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김해지역에서는 지석묘사회가 지속되는 가운데 서기 전 2세기 말・1세기 초 영남지방에서 원삼국 전기의 고식와질토기가 출현할 무렵부터 목관묘가 축조되기 시작하였다. 그러나 김해지역에서목관묘 축조는 지석묘의 축조가 끝나는 서기 1세기 중엽부터 본격화되었던 것으로 보이며, 구야국이 실질적으로 성립하는 것도 이때라고 판단된다. 김해지역에서 목관묘의 축조는 이때부터 사실상 대성동유적을 중심으로 한 해반천유적군과 조만강지구의 양동리유적으로 국한되었다. 목관묘에는 구야국 전기 사회의 분화된 계층성이 반영되었으며, 청동거울 부장묘의 피장자들이 정치적 수장이었을 것이다. 청동거울 부장묘의 분포로 보아 구야국 전기의 국읍은 한 곳으로 고정되어 있지는 않았던 것으로 판단된다. 영남지방에서 원삼국 후기의 신식와질토기가 성립하는 서기 2세기 중엽부터 김해지역에서는 목곽묘가 축조되기 시작하였다. 원삼국 후기의 목곽묘도 해반천유적군과 조만강지구의 양동리유적에서 축조되었을 뿐이지만, 구야국 전기보다 계층화가 한층 더 진전된 양상을 보여준다. 양동리유적에서는 다수의 철제 대형무기와 봉상철부가 부장된 원삼국 후기의 탁월한 목곽묘들이축조되어 정치적 성장을 보여준다, 그러나 해반천지구의 대성동유적에서는 이들을 능가하는 초대형의 목곽묘들이 축조된 것으로 보아, 구야국 후기의 정치적 수장을 배출한 국읍은 해반천지구의 취락으로 고정되었을 것이다. 하지만 국읍의 다른 읍락에 대한 통제가 아직 미약했기 때문에 양동리유적에서도 탁월한 목곽묘들이 축조될 수 있었을 것이다.

In the Gimhae region, wooden coffin burials first began to be constructed around the late second to early first century BCE (when archaic style wajil pottery first came to be used in the Yeongnam region) in a social context in which dolmen burials were still being used. The wide-spread use of wooden coffin burials in the Gimhae region took place from the mid first century CE, when the tradition of using dolmen burials came to an end. It is believed that the establishment of Guyaguk also occurred around this time. The construction of wooden coffin burials in the Gimhae region was at first limited to the Haebancheon River region (centered around the Daeseong-dong burial ground) and the Jomangang River region (centered around the Yangdongri burial ground). This use of wooden coffin burials can be seen to represent the stratified nature of Early Guyaguk society at the time, with burials containing bronze mirrors as grave goods likely having been the final resting place of political leaders. The distribution of bronze mirror burials indicates that the political center was not fixed during the Early Guyaguk phase. The construction of wooden chamber burials in the Gimhae region began at around the mid-second century CE, which is when new style wajil pottery made an appearance during the late Proto-Three Kingdoms period in the Yeongnam region. Wooden chamber burials in the late Proto-Three Kingdoms period were only constructed at burial grounds in the Haebancheon River region and at the Yangdong-ri burial ground in the Jomangang River region. The nature of the burials indicates that, compared to the early phase, the stratification of Guyaguk society had intensified. The presence of impressive wooden chamber burials at the Yangdong-ri burial ground, which date to the late Proto-Three Kingdoms and have yielded large iron weapons and rod-shaped iron axes, illustrate the development of the political power base. However, the fact that even greater wooden chamber burials were constructed at the Daeseong-dong burial ground indicates that the guk-eup (political center) which produced the political leader of Late Guyaguk society was a settlement based in the Haebangcheon River region. Nevertheless, it appears that the guk-eup’s control over the rest of the settlements was still relatively weak, which resulted in the construction of impressive wooden chamber burials at the Yangdong-ri burial ground as well.

경주 탑동 목관묘군은 신라의 수도인 경주 시내에서 발견된 첫 번째의 탁월한 엘리트의 무덤이다. 이곳은 신라를 건국한 박혁거세의 무덤이라고 전해지는 오릉이 위치해 있으며, 2호묘 출토의 한경은 신라가 건국되었다고 기록된 기원전 57년에 후행하는 기원전 1세기 후반 경주 시내를 지배하던 지배자의 무덤으로 보인다. 더 주목되는 것은 1호묘인데, 이 무덤은 이웃한 경주 사라리 130호묘와 거의 같은 시기의 것으로 사라리는 판상철부를 70여점 부장하여 피장자의 재력을 자랑한 반면, 탑동 1호묘에서는 판상철부를 비롯한 철기의 부장은 보잘 것 없다. 이에 비해 사라리 130호묘에서는 철복과 같은 북방계 문물도 출토되지만, 삼한경과 같은 재지계의 위신재가 주류를 이루는 반면, 탑동 1호묘에서는 중국 중원의 일광경, 호형대구를 비롯하여 북방계의 동포 등 국제적 관계를 보여주는 다양한 위신재가 출토되고 있다. 이러한 점에서 당시 경주를 중심으로 한 사로국의 지배자는 재지적인 사라리 세력과 외래 지향적인 탑동 세력 등 다양한 성격을 가진 세력의 연합체로 설명이 가능할 것이다.

The wooden coffin tombs at Tap-dong are the first tombs of outstanding elites to have ever found in downtown Gyeongju, the capital of Silla. This is also where Oreung(五陵) - the tomb of Park Hyeokgeose, who is the founding monarch of Silla - is located. The Tap-dong burial sites consist of 3 wooden coffin tombs dated in different periods, numbered 1 - 3, respectively. There are hints from the digs at the Tap-dong site that: 1. the kind of wooden coffin tomb appeared around 57 BCE, exactly at the same time when Silla started off as a small city-state by the name of Saro-guk. 2. the bronze and iron artifacts and other ornaments from this site suggest that the ruling class of Saro-guk was the association of native Jin people and displaced people whose expansionist attitudes served militarily and socio-economically as intermediators between China and northern peoples and Silla, and even further Japan. 3. all of these findings could be archaeological evidence that the earlier historical records of the origin of Silla in Samguk Sagi proves plausible. The three tombs at the Tap-dong site were built in three differentiated periods and occupied by three differentiated owners in terms of social status, but they all represented early phases of the emergence of a centralized monarchy at the heart of the capital of Silla, not in the neighboring place. The tombs were numbered 1 - 3 as they were found, and yet Tomb No. 3 is the oldest of the three, followed by Tomb No. 2. and Tomb No. 1 backwards chronologically. Tomb No. 3 produced no distinguished prestige goods of bronze except some earthenware, by the chronological dating of which this tomb is presumed to have been built around 57 BCE. It marks the beginning of the construction of wooden coffin tombs in this area. Tomb No. 2 can be thought of a prelude to a new political entity of Gyeongju beginning its journey to the Unified Kingdom. It is the first of a series of tombs where the Chinese bronze mirrors were deposited by those who ruled downtown Gyeongju in the late 1st century AD, about the same time as Tomb No. 38 at Joyang-dong, Gyeongju. Tomb No. 38 at Joyang-dong, however, produced 4 Chinese bronze mirrors and a fragment of a reprocessed Chinese bronze mirror, which means that the deceased as a stronger manager who boasted his financial power capable of possessing valued items, such as Chinese bronze mirrors, was competing against the Tap-dong tomb owner nearby, about 8 km or only a 2-hour walk apart in Gyeongju at the time. The finds from Tomb No. 1 at Tap-dong can be interpreted that at least two groups of separate interests had a rational division of function along the supply chain of iron artifacts in present-day Gyeongju around the mid 1st century AD: One was in charge of producing ironwork and the other was responsible for trading them, organizing guild-like professional associations; The first group consisted of people who were able to bury their leader with a good number of highly valued iron artworks in his grave. On the other hand, the second group consisted of people who boasted their prestige and authority by placing multiple decorative bronze items, such as swords, buckles, buttons, and bracelets, in their leader’s burial. Sarari people as locals would have settled down here in Gyeongju from the beginning of the Bronze age and been familiar with dealing with iron. Alternately, Tap-dong people could be the displaced refugees who had fled from the Northern part of Korea after the fall of Wiman Joseon. That’s why they could have been flashily dressed like one of them and engaged in foreign trade with Northern nomadic people.

청주분지는 고대부터 미호천 일대의 주요 지역거점들이 존재하였던 곳이며, 현재는 충청도 지역을 총괄하는 도심이 위치한 핵심지역이다. 청주분지 내 생활유적들에서는 타지역과 다른 특징들이 확인된다. 원삼국시대에서 통일신라시대에 이르는 기간 동안 청주분지 내에는 두 지역거점이 조성된다. 이 두 지역거점은 입지와 형성원리에서 차이가 있다. 원삼국시대에~삼국시대에 해당하는 지역거점은 취락에서 시작되어 점차 인구가 증가하면서 일정한 규모에 다다르는 자연 성장도시(Organic City)로 구조나 형태에 있어서 정형성을 보이지 않는 것이 특징이다. 이후 통일신라시대에는 특정세력의 주도로 비교적 짧은 시간에 건설되는 계획도시(Planned City)인 서원소경이 설치된다. 이전 시기와 달리 인위적으로 조성된 새로운 지역거점에는 일정한 구조적 정형성이 나타나는데 이를 통해 새로운 지역거점의 구조를 추정해 볼 수 있다. 또한, 상기 두 지역거점은 동시기에 공존하며 운영되지 않는다. 이러한 현상은 지역거점 이동이라 보는 것이 타당하다. 새로운 지역거점 형성에 사용된 ‘坊里制’가 일정하게 지역을 구획하는 기능도 있지만, 거주민들을 통제할 수 있다는 기능도 있음을 唐 장안성의 사례를 유추해 볼 수 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 청주분지 내 지역거점 이동의 원인과 의미 파악하고자 한다.

In archeology, which studies past lifestyles, the study of the remains of life has received attention early. However, in the archaeological studies in Korea, studies on cities were relatively insufficient. It was confined to a specific time period and a specific topic. Also data were more insufficient for local cities. Examining the distribution status and political background of each period, it can be seen that Cheongju area is very valuable as a city research data. The main life area of the Cheongju have been found in the Cheongju Basin since ancient times. In this study, the remains of living that were identified in the basin were researched. In the Cheongju Basin, there are both ancient natural growth cities and medieval planned cities. Cheongju was an ancient city which, through its geographical advantage, developed into a growth city through the absorption process of Baekje from Mahan's large settlement. At one time, however, the city declined in the adverse environment of the borders of centralized countries. However, Silla established 'Seowon-Sokyung' around the new center right after reunification. As the planned city of 'Sokyung' entered, Cheongju became the center city of Chungcheong-do. On the other hand, the background of the installation of 'Sokyung' was the control and monitoring of the Baekje-based Local people for political purposes and it can be estimated from the medieval urban structure with the 'Bangri system'. In the early Cheongju region of Goryeo, The thaneship which opposed to the central forces become a center. This political background suggests that the goals for the overpowered and conquered people have become receded, and this means that the object of check has been turned into thaneship. Nevertheless, the Cheongju area Gyesugwan of the 23rd year of the Goryeo Taejo. This compares with the situation at the time of the installation of 'Sokyung' right after Silla's unification. The background seems to have been the reasons for the change of the ruling dynasty (the fact that Cheongju was not a newly expanded territory) and appeasement for Cheongju in early Goryeo. In this period, it is confirmed that the compartments such as fence facilities and road yards are expanded and compared with the case of Northern Song dynasty, it was possible to imagine the change in the structure of the street which lost the control function of Bang-ri system like the phenomenon in Northern Song capital Since then, the medieval city of Cheongju has developed into the present city through the Joseon Dynasty.

일반적으로 조선시대 분묘는 장방형의 묘광을 파고 시신(목관)을 위에서 아래로 내려 안치한 후 흙을 채우고 봉분을 올리는 수혈식의 묘제로 인식하고 있다. 최근의 정밀발굴조사 과정에서 조선시대 토광묘와 회묘의 발치 쪽으로 간격을 두고 묘광과 비슷한 크기의 장방형 수혈이 확인되고, 묘광의 단벽과 수혈의 단벽이 연결된 형태가 간혹 나타나고 있다. 이러한 형식의 분묘를 횡구식 석실(곽)묘의 구조를 차용하여 ‘횡구식 묘제’로 정의하였다. 먼저 횡구식 묘제에서 실제 매장이 가능한지를 확인하였다. 회묘의 경우 사방회와 천회를, 토광묘의 경우 목곽을 사용하여 매장주체부를 먼저 조성하였다. 이후 매장주체부의 규모(길이×너비)를 묘도의 규모(길이×너비), 매장주체부의 규모(너비×높이)를 통로부의 규모(너비×높이)로 비교하여 본 결과, 대부분 실제 매장이 가능한 수치로 확인되었다. 또한 횡구식 토광묘와 회묘에서 발치쪽 단벽을 마지막에 막음한 흔적이 다수 확인되어 실제 매장이 진행되었을 것으로 판단된다. 다음으로 횡구식 묘제 내부에서 출토된 유물을 분석한 결과, 백자지석이나 묘표석, 동전 등을 통해 조선시대 전기에 조성된 것으로 파악된다. 자기류와 금속류의 상대연대 또한 15~16세기에 해당하고 있어 이를 뒷받침한다. 조선시대는 성리학이 정치·사회의 중심이 되었고, 특히 예법은 『朱子家禮』가 기준이 되었다. 그러나 성종 때까지도 수도(묘도)가 조성되는 석실(곽)을 선호하는 문화가 사대부 사이에 유지되고 있었으며, 이는 박익과 노회신의 묘에서도 확인할 수 있었다. 석실(곽)이 회묘로 대체되는 과정에서 묘도가 남아 이전 시대의 전통을 이어가고 있었던 것으로 판단되며, 분묘의 조성계층도 종친과 대신이 주류를 이루었다. 이에 횡구식 묘제는 조선시대 전기에 주로 조성되었으며, 『朱子家禮』의 예법이 정착되는 조선시대 중기 이후로는 확인되지 않는다.

In general, the tombs of the Joseon Dynasty are recognized as a blood transfusion method in which a rectangular tomb is dug and a body (wood coffin) is laid down from top to bottom, filled with soil, and a burial mound is raised. In the recent precision excavation process, rectangular blood transfusions similar to those of the tomb were found at intervals toward the foot of the Togwangmyo and Hoemyo during the Joseon Dynasty, and the short walls of the tomb and the short walls of the blood transfusion were sometimes connected. Therefore, this type of tomb was defined as a "Horizontal tomb" by borrowing the structure of a cross-sectional stone chamber (stone wall) tomb. First, it was confirmed whether the actual burial was possible in the lateral mausoleum. In the case of Hoemyo, the burial body was first created using Sabanghoe and Cheonhoe, and in the case of Togwangmyo, the wooden frame was used. After that, the size (length×width) of the store subject was compared with the size (length×width) of the grave map and the size (width×height) of the store subject by the size of the aisle, and most of them were confirmed to be actual stores. In addition, a number of traces of blocking the foot-side fault wall at the end were found in the horizontal earthen mine and Hoemyo, and it is believed that the actual store was conducted. Next, as a result of analyzing the relics excavated inside the horizontal tomb, it was found to have been built in the early Joseon Dynasty through white porcelain stones, tombstone stones, and coins, and the relative dates such as porcelain and metals are also from the 15th to 16th centuries. In the Joseon Dynasty, Neo-Confucianism became the center of politics and society, and in particular, etiquette became the standard for 『朱子家禮(Zhu-xi's Family Courtesy)』. However, even during the reign of King Seongjong, the culture of preferring stone chamber(stone wall) tomb, where the Soodo (Myodo) was created, was maintained between the Sadaebu(or noble families), which could be confirmed in the tombs of Park Ik and Roh Hoe-shin. In the process of replacing stone chamber(stone wall) tomb with a Hoemyo, it is believed that Myodo remained and continued the tradition of the previous era, and the clan and vassal of the tomb would have been the mainstream. Therefore, it is not confirmed after the middle of the Joseon Dynasty, when the etiquette of 『朱子家禮(Zhu-xi's Family Courtesy)』 was established.