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2024 has been an important year for global protected area policy, with major Conferences of Parties for four relevant global conventions and the first opportunity for stocktaking since agreement of the Convention on Biological Diversity’s (CBD) Kunming- Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) in late 2022. Global coverage of both protected areas and OECMs has increased in this period, but not fast enough to be on track for meeting the targets set for 2030. Outside government, there were important gatherings of people involved with human rights and conservation, protected area rangers and wilderness advocates, all with implications for the development of national protected area networks, and for implementing the GBF’s Target 3 (30x30) for protecting 30% of land and ocean by 2023. Finally, some significant steps towards implementation of 30x30 were completed or underway.

최근 지리산국립공원은 기후변화의 영향으로 구상나무, 가문비나무 등의 침엽수 고사 증가와 같은 문제가 확대되면서, 지속가능한 관리 의 중요성이 높아지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 지리산국립공원을 대상으로 한국형동적생장모델(KO-G-Dynamic model)에 기반한 탄소 흡수 량 모델링과 고해상도 위성영상을 활용한 분석된 식생가치 평가 결과를 종합하여, 기후변화 대응을 위한 우선적인 관리가 필요한 지역을 도출 하는 고도화 기법을 도입하였다. 연구 결과, 노령화에 따른 고사 및 생장량 감소 등으로 인하여 지리산국립공원 내 탄소 흡수량 감소지역이 과거에 비해 점차 확대되는 것으로 분석되었다. 또한 탄소 흡수량이 감소하는 지역 중 난온대 상록활엽수림, 낙엽활엽수림 등 보전 가치가 높은 산림지역이 기후변화 대응을 위한 우선관리지역으로 도출되었다. 본 연구방법론은 향후 국립공원을 포함한 산림지역에 대한 기후변화 대응방 안 모색에 도움이 될 것으로 판단된다.

Due to the effects of climate change, many coniferous trees such as Korean fir and spruce are dying, and the importance of sustainable management of Jirisan National Park is increasing. In this study, we conducted a study on Jirisan national park to identify areas requiring priority management to respond to climate change. We introduced an advanced technique that comprehensively utilizes the results of carbon sequestration changes based on the KO-G-Dynamic model and vegetation value assessments derived from high-resolution satellite images. The results showed that the areas with decreased carbon uptake in Jirisan national park are gradually expanding compared to the past, attributed to increased mortality and reduced grwoth volume due to aging. In addition, among the areas with decreasing carbon uptake, forest areas with high conservation value, such as temperate zone evergreen broadleaf forests and deciduous broadleaf forests, were identified as priority management areas for climate change response. This research methodology is expected to contribute to establishing optimized climate change response measures for forest areas, including national parks, in the future.

계룡산은 통일신라시대 오악 중에 하나로 선정되어 오래전부터 한반도의 중요한 산으로 인식되어 왔다. 그래서 1968년 국립공원으로 지정되어 오늘에 이루고 있다. 이러한 계룡산국립공원 내에는 사찰이나 무덤 관련 석조미술이 상당량 전하고 있는데, 대부분 불교 신앙과 관련 한 불교적인 석조미술이 주류를 형성하고 있다. 이 중에서도 계룡산국립공원 내의 갑사, 동학사, 신원사 등에 전하고 있는 당간지주, 석탑, 부도 등이 대표적인 석조미술로 확인되고 있다. 이러한 것으로 보아 계룡산국립공원 내의 석조미술사는 불교적인 석조미술이 중심을 형성하고 있다 고 할 수 있다. 계룡산국립공원 내의 불교적인 석조미술은 통시대적인 관점에서 우리나라 석조미술사의 흐름과 상통하는 전개 과정을 보여주 고 있으며, 각각의 석조미술은 그것이 제작된 시기의 시대사조나 문화를 함유하고 있는 것으로 파악되고 있다. 그런데 계룡산이 오래전부터 중요한 산으로 인식되었는데, 다른 지역이나 권역별처럼 삼국이나 통일신라시대에 조성된 것이 확실한 석조미술품은 확인되지 않고 있다. 앞 으로 이와 관련된 석조미술품이 출토되기를 기대한다.

Gyeryongsan Mountain has long been recognized as an important mountain on the Korean Peninsula, as it was chosen as one of the five mountains of the Unified Silla Dynasty. Therefore, it was designated as a national park in 1968 . Gyeryongsan National Park has a considerable amount of stone art associated with temples and tombs, with the ones related to Buddhist beliefs predominating. The Dangganjiju, Stone Pagoda, and Budo, which were handed down to Gap-sa Temple, Donghak-sa Temple, and Shinwon-sa Temple in the national park, are representative of such stone art. From this viewpoint, it can be said that Buddhist stone art forms the center of the stone art history in Gyeryongsan National Park. From a timeline perspective, the Buddhist stone art in Gyeryongsan National Park shows a development process that is in line with the flow of stone art history in Korea. Each piece of stone artwork is believed to reflect the trend or culture of the time in which it was produced. However, although Gyeryongsan Mountain has long been recognized as an important mountain, stone artworks that are certain to have been created during the Three Kingdoms or Unified Silla Period have not been identified, as in other regions or cultural zones. It is expected that stone art related to this period will be excavated in the future.

본 연구는 설악산국립공원 주변 지역에 설치⋅운영 중인 지하수관측망의 지하수위 변동특성을 이해하기 위해 2012년에서 2021년까지 장기 관측된 관측망 지하수위 자료에 대하여 시계열분석을 실시하였다. 해당 관측망은 3개소로 모두 암반대수층에 설치되어 있으며, 해당 운영기관에서 주기적인 점검과 관리가 이루어지는 것으로 파악된다. 선형분석결과, 고성인흥 관측소에서 -89.7 cm/yr의 지하수위 하강이 나타났고, 고성토성 관측소에서는 3.7 cm/yr의 지하수위 상승이 나타났다. 3개 관측소에서 강한 자기상관성을 나타냈으며, 특히 고성인흥 관측소는 시간지연이 고성토성과 속초노학의 약 8배로 장주기성으로 분석되었으며, 강수의 시간지연은 고성토성, 속초노학과 유사하게 분석 되어 두 지하수위 자료와 강한 선형성과 기억효과를 가진 것으로 판단된다. 강수와 지하수위의 교차상관함수를 분석한 결과 고성인흥은 지연 시간은 12일로 강우에 대하여 어느 정도의 상호상관성을 보이고 있다. 향후 설악산국립공원 주요 하천에서의 유량 상시 모니터링이 이루어진 다면 지하수위 모니터링 자료와 연계하여 설악산국립공원의 수자원에 대한 연구가 활발할 것으로 기대된다.

To understand the water level fluctuation characteristics at the groundwater observation network installed and operated in the area around Seoraksan National Park, a time series analysis of long-term data of groundwater levels observed in the network from 2012 to 2021 was performed. The observation network comprises three locations, all installed in the bedrock aquifer, and periodic inspections and management are carried out by the relevant operating agency. According to the linear analysis results, the groundwater level decreased by -89.7 cm/yr at the Goseong-Inheung Observatory, whereas it rose by 3.7 cm/yr at the Goseong-Toseong Observatory. A strong autocorrelation was observed among the three observatories. In particular, at the Goseong-Inheung Observatory, the time delay was found to be approximately 8 times longer than that at the Goseong- Toseong and Sokcho-Nohak observatories, whereas the time delay of precipitation was similar to the time delay of Goseong-Toseong and Sokcho-Nohak. These results were judged to have strong linearity and memory effects with the groundwater level data. Analysis of the cross-correlation function between rainfall and groundwater levels showed that Goseong-Inheung had a certain degree of cross-correlation with rainfall, with a delay of 12 days. If the discharge in major rivers of Seoraksan National Park is continuously monitored, researches on water resources using river discharge and groundwater levels are expected to be actively conducted.

2022년 4월부터 10월까지 치악산국립공원 일대의 어류군집 특성을 분석하고자 계절별로 조사하였다. 조사지점은 GIS 분석을 통하여 고정조사구 15개, 어류의 다양성이 높을 것으로 생각되는 임의 조사구 9개 등 24개 지점을 선정하였다. 조사지점의 환경은 대부분 1~4차 하천으로 산간계류 또는 중상류역에 해당하였으며, 지점별 물리적 환경요인에 대한 주성분 분석 결과 고도와 유폭, 수심에 따라 하상물질의 구성이 달라지는 것으로 나타났다. 어류조사 결과 총 11과 26종 3,053개체가 확인되었으며, 우점종은 참갈겨니(30.9%), 아우점종은 버들치 (24.1%)였다. 법정보호종으로는 묵납자루, 어름치, 열목어, 둑중개 4종이었으며, 한국고유종은 쉬리, 긴몰개, 돌마자 등 16종이었다. 지점에 따른 어종별 개체수를 근거로 cluster 분석을 실시한 결과 크게 두 그룹으로 분류되었으며, 우점종과 아우점종의 개체수와 각 지점의 특성을 결정하는 주요 종에 따라 세분화되었다. 국립공원구역 내⋅외의 어류군집 순위풍부도 곡선에 대한 모형을 분석한 결과 공원구역 내에서는 ‘Preemption’ 모형, 공원구역 밖은 ‘Mandelbrot’ 모형이 각각 채택되었다. 선행연구 결과와 본 조사 결과를 종합하면 치악산국립공원 일대 에서 확인된 어류는 32종으로 정리되었으며, 시기별 어종 출현유무에 대하여 주좌표 분석을 실시한 결과 크게 두 그룹으로 나누어졌다. 이와 같이 치악산국립공원 일대의 어류군집은 법정보호종 4종, 한국고유종 16종 등 생물다양성과 보호가치가 매우 높으므로 지속적인 모니터링과 보전방안 마련이 필요하다.

This study was conducted to survey the fish community in the Chiaksan National Park region in Korea over three different seasons (from April to October 2022) and to analyze its characteristics. Using GIS program, 15 fixed stations and nine random stations that were considered likely to have high fish species diversity were selected for study. Most environments at the surveyed stations were first- to fourth-order streams, corresponding to mountainous or upper-middle streams. Additionally, the composition of the stream substrates varied depending on the altitude, stream width, and water depth, as revealed by principal component analysis of the physical environmental factors at each station. In total, 3,053 individuals from 26 species across 11 families were identified in the survey. The dominant species was Zacco koreanus (30.9%), followed by the subdominant species Rhynchocypris oxycephalus (24.1%). Four legally protected species were identified; namely, Acheilognathus signifer, Hemibarbus mylodon, Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis, and Cottus koreanus. Additionally, 16 species endemic to Korea were identified, including Coreoleuciscus splendidus, Squalidus gracilis majimae, and Microphysogobio yaluensis. Cluster analysis based on the number of individuals per species at each station classified the stations into two large groups, which were further subdivided according to the number of dominant and key species determining the characteristics of each station. Rank abundance curve model analysis of the fish clusters within and outside the national park area resulted in the ‘Preemption’ model being adopted for the park area and the ‘Mandelbrot’ model for the area outside the park. Thus, on the basis of this survey and previous studies, 32 fish species have been identified in Chiaksan National Park. Principal coordinate analysis of the presence or absence of fish species by period divided the fish community into two groups. Therefore, the fish community in the Chiaksan National Park region has very high biodiversity and protection values, including four legally protected species and 16 species endemic to Korea. Hence, continuous monitoring and preservation measures are needed.

본 연구는 바다제비의 주요 번식지인 다도해해상국립공원 칠발도의 식생을 바다제비 둥지 특성과 연관지어 파악하고자 수행되었다. 칠발 도의 식생은 대부분 밀사초가 우점하는 식생을 이루고 있고 정상부에는 사철나무군락, 무화과나무군락 등 관목림이 우점하고 있다. 칠발도 내에 서 바다제비의 둥지는 평균 1.86개/㎡ 였으며 거주둥지는 0.6개/㎡로 나타났다. 식물 군락별 바다제비 둥지의 밀도는 밀사초군락 2.78개/㎡, 모시풀군락과 참억새군락 각 2.5개/㎡, 무화과나무군락 1.63개/㎡, 사철나무군락 1.25개/㎡, 가시복분자딸기군락 1개/㎡ 로 조사되었다.

This study was conducted to identify the vegetation and Swinhoe’s Storm Petrel nest distribution characteristics on Chilbaldo Island in Dadohaehaesang National Park. The vegetation on Chilbaldo Island is mostly dominated by Carex wahuensis var. robusta, with shrub forests of this species and Ficus carica being predominant at the summit. The average number of Swinhoe’s Storm Petrel nests across the island was 1.86 places/㎡, and the number of residential nests was 0.6 places/㎡. The density of Swinhoe’s Storm Petrel nests according to plant community was 2.78 places/㎡ for the Carex wahuensis var. robusta community, 2.5 places/㎡ each for the Boehmeria nivea and Miscanthus sinensis communities, 1.63 places/㎡ for the Ficus carica community, 1.25 places/㎡ for the Euonymus japonicus community, and 1 place/㎡ for the Rubus schizostylus community.

우리나라의 국립공원에 서식하는 거미류(거미강: 거미목)의 목록을 최신 분류체계에 맞게 정리하여 국립공원 생물종목록에 반영하였다. 이전 목록의 국명과 학명을 환경부 국가생물종목록(2023) 및 World Spider Catalog와 비교한 결과, 동종이명, 기존 연구의 오동정, 속명 변경, 종의 재유효화와 같은 변동 사례가 확인되었으며, 국립공원 자연자원조사 등을 통해 미기록종으로 발견되었으나 학술논문으로 발표되 지 않은 종은 추후 분류학적 연구를 통해 국가생물종목록에 추가할 계획이다. 또한, 국립공원에서 채집된 기록이 있으나 기존 생물종목록에 포함되지 않은 117종을 확인하였다. 이번 연구를 통해 확인된 종들과 현 목록의 622종을 합하면 국립공원에 서식하는 거미목은 총 739종이 된다. 자생 거미목 가운데 국립공원이 모식산지인 종은 134종으로 확인되었다.

The checklist of spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) in the national parks of Korea has been revised in accordance with a recent classification system. Comparison of the previous checklist with the current National Species List of Korea (2023) and the World Spider Catalog revealed several cases of changes, such as synonymy, misidentification, generic recombination, and revalidation. Through the Natural Resource Research and other surveys, some species were discovered as being new to the spider fauna in Korea, but have not been formally reported in any publications, and should be added to the National Species List. Moreover, a list of 117 species that have been recorded in national parks in Korea but were not included in the previous checklist is provided. Combining the results of the taxonomic revision (622 species) and the number of species newly recorded, a total of 739 species of spiders are currently known to inhabit the national parks of Korea. Additionally, a list of 134 species is provided, of which the national parks are the type locality.

가야산국립공원 곤충류의 3기(2016), 4기(2022) 자연자원조사 결과를 재정리하여 총 20목 254과 2,156종으로 나타났다. 나비목은 36과 778종으로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 딱정벌레목 68과 584종, 노린재목 25과 302종, 벌목 25과 208종, 파리목 29과 125종 순으로 나타 났다. 법정보호종은 멸종위기야생생물Ⅱ급 2종, 한반도고유종 55종, 기후변화생물지표종 2종이 확인되었으며, 국가적색목록은 취약등급 (vulnerable, VU) 5종, 준위협등급(near threatened) 1종이 확인되었다. 조사방법별 군집 분석결과에서 유인등트랩, 함정트랩, 깔때기트 랩이 다른 조사방법과 뚜렷하게 구별되는 것으로 나타났다.

The 3rd (2016) and 4th (2022) natural resource surveys of insects in Gayasan National Park identified 20 orders, 254 families, and 2,156 species in total. Lepidoptera (36 families, 778 species) was the dominant group, followed by Coleoptera (68 families, 584 species), Hemiptera (25 families, 302 species), Hymenoptera (25 families, 208 species), and Diptera (29 families, 125 species). Additionally, two endangered species (Grade II), 55 endemic species, and two climate-sensitive biological indicator species were identified. Five species were classified as vulnerable (VU) and one species was identified as near-threatened (NT) on the National Red List. The comparison of insect communities based on different survey methods showed that light, pitfall, and funnel traps were distinguished from other survey methods.

In this study, 8 field surveys of the vascular plants in Naejangsan National Park were conducted between May and November 2021. The vascular plants identified comprised 424 taxa, made up of 98 families, 257 genera, 377 species, 8 subspecies, 34 varieties, and 5 forms. Among these, 12 taxa of plants endemic to Korea, including Vicia hirticalycina Nakai and Ajuga spectabilis Nakai, were identified. Threatened plants according to the IUCN Red List Categories were 4 taxa consisting of 3 taxa of Vulnerable (VU) (Lycoris chinensis var. sinuolata K.Tae & S.C.Ko, Iris koreana Nakai, and Cymbidium macrorhizon Lindl.), and 1 taxon of Near Threatened (NT) (Cremastra appendiculata var. variabilis (Blume) I.D. Lund.). Three taxa (including L. chinensis var. sinuolata) designated as Endangered Wildlife Class II were also recorded. Floristic regional indicator plants included 18 taxa, 3 of which were Degree V and 15 were Degree III. In total, 21 taxa were recorded as alien plants, resulting in a naturalization index of 4.95% and an urbanization index of 6.54%. Additionally, 1 taxon of an ecosystem-disturbing plant was identified; namely, Humulus japonicus Siebold & Zucc.

태안해안국립공원 바람아래해변에 서식하는 표범장지뱀의 개체군 크기 변화를 파악하기 위하여 2009년부터 2023년까지 매년 5월, 8월, 10월에 모니터링을 하였다. 그 결과, 이 지역의 표범장지뱀은 최소 48개체에서 최대 80개체 수준으로 개체수가 유지되는 것으로 나타났 고 봄, 여름, 가을인 5월, 8월, 10월에 발견된 개체수의 차이는 없었다. 향후 5년 동안 개체수 변동을 예측하기 위하여 이동평균법과 ARIMA 분석을 수행하였는데 바람아래해변에 서식하는 표범장지뱀의 개체수는 거의 일정하게 유지되다가 감소되는 것으로 예측되었다. 따라서 바람 아래해변에 서식하는 표범장지뱀의 개체수를 유지하기 위해 서식지에 침입한 초본류 관리, 모래 유실 방지 등 지속적인 서식지 관리 노력이 필요하다.

To understand the population changes of the Mongolian racerunner (Eremias argus) inhabiting Baramarae Beach SPA (Special Protection Area) in Taeanhaean National Park, monitoring was conducted in May, August, and October from 2009 to 2023. The results showed that the population of Mongolian racerunners in this area numbered between 48 and 80 individuals, and their numbers did not differ significantly between the seasons. To predict population fluctuations over the next five years, moving average (MA) and ARIMA analyses were performed. The results indicated that the number of Mongolian racerunners inhabiting Baramarae Beach was likely to remain stable or decrease. Therefore, to maintain the population of these lizards at Baramarae Beach, continuous management efforts such as controlling invasive herbaceous plants and preventing sand erosion are required.

During a 2020 investigation of the distribution of higher fungi in Gayasan National Park and Taebaeksan National Park, a species not previously recorded in Korea was discovered and confirmed through morphological characterization and DNA sequence analysis to be Tricholoma olivaceum. In this paper, the macro- and micromorphological characteristics of this species, as well as the results of studies of its internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences, are described.

In 2021, an investigation of indigenous fungi in the western part of Mudeungsan National Park in Korea was conducted. All collected specimens were identified to the species level on the basis of their morphological characteristics and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region sequences. Among the specimens, a Pluteus species that was previously not recorded in Korea was discovered. Through its morphological characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the ITS sequences, we identified this species as Pluteus eos. Herein, we describe the macro-and micromorphological characteristics of the newly recorded species in detail.

본 연구는 원격탐사 기술을 활용하여 몽골의 항헹티 특별보호지역과 한국의 설악산국립공원 내 산림식생의 탄소 저장량을 평가하였다. 연구 결과, 항헹티 특별보호지역의 2021년 지상부 바이오매스는 약 6천 5백만 톤으로 산정되었으며, 이는 탄소로 환산하면 약 4천 6백만 탄소톤에 해당한다. 반면, 설악산국립공원은 같은 년도에 지상부 바이오매스 약 607만 톤, 탄소 저장량 약 434만 탄소톤으로 추정된다. 단위 면적 당 탄소저장량은 설악산국립공원이 ha 당 104.23 탄소톤, 항헹티 특별보호지역이 51.78 탄소톤으로 설악산국립공원의 탄소 저장량이 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 항헹티 특별보호지역의 바이오매스는 2010년에 비해 약 4백만 톤의 바이오매스가 감소했으나 설악산국립공원은 큰 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 항헹티 특별보호지역에서 연간 약 93만 9천 톤의 이산화탄소 배출로 이어질 수 있음을 시사한 다. 본 연구는 양국의 산림 생태계 관리 및 기후변화 대응 정책 수립에 중요한 참고 자료가 될 것으로 기대된다.

In this study, remote sensing technology was used to assess the carbon stocks of forest vegetation in the Khan Khentii Strictly Protected Area in Mongolia and Seoraksan National Park in South Korea. The aboveground biomass of the Khan Khentii Strictly Protected Area in 2021 was estimated to be approximately 65 million tons, which is equivalent to approximately 46 million tons of carbon. By contrast, the aboveground biomass of Seoraksan National Park in the same year was approximately 6.07 million tons, with a carbon stock of approximately 4.34 million tons. The carbon stock per unit area was higher in Seoraksan National Park (104.23 ton C/ha vs. 51.78 ton C/ha in the Khan Khentii Strictly Protected Area). The biomass of the Khan Khentii Strictly Protected Area had decreased by approximately 4 million tons since 2010, whereas that at Seoraksan National Park showed no significant difference over the same period. These results suggest that the Khan Khentii Strictly Protected Area could emit approximately 939,000 tons of carbon dioxide annually. The findings of this study are expected to serve as an important reference for management of the forest ecosystem and the formulation of climate change response policies in both countries.

본 연구의 목적은 시계열 분석 모형을 이용하여 전북특별자치도 내 4개 도립공원(마이산, 선운산, 대둔산, 모악산)의 미래 탐방수요를 예측하는 것이다. 분석 결과, 4개 도립공원 탐방수요는 2030년까지 지속적으로 증가 추세를 유지할 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 탐방수요 증가는 자원 훼손과 탐방경험의 질적 저하의 직접적 원인이 될 수 있다. 따라서 공원관리청에서는 과도한 신규 수요 창출을 위한 탐방 인프라의 양적 확대보다 자원과 탐방서비스의 질적 수준 향상에 정책 역량을 집중해야 한다. 탐방안내소 등 기본시설 확충, 수요자 맞춤형 정보 제공, 저지대 수평 탐방문화 유도, 지역사회와 연계한 생태관광프로그램 등이 대표적이다.

The purpose of this study was to forecast the future visit demands for four provincial parks in Jeonbuk Special Self-Governing Province using time series analysis. The results revealed that the demand for future visits to the four provincial parks will continue to increase up to 2030. However, increased demand for visits can directly damage resources and deteriorate the quality of the visiting experience. Therefore, park management agencies should focus their policy capabilities on improving the quality of resources and services rather than on the quantitative expansion of visiting infrastructure to create excessive new demand. Representative examples include the expansion of basic facilities, such as information centers, provision of customized information to visitors, induction of a low-lying horizontal visit culture, and ecotourism programs linked to local communities.

본 연구는 새롭게 수립된 제5차 국가생물다양성(2024-2028)의 국가 보전 목표 성취에 기여하기 위하여, 지방자치단체에서 지정⋅관 할하는 지역을 대상으로 잠재 자연공존지역(OECM) 확인을 목표로 하였다. 연구 대상은 2024년 3월 기준 등록된 자치법규정보시스템(Elis) 에 등록된(2024년 3월 기준) 243개의 지방자치단체 조례 중 보전 개념을 반영된 9개 주요어가 법규 명으로 포함되는 조례 1,067개를 대상으 로 하였다. 법규 명에 특정 종, 특정 지역 보호를 언급하거나 조례 내용 중 보전지역 조항을 담고 있는 조례를 대상 17개를 1차 선별한 후, 선별 된 17개 조례에 의해 지정⋅관리되는 22개 지역을 대상으로 K-OECM 결정인자(Criteria) 4개 항목(①보호지역 여부, ②지리적 경계를 통해 ③거버넌스와 관리, ④생물다양성 가치)을 적용하여 잠재 자연공존지역(OECM) 부합성이 높은 6개소를 확인하였다.

In order to achieve the national conservation target of the 5th National Biodiversity Strategy(2024-2028), this study aims to identify the potential OECMs, known as Natural Coexistence Areas in Korea, focusing on the sites under the jurisdiction of local governments. In total, 1,067 ordinances with nine keywords in the legal titles of 243 registered municipal ordinances (as of March 2024) in the municipal ordinance information system (Elis) were reviewed. Seventeen ordinances, that mentioned the protection of specific species or specific areas or that contained conservation area provisions in their titles were selected. The 22 areas designated and managed by the 17 selected ordinances were reviewed for each of the four K-OECM criteria: ① whether the area is a protected area, ② geographic boundaries, ③ governance and management, and ④ biodiversity value. This review identified six sites with a high potential for OECM. As a result of the review process, 6 sites were selected to have highly potential to be OECMs.

The complete chloroplast genome of Viola biflora, an endangered species in South Korea, was sequenced and analyzed. The genome exhibits a typical quadripartite structure, spanning 158,068 bp with a GC content of 36.3%. It contains 111 unique genes; namely, 77 protein-coding genes, 4 rRNA genes, and 30 tRNA genes. Comparative analysis with other Viola species revealed high conservation of the genome structure and gene content across the genus. A maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree was constructed using whole-chloroplast genome sequences from 33 Viola species and one outgroup. The results of the analysis partially supported the infrageneric classification system proposed by Marcussen et al. However, unsupported results were also observed, such as the formation of a polyphyletic group by Viola biflora and Viola orientalis and the creation of a paraphyletic group by subsect. Patellares within sect. Plagiostigma. Moreover, Viola biflora formed a sister group to the Viola raddeana-Viola verecunda clade, showing a close phylogenetic relationship with sect. Plagiostigma. This study provides valuable genomic information for future research on the evolution, ecology, and conservation of Viola biflora.