Earticle

This study attempted to investigate beauty service providers’ e-CRM attributes and unveil their influence on social exchange relationships and performances with network coherence as a mediating factor. For this, an online (mobile) questionnaire survey was performed against those who experienced beauty e-CRM from July 26 to August 10, 2022, and a total of 811 copies were collected through beauty community boards and social media platforms. The collected data were analyzed by frequency analysis, reliability analysis, validity analysis (exploratory factor analysis), confirmatory factor analysis and goodness-of-fit, and path analysis was conducted for hypothesis testing. The above results found the followings: First, ‘e-service’, ‘e-communication’, ‘e-marketing’ and ‘e-system’ revealed a statistically significant effect on information interactions. Specifically, ‘e-communication’, ‘e-marketing’ and ‘e-system’ had a significant influence on mutual trust while ‘e-service’, ‘e-communication’ and ‘e-marketing’ showed a significant effect on mutual expectations. Second, ‘information interactions’, ‘mutual trust’ and ‘mutual expectations’ revealed a statistically significant influence on network coherence. Third, network coherence showed a statistically significant effect on intent of continuous use. Therefore, it is anticipated that it would be possible to assess the role of beauty e-CRM in customer relationship performances through analysis of structural relationships among measurement variables.

本研究目的在于明确美容服务企业的e-CRM属性，并考察e-CRM属性在以社会交换关系和网络凝聚性为媒介转化为成果过程中的结构性影响关系。为此，以曾体验过美容服务e-CRM活动的顾客为调查对象，通过在线(手机)问卷调查方法，并利用美容(美妆)信息论坛、个人SNS，共收集811份资料(2022.7.26.~8.10)。另外，利用SPSS和AMOS，进行了频度分析、可信度分析、可行性分析(探索因子分析)、确认因素分析、模型适合度分析以及用来验证假设的途径分析。由此得出的结果如下。第一，美容服务的电子化服务(e-service)、电子沟通(e-communication)、电子营销(e-marketing)、电子系统(e-system)都对信息相互作用产生了有意义的影响。另外，e-communication、e-marketing、e-system对相互信任产生有意义的影响，而e-service、e-communication、e-marketing则对相互预期意识产生了有意义的影响。第二，在美容服务中，信息相互作用、相互信任、相互预期意识都对网络凝聚性产生了有意义的影响。第三，美容服务的网络凝聚性对持续利用目的也具有积极影响。

This study investigates how the effects of Instagram usage motivations affect fashion and beauty Instagram attributes that influence impulse purchase intention in Korea and Spain. 350 usable questionnaires were obtained from two regions; subsequently, the data was analyzed by using factor analysis, Cronbach’s alpha, and regression analysis using SPSS 26.0. The study results indicated that Instagram usage motivations influenced the perception of fashion and beauty Instagram attributes. Fashion and beauty Instagram attributes influenced impulse purchase intention. However, the results point to differences between Korean and Spain Instargram users in the factors related to impulse purchase intention. This study contributed to expanding the knowledge on the usage motivations of Instargram and impulse buying intention for fashion and beauty products among Korean and Spanish Instargram users.

随着信息化技术的发展，利用互联网和智能设备展现自我并进行沟通的社交网络服务SNS(Social Network Service)得到快速普及，其中最具代表性的便是照片墙。本研究以生活在韩国和西班牙且使用过照片墙的20~30多岁男女用户为对象，考察了照片墙使用动机和照片墙时尚与美容特点对冲动购买意向产生的影响，并通过比较韩国和西班牙两国用户，总结了两国间的差异。另外，通过线上线下问卷调查，采用便利抽样方法收集了资料。为了分析收集的资料，利用SPSS Win 26.0进行了频度分析、探索因子分析、可信度分析、t检验以及回归分析。经分析，照片墙使用动机可分为‘自我表现’、‘信息搜索’、‘日常活动’等三个动机，而照片墙时尚和美容特点可概括为‘娱乐性’、‘信息性’和‘共享性’三点。另外，韩国和西班牙的照片墙用户在对照片墙使用动机、照片墙时尚和美容特点的意识以及冲动购买意向方面呈现出显著差异。尤其，两国在照片墙时尚和美容特点对冲动购买意向产生的影响方面具有明显差异。这一研究结果将有助于国内时尚和美容领域的营销人员进军全球市场，并制定产品战略以及数字营销战略。

This study aims to investigate the service quality of the hair salon industry that affects the long-term orientation and the differences in the long-term orientation according to demographic characteristics of hair salon customers. Questionnaires for empirical research were collected from customers at hair salons in Gyeongnam, and the analysis results are as follows. First, as a result of analyzing the differences in long-term orientation according to the demographic characteristics of hair salon customers, long-term orientation was statistically high in the group with a high educational background and in the male group. Second, as a result of analyzing the causal relationship between service quality and long-term orientation, it was found that tangibility and assurance had a statistical effects on long-term orientation and in particular, assurance had the strongest effect on long-term orientation. Comprehensively analyzing the results of this study, it can be shown that assurance and tangibility have a relatively high effects on long-term orientation in the male group with a high educational background. Therefore, this study suggests that the management performance of the hair salon industry can be improved by utilizing the assurance and tangibility of services while considering the highly educated male group.

本研究目的在于探究美发店顾客的不同人口统计学特征引发的长期导向差异以及对长期导向产生影响的美发行业服务品质。从庆南美发店顾客收集了用于实证研究的问卷调查，其分析结果如下。第一，分析根据美发店顾客的人口统计学特征引发的长期导向差异，发现高学历集团和男性集团呈现出长期导向高的倾向。第二，对服务品质和长期导向的因果关系进行分析结果显示，服务品质中的有形性和确信性分别对长期导向产生影响，尤其确信性对长期导向产生强烈影响。综合分析本研究，可以得出的结果是在高学历男性集团中服务品质的确信性和有形性对长期导向产生比较高的影响。由此，本研究的意义在于针对高学历男性集团积极利用服务确信性和有形性等，可提高美发行业的经营成果。

The purpose of this study was to identify factors that influence turnover intention by considering professionalism, job satisfaction, job stress, and turnover intention among nurses in small and medium sized hospitals. The study was conducted using descriptive survey, among 149 nurses from January 1 to 31, 2017. Responses were analyzed using SPSS WIN 21.0. Nurses’ professionalism, job satisfaction, job stress, and turnover intention were measured through the self-reported questionnaire. Nurses’ professionalism (3.44±0.40), job satisfaction (3.01±0.31), job stress (2.88±0.4), and turnover intention (3.02±0.82), were at an intermediate levels. Among these variables, turnover intention showed a negative correlation with professionalism and job satisfaction, and a positive correlation with job stress. In this study, job satisfaction and job stress were the factors that most affected turnover intention, with an overall explanatory power of 22.2%. Based on the results of this study, it is suggested to develop and apply a housekeeping mediation program to minimize turnover intention, introduce a standard wage system, and resolve conflicts between managers and colleagues.

本研究是为了掌握中小型医院护士的职业性、工作满意度、工作压力、离职意向以及对离职意向的影响因素而进行的叙述性调查研究。在釜山4家中小型医院工作的护士中随机抽选出149名护士作为研究对象，并在2017年1月1日至1月30日期间收集了问卷调查资料。收集的资料采用SPSS 21.0软件进行了分析。分析结果显示，调查对象的职业性分数为3.44±0.40分、工作满意度为3.01±0.31分、工作压力为2.88±0.4分、离职意向为3.02±0.82分，总体呈现出中等水平，而这些变量中，离职意向与职业性、工作满意度呈现出负相关关系，而与工作压力则呈现出正相关关系。此外，对中小型医院护士离职意向产生影响的变量排序为工作满意度在前，工作压力在后，而这一结果具有22.2%的说服力。基于本研究结果，建议引进可将离职意向降至最低的标准工资制，并开发利用可缓解上级管理者和同事间矛盾的护士管理仲裁程序。

This study attempted to suggest hair styling methods which can help hairdressers learn up-styling by utilizing pompadour in such hairdos such as short/thin hair and wedding updo. For short or thin wedding up-styling, 8 hairdos were chosen as motives among trendy wedding updos. Then, diverse forms of pompadour were created depending on the base position/shape and texture expression. After applying such new 8 pompadour styles to short or thin wedding up-styles, ready-to-use wedding updos were created. It is anticipated that pompadour would enhance the value of formative art and be useful in up-styling, maximizing customer satisfaction.

本研究的目的在于主要研究用于盘头造型的上梳发型应用方案，制作多种形态的上梳发型，为短发或发量稀疏的新娘或新人父母提供盘头造型的同时，为尚不熟练盘头造型的美发师提供掌握盘头造型设计的方法，并提供对一线工作具有实效价值的教育材料。为了给短发或发量少的新娘设计婚礼盘头造型，选定不同年代流行的8种婚礼盘头造型作品，并以此为原型，设定上梳发型的支架位置、支架形态以及质感表现，制作了多种形态的上梳发型。把新设计制作的8种上梳发型应用于短发或发量少的新娘婚礼发型，完成了可在美发店直接应用的婚礼盘头设计造型。在盘头造型作品性方面，上梳发型也具有十分高的造型价值。再加上，普遍用于现场制作盘头造型，因此有助于大幅提高顾客满意度。

This study attempted to investigate the mediating effects of social support in relationships between preparation for death and life satisfaction against the elderly living alone. For this, a questionnaire survey was performed against senior citizens aged 65 or older, who are currently getting emergency care services and from a senior welfare center in ‘B’. A total of 205 copies were collected and analyzed, using JAMOVI 18.4. To analyze correlations among variables, Pearson’s correlation was conducted. To verify the mediating effects of social support in relationships between preparation for death and life satisfaction, furthermore, the bias corrected bootstrap was applied, and the results found the followings: First, in terms of respondents’ gender, age, educational background and average monthly income, ‘female’, ‘80s’, ‘elementary school’ and ‘less than KRW 1 million’ were the highest respectively. In addition, many of them were suffering from diseases despite few hospitalizations with poor subjective health conditions. Second, social support played a complete mediating role in relationships between preparation for death and life satisfaction. Third, among the sub-factors of such social support, ‘informative support’ was the only one which revealed a complete mediating effect. Therefore, this study proposed a way to improve life satisfaction by helping the elderly living alone well prepared for death and enhancing social support.

This study attempted to investigate the mediating effects of social support in relationships between preparation for death and life satisfaction against the elderly living alone. For this, a questionnaire survey was performed against senior citizens aged 65 or older, who are currently getting emergency care services and from a senior welfare center in ‘B’. A total of 205 copies were collected and analyzed, using JAMOVI 18.4. To analyze correlations among variables, Pearson’s correlation was conducted. To verify the mediating effects of social support in relationships between preparation for death and life satisfaction, furthermore, the bias corrected bootstrap was applied, and the results found the followings: First, in terms of respondents’ gender, age, educational background and average monthly income, ‘female’, ‘80s’, ‘elementary school’ and ‘less than KRW 1 million’ were the highest respectively. In addition, many of them were suffering from diseases despite few hospitalizations with poor subjective health conditions. Second, social support played a complete mediating role in relationships between preparation for death and life satisfaction. Third, among the sub-factors of such social support, ‘informative support’ was the only one which revealed a complete mediating effect. Therefore, this study proposed a way to improve life satisfaction by helping the elderly living alone well prepared for death and enhancing social support.

This study attempted to investigate the influence of consumption values on beauty salon selection attributes and behavior intention against baby boomer women. For this, collected data were analyzed, using SPSS 26.0 was used. For demographic analysis, frequency analysis was performed. For reliability testing on consumption values, selection attributes and behavior intention, Cronbach’s alpha was conducted. To examine interaction effects among variables, furthermore, multiple regression analysis was performed, and the results found the followings: First, social, emotional, functional and conditional values had a statistically significant influence on physical images while emotional, epistemic and conditional values had an effect on personnel images with statistical significance. Second, emotional value revealed an influence on behavior intention. Among consumption value factors, in other words, it was ‘emotional value’ which had a statistically significance effect on all factors.

本研究目的在于以婴儿潮一代女性为对象考察消费价值对美容院选择属性和行为意向产生的影响。为此，资料分析采用SPSS 26.0统计软件，并且对人口统计学特点进行了频度分析。此外，采用克朗巴哈系数(Cronbach’sa值)，检验了消费价值、选择属性、行为意向的可信度，同时为了了解主要变量间的相互影响，采用了多重回归分析法。经研究分析，得出如下结论。第一，在消费价值对物理图像的影响方面，对社会、情感、功能、状况价值产生了有意义的影响，而在对人物图像的影响方面，则对情感价值、珍贵价值、状况价值呈现出显著影响。第二，在消费价值中，对行为意向产生影响的因素为情感价值。由此可见，在消费价值中情感价值对所有因素都产生有意义的影响。

Color is a sensitive recognition target for humans who have vision as an important sensory organ. Based on the fact that color awareness has a significant effect from the perspective of cosmetology, this study attempted to investigate it from a color-therapy viewpoint. For this, a questionnaire survey was performed against middle-aged women in Gyeongsang-do from July 1 to August 31, 2020. After statistical analysis, awareness of color therapy and its expectation effects were examined. First, whether or not the respondents were aware of color therapy was investigated. Then, subjects’ general characteristics were analyzed by frequency analysis, and perception of color therapy and skincare effects were compared through cross-tabulation analysis. The results found that 388 respondents were aware of color therapy while 68 people weren’t. In terms of subjects’ general characteristics, a statistically significant difference was found by occupation/average household income. Regarding awareness of color therapy, physical, mental and personal aspects and personal application intention revealed a significant difference. Among the middle-aged women who were aware of color therapy, a significant difference was observed in clothing color changes by physical/mental aspect and health. Personal color-based image improvement effects were significantly high in the experimental group. Therefore, it is concluded that awareness of color therapy has a high expectation effect in middle-aged women.

视觉器官是人类重要的感觉器官之一。对于人来来说，由视觉器官感知的色彩是敏感的认知对象。基于色彩认知对美容具有显著的效果，本研究计划从色彩疗法的层面进加以验证。为此，以居住在庆尚道的中年女性为对象，在2020年7月1日至8月31日期间进行了问卷调查。本研究通过这一问卷调查及其统计分析，考察了色彩疗法认知和预期效果。首先，调查了色彩疗法认知情况。其次，关于调查对象的常规属性，为了比较色彩疗法认知和皮肤美容效果，根据色彩疗法认知情况，进行了交叉分析。统计结果显示，具有色彩疗法认知的人数为388名，而不具有色彩疗法认知的人数为68名。关于调查对象常规属性的比较结果显示，不同职业和家庭收入会引发显著差异。从色彩疗法认知层面来看，身体、精神、本人运营意向方面呈现显著差异，而具有色彩疗法认知的中年女性则在服装的色彩变化以及精神、身体、健康方面呈现出显著差异。此外，具有色彩疗法认知的实验组中，利用个人色彩，可带来提升形象的效果。由此可见，色彩疗法认知对中年女性的预期效果处于较高水平。

This study attempted to examine if the test substance prevents experimentally induced comedones or promotes recovery and check its potential as a natural material with a goodness-of-fit test model through comparison with current topical medication. For this, an in vitro model was adopted. Comedones were generated with isopropyl myristate (IPM) outside the external auditory canal of a 3 month-old New Zealand white rabbit (2.5-3.0kg) over (2) weeks. Emulsion containing citral (0.5, 1%), the main ingredient of lemongrass oil, is applied over four (4) weeks. To examine the potential of comedones for modifications or improvements, the topical agent ‘salicylic acid’ was applied as a comparative group. The test results found the followings: Improvements in comedone erythema and decrease in tissue hyperplasia around pores were observed in all experimental groups (0.5% or 1% citral) (p<0.05). In a 1% citral group, especially, pores were closed with exacerbated comedone inlet. Once canal of hair follicle was blocked, it became difficult to produce sebum and dead skin cells. In addition, after a skin barrier was damaged, repetitively generated erythema resulted in more diverse color changes (p＜0.05). According to tissue analysis, tissue hyperplasia was improved in all experimental groups (0.5% or 1% citral group), but the 1% citral group revealed bigger hyperplasia improvements in follicular epidermis (p＜0.05). The 6-week animal performed to assess the improvements of comedones found that a 1% citral group is a more effective external agent and that it has potential as a material easing comedone acne symptoms.

本研究旨在考察提供的试验物质是否能够预防以实验方式生成的黑头粉刺，或促进粉刺的生成。为此，通过可行性试验模式，与传统局部治疗剂进行了比较和评价，以确认是否有可能开发为天然材料。实验方法采用试验管实验方法。选用无法观察的约3个月大的雄兔(New Zealand White, 2.5∼3.0 kg)，在外耳道外侧涂抹黑头粉刺诱导物质(isopropyl myristate, IPM)，经过两周生成黑头粉刺后，涂抹4周含有柠檬草油主成分柠檬醛(0.5,1%)的精华液。为了确认黑头粉刺的变化以及作为黑头粉刺改善剂的功效，在对比组使用了局部外敷剂水杨酸。实验结果显示，柠檬醛(含量为0.5%,1%)实验组的黑头粉刺和红斑都得到了改善，而且毛孔周边组织的过度繁殖也减少了(p＜0.05)。尤其，在1%含量的柠檬醛实验组中，由于黑头粉刺猛长，毛孔被堵塞，而毛囊管堵塞的话，会形成皮脂和角质难以分泌的皮肤环境，从而导致皮肤屏障受损，因此反复长出来的红斑，相比对比组，其颜色变化得到显著改善(p＜0.05)。组织结果显示，在0.5%和1%含量的柠檬醛实验组中，毛囊周边组织的过度繁殖问题得到改善，但在1%含量的柠檬醛实验组中，观察到毛囊表皮的过度繁殖问题得到更好的改善(p＜0.05)。为了在以实验方式生成的黑头粉刺中评价柠檬醛改善功效，进行了6周动物实验。实验结果发现，作为外用药剂，1%含量的柠檬醛实验组更有效，因此今后可用作改善黑头粉刺的原料。

In the modern beauty industry, customers started to want ‘their own design,’ which differs from others in terms of consumption propensity. It is also required to apply customization reflecting customer needs to hairstyling. In hairstyling, customization offers diverse aesthetics and special experiences through one-on-one personalization. This study reanalyzed the meaning of customization, focusing on ‘personalization’ and ‘customer engagement.’ Based on the basic data of previous studies, this study performed mixed research against both hairdressers and customers. Head shapes were identified through one-on-one customization. Then, customer-wanted hairstyles were recorded through analysis of facial features. Expert consulting has become a turning point to build customer trust. The one-on-one customized consulting shows the potential to become a means of communication for haircuts that meet customer needs. In fact, every person has his/her taste and pursues a different haircut. The expert consulting referred to each preferred hairstyle through the manual has become the ground for hairstyle composition. The one-on-one customized haircut consulting would become an expert sphere, enhancing the added values of hairstyles. This study is meaningful because it developed a customized haircut consulting manual to enhance a hairdresser’s occupational value and organically improve customer experiences and reflections.

在现代美容产业，顾客的消费取向开始追求区别于他人且‘专属于自己的设计’。反映顾客需求的这种定制方法有必要在发型设计行业应用普及。发型设计行业的定制作为一对一量身定制，可为顾客提供多种发型设计带来的审美乐趣和特别的体验。本研究以‘个性化’和‘顾客参与’这一现代社会主流消费心理作为切入点，重新阐述了定制在一线美容行业的意义。另外，根据理论考察收集的基础资料，带动发型师和顾客的共同参与，并采用综合研究方法(Mixed ResearchMethods)开展了研究。以一对一量身定制方法，掌握头部情况，并分析脸部五官，记录了顾客想要的发型设计。以专家的视角提供的咨询服务，则成为与顾客形成信赖关系的桥梁。一对一个性化定制咨询服务可以成为基于顾客诉求完成发型设计的沟通工具。每个人都有不同的嗜好，追求的发型设计也各不相同。通过发型手册，了解顾客想要的发型风格，然后由专家给出建议的咨询服务方式是发型设计的基础。本研究的目的在于基于一对一量身定制的剪发咨询手册，提高发型师的职业价值，而本研究的意义在于开发有效反映顾客经验

As clinical trials on acne, this study aimed to assess the potential of citral in easing acne inflammation by inhibiting and unveiling the inflammatory activity of citral. For this, a total of 36 testees with high acne occurrence (age 19-23) were chosen and administered citral (0.5%, 1%) twice a day over 12 weeks. Then, the size and severity of inflammatory acne and amount of sebum production were investigated. In addition, inflammation images were analyzed. According to clinical trials, inflammation improvements were confirmed in all experimental groups (both 0.5% and 1% citral contents) (p＜0.05). When the size and shape of a pustule, which are critical indicators for in inflammation improvements, were observed, in particular, both size and shape diminished by 52% in the 1% citral group (p＜0.05). In terms of sebum production, T-zone revealed a significant decrease in the 1% citral group (p＜0.05) while U-zone showed a decrease in the 0.5% citral group (p＜0.05). According to analysis of inflammation images, considerable inflammation improvements were found in both 0.5% and 1% citral groups. After inflammation, pigmentation also improved, resulting in skin brightening. The above results confirm that citral is more effective in easing mild acne symptoms. In terms of inflammation improvements, it appears that the 1% citral group is more effective.

本研究作为粉刺皮肤疾病的人体试验研究，旨在验证柠檬草油主成分柠檬醛抑制炎症活性的功效，并确认柠檬醛是否具有改善粉刺皮肤炎症的功效。试验方法采用的是人体试验。为此，选定粉刺发生频度高的36名19-23岁受试对象，在12周期间每天使用2次柠檬醛(含量为0.5%, 1%)试验物质，用来观察确认发炎性粉刺大小及发炎情况、皮脂分泌量、炎症照片等。人体试验结果显示，0.5%和1%含量的柠檬醛试验组的粉刺皮肤炎症都得到了改善(p＜0.05)。尤其，重点观察改善炎症的重要指标，即脓疱的大小和形态，发现在1%含量的柠檬醛试验组中，粉刺大小和形态相比原来缩小了52%(p＜0.05)。观察皮质分泌减少情况，发现T-ZONE的皮质分泌在1%含量的柠檬醛试验组中明显减少(p＜0.05)，而U-zone的皮脂则在0.5%含量的柠檬醛试验组显著减少(p＜0.05)。观察炎症照片，在0.5%和1%含量的柠檬醛试验组中都发现炎症得到显著改善，而且还看到炎症引发的色素沉淀也得到改善，肤色也渐渐好转。这样的结果证实了柠檬醛作为外用药剂，对于轻度粉刺更有效。在改善炎症方面，1%含量的柠檬醛试验组的改善效果更加显著，因此今后可用于改善炎症的原料。