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This study examines the institutional status of semi-permanent makeup following the enactment of the Tattooist Act in 2025 and proposes directions for introducing a national qualification system. Semi-permanent makeup is an invasive cosmetic procedure involving pigment injection into the epidermal and dermal layers, carrying risks such as infection, allergic reactions, and pigment abnormalities. Despite its widespread acceptance as a beauty service, its legal and institutional framework remains unclear and continues to mainly rely on private certification systems. This study employed literature review, legal and policy analysis, and comparative analysis of related laws, judicial precedents, and domestic and international qualification systems. The findings show that the Tattooist Act establishes a dual regulatory structure separating medical invasive procedures from non-medical tattoo-related practices, thereby redefining the legal status of semi-permanent makeup. However, existing national beauty qualifications do not adequately reflect the competencies required for invasive cosmetic procedures. Accordingly, this study proposes a competency-based national qualification model integrating qualification standards, hygiene management, licensing, and continuing education to strengthen public health, consumer safety, and sustainable industry development.

本研究旨在探讨2025 年纹身师法颁布后半永久彩妆的制度定位并提出国家资格 制度的建设方向半永久彩妆是将色素注入表皮及真皮层的侵入性美容操作存在感染过 敏反应色素异常等风险尽管该技术作为美容服务形态已被广泛接受但其法律与制度体 系仍不清晰目前行业主要依赖民间资格体系本研究通过文献梳理法律政策分析相关 法令与判例研究国内外资格制度比较分析开展研究结果表明纹身师法确立了医疗 侵入行为与非医疗纹身行为分类规制的二元监管框架重新明确了半永久彩妆的法律地位 但现行国家美容职业资格未能充分覆盖侵入性美容操作所需的岗位胜任能力据此本研究 提出整合资格准入标准卫生管理规范执业执照核发继续教育体系的能力导向型国家资 格模型以期为保障公共卫生安全维护消费者权益推动产业可持续发展提供支撑.

This study examined the effects of AI-based makeup recommendation services on K-makeup acceptanceattitudes and behavioral intention and explored the relationships among these variables. A survey was conducted with 200consumers who had used AI-based makeup recommendation services. The data were analyzed using SPSS 25.0 throughfrequency, factor, reliability, correlation, and regression analyses. The results showed that the accuracy, personalization,and convenience of AI-based makeup recommendation services positively influenced consumers’ cognitive, emotional,and behavioral attitudes toward K-makeup acceptance. These factors also had significant positive effects on purchaseintention, usage intention, and recommendation intention. Furthermore, K-makeup acceptance attitudes significantlyaffected behavioral intention, indicating that positive attitudes toward AI-based services are likely to lead to actualconsumer behavior. These findings suggest that AI-based makeup recommendation services function not only astechnological tools but also as key drivers of personalized consumer experiences and behavioral intention. This studycontributes to a better understanding of the relationships among AI-based beauty services, K-makeup acceptanceattitudes, and behavioral intention, and provides practical implications for consumer-oriented strategies in the digitalbeauty industry.

本研究旨在分析AI 彩妆推荐服务对消费者K - 彩妆接受态度与行为意向的影响厘清变量间的结构关系本研究以200 名有AI 彩妆推荐服务使用经验的消费者为对象开展问卷调查采用SPSS 25.0 软件进行频率分析因子分析信度分析相关分析与回归分析结果表明AI 彩妆推荐服务的准确性个性化与便捷性均对K - 彩妆接受态度的认知情感行为三维度产生显著正向影响同时对购买意向使用意向传播意向等行为意向具有显著正向作用K - 彩妆接受态度同样对AI 服务的行为意向存在显著正向影响证实消费者的积极态度可转化为实际行为研究讨论表明AI 彩妆推荐服务已超越单纯的技术工具属性是强化消费者情感体验提供个性化消费体验的核心要素凸显了数字美妆产业中超个性化服务策略的重要价值本研究系统阐明了AI 彩妆服务与K - 彩妆接受态度行为意向的内在关联具有一定学术意义可为未来数字美妆产业发展消费者导向服务策略制定提供基础依据.

This study explores new possibilities for digital art makeup design by integrating the concept of dépaysement,a key technique in Surrealist aesthetics, with generative AI technology. The study analyzes the visual characteristics ofK-pop group aespa’s Savage and Girls albums, which represent a hybrid worldview of virtuality and reality. The formativefeatures of dépaysement were derived based on Suzi Gablik’s object combination framework. In addition, emotionalvocabulary was extracted through Focus Group Interviews (FGI) with 15 experts and the Semantic Differential (SD)method. Based on these findings, a structured text prompt for generative AI image creation was developed and applied toproduce digital art makeup images. The results show that Savage emphasizes surreal characteristics, such as objectisolation and transformation, while Girls highlights the combination of heterogeneous concepts and polarized meanings,reflecting a futuristic aesthetic. These findings suggest that integrating dépaysement with AI prompt design can expandnew expressive possibilities in digital beauty art. This study demonstrates the potential convergence of Surrealistaesthetics and AI technology and provides a foundational framework for future AI-based research and education in beautydesign.

与生成式AI 技术融合, 探索数字艺术妆容设计的全新表达路径. 研究以视觉化呈现“虚实融合” 世界观的K-POP 组合aespa 《Savage》《Girls》两张专辑为对象分析其概念海报与视觉元素的呈现特征研究方法为以超现实主义物件组合类型为基础提炼去语境化的造型特征面向15 名美妆与设计领域专家通过焦点小组访谈(FGI)与语义差异法(SD 法)系统提取感性词汇据此构建适配生成式AI 的文本提示词框架最终完成数字艺术妆容图像创作结果显示《Savage》呈现出强调对象孤立形态变形的超现实主义特征《Girls》则体现出异质概念拼接意义两极分化的未来主义特征本研究验证了移置法与AI技术的融合可能性为拓展数字彩妆设计的创作方法论夯实学科理论基础提供了参考.

This study examined the effect of phenylethyl alcohol (PEA) concentration on quantitative EEG indices and subjective emotional evaluation in women in their 20s. Thirty healthy women were exposed to five PEA concentrations (0%, 0.01%, 0.1%, 1%, 10%) for 20 seconds each, with 21-channel EEG recorded using the international 10-20 system. Indices included change values relative to baseline (CVB) for θ, α, β, γ bands, regional α CVB, frontal α CVB (RFA), frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA), spectral edge frequency CVB (SEF50, SEF90), and a five-item semantic differential (SD) scale (Q1–Q5). Q6 was excluded a priori due to low suitability for PEA's olfactory profile. One-way repeated-measures ANOVA with Greenhouse–Geisser correction and Bonferroni post-hoc tests was applied. No neurophysiological index showed a significant main effect, with only occipital α CVB at a borderline level (p_GG = .090). Among SD items, freshness (Q5) showed a significant main effect (F(4, 116) = 3.960, p_GG = .014, ηp² = .087); however, no pairwise difference reached significance, and the finding is interpreted as a concentration-dependent tendency. Results suggest that concentration effects of single-compound PEA may emerge more clearly through integrated emotional evaluation than through short-term EEG, supporting parallel use of neurophysiological and subjective measurement in fragrance design.

中文摘要:本研究验证了单一化合物苯乙醇（Phenylethyl Alcohol, PEA）的浓度梯度对20-29 岁女性定量脑电图指标与主观情绪评价的影响。研究招募30 名健康20 + 女性受试者，呈现5 种浓度的PEA 刺激（0%、0.01%、0.1%、1%、10%），按照国际10-20 电极系统采用21 通道脑电图设备，每次刺激采集20 秒脑电信号。观测指标包括：θ、α、β、γ 频段相对功率变化率（CVB），各脑区α 波相对功率变化率，额叶α 波相对功率变化率（RFA），额叶α 波不对称性（FAA），频谱边缘频率变化率（CVB_SEF50、SEF90），以及语义差异量表（SD）5 个题项（Q1~Q5，Q6 因与PEA 香气属性匹配度低，在研究前剔除）。统计采用单因素重复测量方差分析，结合Greenhouse–Geisser 校正与Bonferroni 事后检验。结果显示：所有神经生理指标的浓度主效应均未达显著水平，仅枕叶α 波相对功率变化率出现临界统计趋势（p_GG=.090）；语义差异量表第5 题的浓度效应显著(F(4, 116)=3.960, p_GG=.014, ηp²=.087)，但事后检验未检出显著的浓度配对差异，仅可视为浓度依赖趋势层面的探索性结论。研究提示，单一化合物PEA 的浓度效应在综合情绪评价中的表现比短期脑电指标更显著，建议香料与化妆品行业在产品浓度设计中，结合神经生理测量与主观情绪评价两类方法。

This phenomenological study aimed to explore the meaning and essence of disease treatment experiences among North Korean defectors living in South Korea. Methods: The participants in this study were eight North Korean defectors who experienced disease treatment in South Korean healthcare institutions. Data were collected through in-depth interviews from January to March 2026 and analyzed using Giorgi’s descriptive phenomenological method. Results: Six constituents and twelve sub-constituents were identified from the participants’ disease treatment experiences. The six constituents were: confusion and intimidation within an unfamiliar healthcare system, treatment avoidance and delay due to financial burden, treatment behaviors characterized by endurance and neglect, pain and perseverance during treatment, relief and security experienced in healthcare settings, and reconstruction of the meaning of treatment in relation to life. Thus, participants experienced confusion and economic burden while adapting to an unfamiliar healthcare system and tended to endure illness rather than actively seek treatment. However, systematic care and support from healthcare professionals fostered relief, security, and a renewed appreciation of health and life. Conclusions: Disease treatment experiences among North Korean defectors involve complex processes of sociocultural adaptation, survival, economic challenges, emotional change, and meaning-making. The findings provide a foundation for developing culturally sensitive nursing interventions and healthcare services for North Korean defectors.

本研究为现象学研究，旨在揭示脱北居民在韩国接受疾病治疗体验的内涵与本质。研究选取8 名定居韩国、有韩国医疗机构就诊经历的脱北居民为研究对象，于2026 年1-3 月通过深度访谈收集资料，按照Giorgi 现象学分析程序进行资料分析。结果显示，脱北居民的疾病治疗体验可提炼为6 个核心主题、12 个次级主题。6 个核心主题分别为：在陌生医疗体系中摸索方向、在经济压力下犹豫治疗、习惯隐忍的身体观念、强忍痛苦坚持治疗、在照护中获得安心、通过治疗重寻生命意义。受访者对韩国发达的医疗环境持肯定态度，但因对医疗体系认知不足、经济负担产生畏难与迷茫感；受朝鲜时期形成的生存型健康观念影响，普遍存在带病忍耐的行为倾向。另一方面，医护人员的关怀与规范化诊疗使其获得安全感，疾病治疗的经历也让其重新认知健康与生命的价值。结论：脱北居民的疾病治疗体验并非单纯的医疗服务使用过程，而是社会文化适应、生存经验、经济现实、情绪变化与生命意义建构交织的复合过程。研究结果可为脱北居民健康管理方案、护理干预项目开发提供基础依据，也提示临床护理需兼顾文化特性，提供定制化护理服务。

This study aimed to suggest new directions for the development of hair design as a form of formative art by applying the characteristics of Jackson Pollock’s action painting techniques, particularly the dripping technique and all-over painting, to hairstyling. In terms of research methodology, the study was based on qualitative inquiry through a review of the literature, preliminary data collection, and the process of creating artistic works. By emphasizing the free flow of lines and the overlapping effects of diverse colors found in action painting, the study sought to reinterpret these expressive qualities in upstyles and cut designs through three-dimensional structures and textural expression, thereby creating a sense of dynamic movement and spatial depth. The findings demonstrated that when the dripping and all-over painting techniques were applied to hairstyling, organically interconnected lines and points could be effectively visualized to express both visual rhythm and sensory energy simultaneously. In addition, the integration of movement, chance elements, and spontaneous rhythm shared by both hair design and action painting suggests the potential for creative integration that transcends the conventional boundaries of pictorial art. In this respect, the study is meaningful in presenting a new approach that combines fine art and beauty art as a unified creative medium. It is expected that further research will continue to support the growth and creative development of the beauty field.

本研究将杰克逊・波洛克行动绘画中的滴画法、满幅绘画法的表现特征应用于发型设计，探索发型设计作为造型艺术的发展路径。研究以文献研究、基础资料梳理、作品创作实践为基础，采用质性研究范式展开。研究将行动绘画强调的自由线条流动、多层色彩叠加效果应用于盘发、剪发设计，通过立体结构与质感表达进行艺术转译，实现动态韵律与空间视觉效果。结果表明，滴画法与满幅绘画法应用于发型设计时，线条与点的有机结合可同时传递视觉韵律与感官张力，实现高效的艺术视觉化表达；发型设计与行动绘画的动态性、偶然性、即兴韵律等特征可深度融合，具备突破绘画艺术边界的拓展价值。本研究以绘画艺术与美容艺术的跨界融合为切入点，推动其成为全新的创作媒介，期望后续研究持续助力美妆领域的创新发展。

This study examines the necessity of introducing a Makeup Master Craftsman certification in response to the specialization of the beauty industry and makeup occupations. A literature review and focus group interview (FGI) with makeup experts were conducted to analyze the limitations of the current qualification system and the feasibility of introducing an advanced certification. The findings show that the current national qualification system remains limited to the craftsman level, making it difficult to evaluate advanced expertise, practical adaptability, and creative competencies in the makeup field. Experts also agreed that an advanced qualification system is needed to recognize professional competence and support career development. Therefore, the introduction of a Makeup Master Craftsman certification should be considered an institutional improvement reflecting industrial change and occupational specialization. Establishing this system is expected to enhance professionalism and industrial competitiveness in the makeup field.

本研究旨在探讨美容产业专业化发展背景下，设立彩妆技能长（高级技能资格）职业资格制度的必要性。随着影视、时尚、演出、广告、美妆内容产业的发展，彩妆领域不断细分、专业化程度持续提升，对彩妆从业者的要求已从单纯技术能力，拓展至创造力、趋势研判能力、形象策划能力与现场应变能力。但现行国家技术资格体系仅覆盖技能师层级，难以系统评价高技能专业人才的综合能力。本研究采用文献研究与专家焦点小组访谈（FGI）相结合的方法，梳理相关先行研究、国家技术资格制度文献与政策资料，并分析彩妆岗位职能、现行资格体系的局限及设立高级资格制度的可行性。研究表明，彩妆领域已发展为独立的专业职业赛道，产业对高技能专业人才的需求持续增长；而现行资格体系无法充分匹配高阶岗位能力要求与专业属性，存在明显制度局限。因此，设立彩妆技能长资格是适配产业变革、响应职业专业化需求的制度优化路径，构建高阶资格体系将有助于强化彩妆行业的专业属性，提升产业核心竞争力。

This study aimed to examine the effects of SNS content characteristics of beauty academies on visit intention and to verify the mediating effect of brand awareness among consumers in their teens and twenties in the Busan and Gyeongnam regions. To achieve this, a survey was conducted among consumers who acquired beauty-related information through SNS or intended to visit beauty academies, and 188 valid responses were analyzed using SPSS 25.0. The data were analyzed through frequency analysis, exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, Pearson’s correlation analysis, and hierarchical regression analysis. Results showed that the sub-factors of SNS content characteristics, namely reliability, informativeness, interactivity, and entertainment, had significant positive correlations with both brand awareness and visit intention. In addition, brand awareness was found to have a partial mediating effect on the relationship between SNS content characteristics and visit intention. These findings indicate that the SNS content of beauty academies not only directly influences visit intention but also indirectly enhances visit intention through the formation of brand awareness. Therefore, beauty academies need to strengthen the qualitative characteristics of their SNS content and encourage visits from prospective students through consistent brand exposure.

本研究以釜山、庆南地区10-20 岁消费者为对象，验证美容学院SNS 内容特征对受众到访意向的影响，以及品牌认知度的中介作用。研究以通过SNS 获取美容信息、有美容学院到访意愿的消费者为样本开展问卷调查，最终回收有效问卷188 份，采用SPSS 25.0 进行数据分析。分析方法包括频率分析、探索性因子分析、信度分析、Pearson 相关分析、分层回归分析。结果显示：SNS 内容特征的四个维度—— 可靠性、信息性、互动性、娱乐性，均与品牌认知度、到访意向呈显著正相关；品牌认知度在SNS 内容特征与到访意向的关系中发挥部分中介作用。这说明美容学院的SNS 内容不仅直接影响受众到访意愿，还可通过品牌认知度建设间接提升引流效果。据此，美容学院需提升SNS 内容质量，通过持续统一的品牌曝光，推动潜在学员到访转化。

Interest in dermocosmetics has grown as consumers use cosmetics not just for aesthetic purposes but also to improve and support skin health. Accordingly, this study aimed to analyze the purchasing behavior of dermocosmetic consumers and examine the impact of dermocosmetic purchase tendencies on consumer satisfaction. A survey was conducted with 218 women in their 20s to 40s who had experience purchasing dermocosmetics. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 30.0 through frequency analysis, cross-tabulation analysis, factor analysis, reliability testing, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. The results are as follows:Dermocosmetic consumers showed high purchase rates for toners, emulsions, creams, and essences. Among these, products with moisturizing effects were the most popular, and drugstores were the most common purchase channel. Correlation analysis between dermocosmetic purchase tendencies and consumer satisfaction revealed that hedonic, conspicuousness-seeking, trend-seeking, and brand-loyalty-seeking tendencies had significant positive correlations with all consumer satisfaction factors. Analysis of the impact of dermocosmetic purchase tendencies on consumer satisfaction indicated that hedonic, prudence-seeking, and brand-loyalty-seeking tendencies significantly influenced consumer satisfaction. These results suggest that individual purchase tendencies affect consumer satisfaction in the dermocosmetic purchasing process, and purchasing behavior may vary depending on these tendencies. Based on these findings, it is expected that the study can provide a foundation for dermocosmetic product planning and the development of effective marketing strategies.

随着消费者对化妆品的需求从单纯美容转向皮肤问题改善与肌肤调理，药妆（Dermocosmetic）的市场关注度持续上升。本研究旨在分析药妆消费者的购买行为特征，探究购买倾向对消费者满意度的影响。研究以218 名有药妆购买经验的20-40 岁女性为样本开展问卷调查，采用SPSS 30.0.0 进行频率分析、交叉分析、因子分析、信度分析、相关分析与多元回归分析。主要结论如下：消费者购买的药妆品类以水乳类、面霜/ 精华类占比最高，功能上以保湿类产品最受欢迎，购买渠道以药妆店为主。相关性分析显示，享乐追求型、炫耀追求型、潮流追求型、品牌忠诚型四类购买倾向，均与满意度各维度呈显著正相关；回归分析表明，享乐追求型、理性审慎型、品牌忠诚型对消费者满意度具有显著预测作用。上述结果说明，个人购买倾向是影响药妆消费满意度的重要因素，且购买行为模式会随购买倾向呈现差异。本研究可为药妆产品策划、精准营销策略制定提供参考。

This study aimed to explore the convergence possibilities between the beauty field and traditional crafts by applying the structural principles and color symbolism of traditional Korean knots to modern up-hairstyling. The colors and knot forms of the norigae accessories worn by the main characters—Rumi, Mira, and Zoey—in the animated film K-Pop Demon Hunters, and the symbolic elements of mascots Derpy (tiger) and Sussie (magpie), were examined. A literature review was conducted on the formative characteristics of traditional knots, the symbolism of the tiger and magpie, and the structural principles of upstyles. Design motifs were then derived, followed by digital pre-design using Procreate, color planning, and wig production. Five upstyles were created: three inspired by each character's norigae, and two reinterpreting mascot symbolism combined with traditional knot structures. Results showed that the repetition, connectivity, symmetry, and three-dimensionality of Korean knots are effective design principles for upstyle structure and aesthetic completeness. High structural similarity was found between knot-making and upstyling techniques such as twisting, braiding, wrapping, and looping. This study expands the scope of hair design expression grounded in traditional culture and provides foundational data applicable to K-beauty content development, salon practice, and beauty education.

本研究将韩国传统结的结构原理与色彩象征应用于现代盘发设计，探索美容领域与传统工艺、文化内容产业的融合路径。研究以动画电影《K-POP 恶魔猎手》中主角露米（Rumi）、米拉（Mira）、佐伊（Zoey）的诺里盖（Norigae，韩服胸饰）的色彩、结型，以及吉祥物老虎Derpy、喜鹊Sussie 的造型象征元素为研究素材。研究流程为：首先通过文献梳理，总结角色胸饰中传统结的造型特征、吉祥物的文化象征、盘发设计的结构逻辑；其次从素材中提取设计母题；再借助iPad 与Procreate 软件完成数字发型线稿设计、配色方案制定，最终通过头模假发制作完成实体盘发作品。研究共产出5 款盘发作品，其中3 款为角色胸饰结型与色彩的应用设计（对应三位主角），2 款为吉祥物象征与传统结结构结合的原创设计。结果证实，传统结的重复性、连接性、对称性、立体性特征，是提升盘发结构完整性与造型完成度的有效设计逻辑；拧、编、绕、固定等盘发技法，与传统结的制作技法存在高度结构相似性，为美发与传统工艺的融合提供了技术支撑。本研究拓展了传统文化赋能发型设计的表达边界，可为K - 美妆内容开发、沙龙商业应用、美容教育与创作实践提供基础参考。

This study aimed to identify the employment and entrepreneurship competencies required of students majoring in hair beauty and to propose a curriculum grounded in those needs. To achieve this purpose, a questionnaire survey was conducted among undergraduate students majoring in hair beauty, beauty industry professionals, and education specialists, and the analysis compared the perceived importance of key competencies with students’ current levels of performance. The results revealed statistically significant gaps between importance and performance across all competency areas. In particular, the largest discrepancies were observed in marketing and customer management capabilities, including social media–driven beauty marketing, online customer acquisition strategies, brand image management, marketing planning, and salon promotion. Both the Borich needs assessment and the Locus for Focus model further confirmed these areas as top priorities for educational intervention. Meanwhile, industry practitioners and education experts consistently emphasized the importance of technical expertise, client consultation and service skills, and professional work attitudes. Based on these findings, a curriculum was developed and relevant courses were proposed, and practical implications for the development of a practice-oriented curriculum were derived.

本研究旨在分析美发专业学生的就业创业能力需求，据此构建适配的教育课程体系。研究面向美发专业在校生、美容行业从业者、教育专家三类群体开展问卷调查，对比分析就业创业能力的重要性认知与实际能力水平。结果显示，所有能力维度的重要性与实际水平均存在显著差距，其中SNS 美妆营销、线上获客策略、品牌形象管理、营销策略制定、门店推广等营销与客户管理能力的差距最为突出。Borich 需求分析与焦点定位分析（Locus for Focus）也证实，上述能力是需优先建设的核心教育内容；行业从业者与教育专家则同时将专业技术、客户咨询与服务、职业素养列为核心能力。基于上述结论，本研究构建了对应教育课程框架，提出了课程设置方案，为开发实务导向的美发专业教育课程提供了思路。

This study analyzed the effects of indirect inhalation of essential oil scents on of stress, fatigue, and job satisfaction of skin care workers. Data was collected from August 18 to September 17, 2025, from 200 female skin beauticians who use essential oils for customer care in Busan Metropolitan City. Stress showed significant differences according to health status (p=.000), period of use of essential oil (p=.035), final education (p=.041), and fatigue were found to be significantly affected by health status (p=.000) and period of use of essential oil (p=.038). On the other hand, job satisfaction was statistically significant for monthly income (p=.01) and age group (p=.032), and fatigue (p=.001) was found to act as a mediating factor that negatively affected job satisfaction. In the skin care field, it is recommended to manage fatigue and stress management using essential oils, stress relief programs, and health promotion activities.

中文摘要:本研究分析了精油香气间接吸入对皮肤护理师压力缓解、疲劳改善与工作满意度提升的作用效果。研究于2025 年8 月18 日- 9 月17 日在釜山广域市开展，以200 名日常使用精油为客户提供服务的女性皮肤管理师为调查对象。结果显示：压力维度中，健康相关压力（p=.000）、人际压力（p=.035）、工作压力（p=.041）均有显著改善；疲劳维度中，整体疲劳程度（p=.000）、身心疲劳程度（p=.038）差异显著；工作满意度维度中，薪酬满意度（p=.01）、工作环境满意度（p=.032）显著提升，证实精油吸入对提升职业满意度具有积极作用。基于研究结果，建议皮肤护理行业推广精油在压力与疲劳管理中的应用，开发压力舒缓服务项目，开展从业者健康促进活动。

本研究从空间经营视角出发，分析顾客感知的美发店运营便捷性、物理环境舒适性对顾客转换意向的影响。近年来，美发行业线上预约系统普及，消费需求转向顾客体验导向，运营效率与服务便捷性的重要性持续提升。基于此，本研究以近6 个月内有美发店消费经历的顾客为样本开展问卷调查，最终纳入235 份有效样本，采用SPSS 27.0 进行频率分析、描述性统计、信度分析、相关分析、独立样本t 检验、单因素方差分析与多元回归分析。结果显示：运营便捷性对顾客转换意向具有显著负向影响；物理环境舒适性呈负向影响趋势，但未达统计显著水平。消费金额越高的顾客，对运营便捷性与空间环境的评价越积极；到店频次越高的顾客，转换意向越低。其中运营便捷性涵盖预约系统、门店可达性、服务流程便利性等维度，是影响顾客行为意向的核心运营要素。本研究突破了现有研究聚焦顾客满意、重访意向的局限，以顾客转换意向为核心，对比了运营便捷性与物理舒适性的相对影响权重；同时整合运营效率与空间环境两类要素开展分析，可为美发门店空间经营策略制定提供实践依据。

This study aimed to analyze the effects of operational convenience and physical pleasantness, as perceived by beauty salon customers, on switching intention from a spatial management perspective. In recent years, the beauty industry has increasingly emphasized the importance of operational efficiency and convenience throughout the service experience due to the adoption of digital technologies and changes in consumer behavior centered on customer experience. Under these circumstances, a questionnaire survey was conducted with consumers who had visited a beauty salon within the previous six months, and a total of 235 responses were used for the final analysis. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 27.0 through frequency analysis, exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, descriptive statistics, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. The findings are as follows:Operational convenience had a statistically significant negative effect on customers’ switching intention, whereas physical pleasantness did not show a statistically significant effect. In addition, customers with higher beauty-related expenditures tended to perceive both operational convenience and physical pleasantness more positively, while customers who visited beauty salons more frequently showed lower levels of switching intention. In particular, operational convenience was identified as a key factor in preventing customer defection in an increasingly competitive beauty service environment. This study is meaningful in that it focused on switching intention rather than the conventional emphasis on customer satisfaction. Furthermore, by adopting a spatial management perspective that integrates both physical and operational factors, the study provides practical foundational data for establishing effective customer retention strategies.

The axial length of the eye is influenced by environmental factors and various visual stimuli. This study aimed to investigate the effects of physical activity and sunlight exposure on the prevalence of myopia among Korean adolescents using big data. For this purpose, a questionnaire survey was performed on a total of 1,495 adolescents aged 12 to 19 years. Using the collected data, causal analyses were conducted according to sunlight exposure time (SET) and physical activity (PA). Among the survey participants with less than five hours of sunlight exposure, the prevalence of myopia was examined by applying socio-environmental factors (gender, age, sleep duration, average household income, BMI, and fasting blood glucose level) to different MET levels. The results are as follows:Compared with the active MET group (reference group), statistically significant increases in the risk of myopia were observed. For high myopia with moderate MET levels, the risk increased from 2.549 times before adjustment to 3.694 times after adjustment for socio-environmental factors. For moderate myopia with moderate MET levels, the risk increased from 1.787 times to 2.356 times. For high myopia in the inactive MET group, the risk increased from 2.221 times to 3.210 times, while for moderate myopia in the inactive MET group, the risk increased from 1.386 times to 2.052 times. All of these increases were statistically significant. The above results confirm that insufficient physical activity and limited sunlight exposure are associated with an increased risk of myopia among adolescents. Therefore, when developing social policies aimed at reducing the prevalence of myopia in adolescents, it is necessary to ensure or expand opportunities for moderate-intensity or higher physical activity and to encourage a variety of outdoor activities rather than predominantly indoor activities.

眼轴长度会受到环境及刺激调节的影响。本研究运用大数据，重点考察韩国青少年近视问题的原因。本研究以12—19岁青少年共1,478人为对象，根据阳光暴露时间（SET）和身体活动（PA）水平进行原因分析。与高强度运动组相比，非活动运动组和中等强度运动组的高度近视风险分别增加2.449倍和2.890倍。与高强度运动组相比，中等强度运动组的中度近视风险增加1.832倍。与阳光暴露时间5小时以上者相比，阳光暴露时间少于5小时者的高度近视患病风险增加2.384倍，中度近视患病风险增加1.522倍，低度近视患病风险增加1.621倍。在阳光暴露时间少于5小时的分类中，适用社会—环境模型时，与高强度运动组相比，中等强度运动组的高度近视风险由2.549倍增加至3.694倍，非活动运动组由2.221倍增加至3.210倍；中度近视方面，与高强度运动组相比，中等强度运动组的风险由1.787倍增加至2.356倍，非活动运动组由1.386倍增加至2.052倍。本研究确认，身体活动和阳光暴露时间不足会对近视发展产生负面影响。如果相关国家政策得以落实，将有助于减少青少年医疗费用并促进其健康。

This study aimed to identify the keyword trends of beauty devices, which have been recently actively researched, by performing text mining on 114 research papers related to beauty devices registered in the academic content platform DBpia from 2004 to 2023. The text mining process consisted of refining meaningful keywords from the research papers, analyzing their frequency, centrality, and grouping using various methods, such as semantic network analysis and CONCOR analysis. The analysis results showed that beauty devices have four group attributes: skin care and improvement, medical device and treatment, beauty and cosmetics, and evaluation and status, which reflect diverse fields and topics related to beauty devices. The results also showed that the keywords of beauty devices, such as effect, device, mask, and management, rank high among the centrality indicators, which indicate the importance and influence of the keywords in the network. The study also suggested academic and practical implications for the development of beauty devices, such as the usefulness of semantic network analysis for visualizing and measuring the relationship of keywords, the connectivity with medical devices for enhancing the reliability and effectiveness of beauty devices, the linkage with beauty and cosmetics for increasing the diversity and differentiation of beauty devices, and the need for continuous improvement and innovation for maintaining the competitiveness and attractiveness of beauty devices.

本研究旨在梳理美妆设备领域的研究热点与演进趋势，以2004-2023 年韩国学术平台DBpia 收录的114 篇美妆设备相关期刊论文为样本，开展文本挖掘研究。文本挖掘流程为：从论文中提取关键词并标准化处理，采用语义网络分析、CONCOR 聚类分析等方法，分析关键词的词频、中心性与聚类特征。结果显示，美妆设备研究可划分为四大聚类：皮肤护理与改善、医疗器械与治疗、美妆与化妆品、效果评价与状态评估，体现出美妆设备研究的跨领域、多主题特征。“效果”“仪器”“面膜”“管理” 等关键词在中心性指标中排名靠前，是领域内的核心研究节点。本研究同时提出了美妆设备研发的学术与实践启示：语义网络分析可有效实现关键词关联的可视化与量化；需强化美妆设备与医疗器械的技术联动，提升产品可靠性与功效性；需深化与美妆化妆品领域的结合，丰富产品多样性与差异化；需持续技术迭代创新，维持产品竞争力与市场需求。

This study was conducted to examine the effects of emotional labor and self-efficacy on organizational commitment among 184 hospital nurses in Y City and G City. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and multiple regression analysis. The average score of emotional labor was 3.24±0.57, self-efficacy was 3.62±0.45, and organizational commitment was 3.12±0.53. The influencing factors of organizational commitment were found to be nursing job satisfaction (β=-.224, p<.001), emotional labor (β=-.161, p=.002), self-efficacy (β=.161, p=.003), total clinical experience of 10 years or more (β=-.138, p=.007), and intensive care unit (β=-.123, p=.015). The explantory power of the model was 46.5%. These results suggest that enhancing job satisfaction, enhancing self-efficacy improvement programs, and providing education on effective coping strategies for emotional labor are necessary to promote long-term employment among nurses.

本研究以韩国Y 市、G 市的184 名医院护士为样本，分析情绪劳动、自我效能感对组织承诺的影响。采用频率分析、描述性统计、t 检验、方差分析、皮尔逊相关分析、多元回归分析处理数据。结果显示：护士情绪劳动得分3.24±0.57，自我效能感得分3.62±0.45，组织承诺得分3.12±0.53。组织承诺的显著影响因素包括：护理职业满意度（β=-0.224，p<0.001）、情绪劳动（β=-0.161，p=.002）、自我效能感（β=0.161，p=.003）、年龄（β=-0.138，p=.007）、婚姻状况（β=-0.123，p=.015），模型整体解释力为46.5%。据此，提升护士组织承诺需从制度层面优化工作环境，加强人力资源配置与保障；需提升护士职业认同感，稳定护理队伍；需引入自我效能感提升项目，开展情绪劳动应对技能培训。

This study creates and selects a senior image model suitable for senior hair-up style design by utilizing the strengths of prompt accuracy, design modification, and artistic consistency with interactive artificial intelligence, ChatGPT 5 (Open AI). Prompt-based hair-up styles were designed through a generative AI model. With the focus on natural and elegant hair wave styles, popular in 2026, this study intend to produce a total of 24 designs for senior hair-up styles by theme (Hair length-3 points, Hair Point-6 points, Hair Parting-9 points, and Hanbok & Dress-6 points). Quantitative and qualitative analysis was conducted by expert sensory testing on various senior hair-up style designs produced by image generating AI models, and objective sensory evaluation of the designs were conducted from the perspective of formability, dignity, suitability, and preference. As a result of the research on senior hair-up designs using ChatGPT 5 (Open AI), it was confirmed that AI can be used in various ways in the beauty field, including a creative design tool as well as a basis for practical work. This study intend to effectively apply AI to the senior hair-up style education environment and develop AI convergence class contents.

本研究核心内容分为三部分：第一，依托对话式人工智能ChatGPT-5（OpenAI）在提示词精准度、设计迭代、风格一致性上的优势，构建并筛选适配中老年盘发设计的人物图像模型；第二，基于筛选后的AI 模型，通过提示词驱动完成中老年盘发设计，以2026 年自然优雅卷发趋势为风格核心，围绕中老年盘发主题，按发长（3 款）、造型亮点（6 款）、刘海分缝（9 款）、韩服/ 礼服场景（6 款）分类，共完成24 款设计作品；第三，邀请行业专家对AI 生成的盘发设计开展感官评价，从造型性、端庄感、适配性、偏好度四个维度进行定量与定性评估。研究证实，运用ChatGPT-5 开展中老年盘发设计，不仅可辅助完成前期创意筹备，还能作为创作工具提升设计完成度，在美容领域具备多元应用场景。本研究提出的AI 辅助设计思路可应用于中老年盘发教学场景，用于开发美妆设计与AI 融合的课程内容。