung einer Lehre vom Menschen als Person, die bis in die letzten Tiefen menschlicher Existenz als gottbestimmtes Dasein fhrt, gehrt zu den unverkennbaren Leistungen Guardinis im Bereich der Anthropolgie. Guardinis Anthropologie setzt nicht von unten, bei der Wirklichkeit des Menschseins ohne Einbeziehung von Gnade und Offenbarung an. Sein ganzes Denken ber den Menschen beinhaltet vielmehr eine dezidierte Anthropologie von oben, die aus der Mitte christlicher Offenbarungswirklichkeit, also von Gott her den Menschen betrachtet. Insofern Guardini die konkret-lebendige Gestalt mitsamt ihren Bezgen in den Bick nimmt, zugleich aber an einem ontologisch fundierten Personbegriff festhlt, stellt seine Betrachtungsweise eine Synthese von Phnomenologie und traditioneller Metaphysik dar. Gauardinis Personverstndnis steht somit in einer Art Mittelposition zwischen dem traditionellen Personbegriff und dem des dialogischen Personalismus mit seiner Betonung der Relation in der Begegnung von Ich und Du. Mit den Hinweise auf das schpferische Wort Gottes vollzieht Guardini den Schritt von der Philosophie zur Theologie und erreicht damit das Thema Person und Gott, das sich als zentraler Angelpunkt seines Denkens erweist. Man kann den Menschen nicht so verstehen, daß er als geschlossene Gestalt in sich bestnde und lebte, sondern er existiert in der Form einer Beziehung: Von Gott her, auf Gott hin. Der Mensch ist Mensch nur in der Beziehung zu Gott. Das von Gott her und auf Gott hin begrndet sein Wesen.

11

전헌호 신부의 발표문에 대한 논평

김융자

한국가톨릭철학회 가톨릭철학 제6호 2004.03 pp.217-220

※ 원문제공기관과의 협약기간이 종료되어 열람이 제한될 수 있습니다.

12

토마스 아퀴나스의 폭력에 대한 이해

장욱

한국가톨릭철학회 가톨릭철학 제6호 2004.03 pp.221-267

※ 원문제공기관과의 협약기간이 종료되어 열람이 제한될 수 있습니다.

Thomas Aquinas, the renown Christian theologian of the thirteenth century, was also a philosopher in his own right. He treated nearly all the important philosophical problems of his time and he also treated the problem of violence extensively from diverse perspectives. Thomas Aquinas did not treat violence as such in a separate work. He, however, he came to treat various forms of violence in different contexts. In defining violence, Aristotle had not distinguished it clearly from coercion. Thomas Aquinas accepted his definition of violence: Violence is an act which is against the natural tendency of a thing or against the human voluntary act. But not all such acts, however, are acts of violence and also there are other kinds of acts of violence. Therefore, the above definition is nothing more than the definition of coercion. Thomas Aquinas did not give a definition of violence of his own. But one can readily discern his understanding of violence from his use of the term, violence, in various theological and philosophical contexts. For him, violence is any use of power which is against the reason, or which is not rationally justifiable. Thomas Aquinas considers various types of acts of violence in the contexts of man’s relation to nature, of his voluntary act, of his relation with fellow men and of the human community and finally of man’s relation to God. According to him, apart from the acts of violence against God, the most serious acts of violence are those against the human person, his dignity and inalienable rights in the individual relations and in the socio-political community. Nearly all the contemporary forms of violence are ultimately reducible to the basic types of violence which Thomas Aquinas analysed. Therefore, Thomas Aquinas’ comprehensive analysis of acts of violence can serve not only as a valuable historical background but also as a metaphysical background for the study of the contemporary forms of violence. Nevertheless, in order to understand the contemporary forms of violence, it does not suffice to have the knowledge of an abstract definition of violence and of its various genera according to the objects of violence, how valuable such a knowledge may be. For that purpose, it is necessary to have also a knowledge of the specifically contemporary forms of violence as well as a critical assessment of the essence and characteristics of the contemporary Western culture, from which they originate or with which they at least have close relationships.

[연구논문]

13

마키아벨리의 권력과 폭력

김영선

한국가톨릭철학회 가톨릭철학 제6호 2004.03 pp.268-290

※ 원문제공기관과의 협약기간이 종료되어 열람이 제한될 수 있습니다.

The purpose of this paper lies in accounting for the relation between power and violence in Machiavelli’s Il principe. He wrote it, expecting the appearance of a new prince who could make Italy unified. The new prince as a ruler of the new principality is neither one who succeeded the power by heredity nor the one who is entrusted with power by consent. His power results from his own ability, that is virt. Virt does not mean morally good virtue but capability to effectively use means that is necessary for achieving political purpose. In other words, it is a kind of ability allows to use violence and cunning well. The new prince is a innovator who destroy old regime and construct new one. His innovation is done by violence. But his violence is justified in sofar as it is not just for destruction but for re-establishment of social order. Machiavelli claims that the prince’s violence is inevitable but it must be used in the right way. Using violence in the right way means that the prince should use it “straightforwardly” for his own safety and should not use it repetitively. On the other hand, violence used in the wrong way increases its strength and frequence. Violence used in the right way should result not in hatred but in fear of prince. Machiavelli suggests two kinds of advice that the new prince should consider to maintain his power. It is about his military power and behavior norm. The prince should have his own armies and expert in technique of war. And he should act immorally for his preservation. What Machiavelli asserts in the book is that power is acquired and maintained by violence. In short, violence is main means of power. However, the ruling relation made by violence is just the relation between forceful command and coerced submission. The ruled obey the order because of the fear of the ruler. In the sense that the prince should make the ruled follow ‘his own law’ to maintain his power, the violence is an unavoidable means. In this case, there is no room for justice. There is nothing but pursuit of keeping power. Everything is chosen and decided only from the point of the prince’s profit. But such a power-for-power principle, ignoring the right use of power, will make just inhuman and oppressive regime by means of violence.

연구논문

14

스피노자의 형이상학과 폭력

김규선

한국가톨릭철학회 가톨릭철학 제6호 2004.03 pp.291-314

※ 원문제공기관과의 협약기간이 종료되어 열람이 제한될 수 있습니다.

This study is concerned on the foundation of violence with the metaphysics of Spinoza. Contemporary societies, relied on Modern Reason, have a lots of the problems occurred by violences. And we accept Western Rationalism without the critic evaluation, free from the traditional values. In this respects, it shows that the reason Spinoza’s philosophy argued related to the problems of violence. And it is tried that provides a ground of the next theme “Human nature and Violence.” For the study of the foundation of violence, there are two ways in the philosophy of Spinoza. One is that the study on the rationality insulted by Spinoza and the study on the settlements of violence with it. The other is the verifying the fundamental elements of violence involved in Spinozistic system. Studying for the latter case, it appears the former step by step. It is clear that the characteristics of Spinoza’s theories of nature and man and relations with the foundation of violence are revealed. That is, to clarify the view of the world and understandings of nature, Spinoza’s metaphysics stands on the forces under the causality of nature. In Spinoza, it appears that human as mode makes relations with others concluding all things like as relations of the power affected by the modern thought. It is to say, in Spinoza, passion, reason, and virtues. According to Spinoza, the problems by the passions are solved by conatus, reason, and the virtue etc. and that is the processing of the power system in human nature. It is true that the metaphysical system of Spinoza accepts the approvement of the modern mechanical powers and the approvement of that system under the modern rationalization. Therefore, in this study, it seems that some metaphysical foundations of the violence is included in human nature forced by modern rationality, through the thought of Spinoza.

서평

15

김현태, 『철학과 신의 존재』- 철학과현실사, 2003, 580쪽 -

이재룡

한국가톨릭철학회 가톨릭철학 제6호 2004.03 pp.315-320

※ 원문제공기관과의 협약기간이 종료되어 열람이 제한될 수 있습니다.

부록

16

한국가톨릭철학회 회칙 외

한국가톨릭철학회 가톨릭철학 제6호 2004.03 pp.322-330

※ 원문제공기관과의 협약기간이 종료되어 열람이 제한될 수 있습니다.

 
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