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Personal pronouns and other noun expressions could be considered as person expressions. This study aims to organize concrete examples which were extracted from Korean and Chinese corpora and analyze the corpus data to accurately identify the usage frequency of personal pronouns and substitute expressions, and reexamine the features and causes of their usage based on the theories of language typology. For this purpose, by using Korean and Chinese corpora with empirical techniques, the actual frequency of appearance, using rate, and distribution of Korean and Chinese person expressions were investigated. The characteristics of them were inductively summarized based on the results of quantitative and corollary analysis of corpus. When summarizing, it is necessary to use qualitative research methods to interpret the three research questions and to identify the cause of the analysis results. If these three questions are proved, the relation of personal pronouns and substitute expressions can be regarded as a verbal existence. (Shanghai International Studies University)

「あの」は、従来、文法的な枠組 みでは除かれ、その働きが明らかにされていなかったため、言い淀みや場繋ぎ語と して扱われてきたが、近頃、多くの研究では「フィラー」と名付けられるように なった。本研究では「あの」の「フィラー」の機能として、発話境界の表示などの テキスト構成に関する機能、発話の和らげなどの対人関係に関する機能について分 析を加えるということに目的がある。実際の会話データにおける多様な「あの」の 使用される表現についての分析を行うことにした。その結果、談話の構造理解や発 話文の取り組みに関わる機能である「テキスト構成に関わる機能」は、談話の中で 相手の発話内容が理解できないために、具体的な例をあげて相手に分かってもらえ るような環境を作っていくという「選択提示」の機能、会話の相手に理解されてい ないことが分かったりした場合に別の言葉で言い換える際に使う「語彙変換」の機 能、話し手と聞き手の会話で相手が言及したものについて、適切な表現が見つから ない際に使用される「説明を加える機能」に「あの」が用いられている。また、聞 き手の存在を意識した状況で使われるフィラーの役割と聞き手に配慮して発話する という機能である「対人関係に関わる機能」は、聞き手が受け入れやすいものにす るために「助言を強化する機能」、過去の発話に関することについて話し手の意図 を明らかに聞き手に伝達しようとする「過去の事実に関する確信」の機能に「あ の」が使われている。(Cheju Halla University)

This study aims to explore how the use of emoticons differs between English native speakers and Koreans in terms of social distance and relationships in mobile communication. The research was conducted by surveys with participants' ages ranging from their 20s to over 60 from various professions. A total of 181 responses were collected. The results show that Koreans use emoticons more often than English speakers, and for English speakers, the main reason for using emoticons is to show emotions whereas for Korean, it is to make messages friendly. The survey results show that both groups use emoticons with close relationships such as family, friends, and close colleagues. Both groups responded that they would use emoticons most when sending thanking messages. However, Koreans do not tend to use emoticons much with family when thanking, compared to English-speaking professionals. In cases of relationships that provoke the most discomfort when receiving message with emoticons, English professionals responded "colleagues" whereas the Korean respondents did not think this is the case. Regarding the appropriate use of emoticons, a number of Korean professionals think emoticons should be used when showing emotions that cannot be delivered by text. However, many English professionals stated that the use of emoticons should be in informal texting and it is not appropriate in a professional relationship. (Daejeon University)

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the context and contextual effect in the text and screen translation. In the analysis of text translation materials, this study explains the cases focusing on the linguistic context and describes the three kinds of contextual effects -- strengthening, abandonment, contextual implication. And in the analysis of screen translation materials, this study also explains the cases focusing on the nonlinguistic context and describes the same kinds of contextual effects. The result of this study can give some directions to translate the materials in a way that fits the given context and increases the contextual effect as far as possible. (Jeju National University)

The word 'Fengjian(封建)‘ was originally used since ancient times in China and means 'to give land and title'. Since late modern period (after 1850) in Asia, ‘封建’ has been borrowed as a translation of Feudalism in European history since its form is similar to that of ancient Chinese or pre-modern Japanese government system. Then, under the influence of Marxist history theory, Chinese Communist theorists gave a new meaning to ‘封建’ by defining the time of about 2000 years from the Qin-Han era to the Qing Dynasty in Chinese history as 'feudal society'. And this concept played a key role in the revolutionary movement of the Communist Party of China. After the victory of the Communist Party and the establishment of New China(PRC), the term '封建' in modern Chinese has become a metaphor that has negative meanings such as 'pre-modernity, oppression, backwardness'. Since the 1990s, controversy has arisen over the concept of '封建(feudalism)' in Chinese academic circles. The core of the controversy can be concentrated to the "classical" school that claim to use it in a classical sense, and to the "modern" school who argue that it should be used as Marxist concept. And behind these controversy, we can see different viewpoints on Marxist and Communist ideology, and through this we can observe the attitudes of Chinese intellectuals to Communist Party rule. (Jeju National University)

This study examined the Korean response patterns of「-te shimau」in five Korean translations of a Japanese novel. The semantics of「-te shimau」 were classified as [completion], [irretrievableness], [rearrangement], [involuntarily] and [incongruity]. There are 15 types of responses to Korean. The distribution of use by type of response was in the order '-eot/nda', '-eo beorida', '-go malda', '-go na-', 'da -hada', '-eo chiuda', as a result, '-eot/nda' was the highest with a total of 50.56 percent. The '-eot/nda' and '-eo beorida' represent all five meanings, these have strong meanings of [completion] and [irretrievableness]. The '-go malda' has a stronger meaning of [irretrievableness] than of [completion]. Other types of responses commonly represent [completion]. The 'da -hada' and '-eo chiuda', represent only the meaning of [completion] and [rearrangement]. Seven complex types such as '-eo beorigomalda' can be some sort of emphasis. I was also able to identify specific causes for the response forms of '-eot'/nda', '-eo beorida', '-go malda', '-go na-', and other forms of response. Therefore, I suggest that Japanese learners for Korean be aware of the aspect and modalistic meanings of「-te shimau」, and that the Korean response to「-te shimau」is also expressed in addition to '-eot/nda', 'da -hada, '-eo chiuda' as well as '-eo beorida' and '-go malda'. (Daegu Catholic University)

TV programs are useful because they provide large amounts of diverse verbal and non-verbal language data (i.e., gaze, gesture, facial expression, and tone) from various speakers; researchers can collect data from these programs to conduct a quantitative study of Japanese language behavior. However, TV programs exhibit problems that make it difficult to keep observing speakers from specific angles. No research has identified the extent to which speakers can be observed from TV broadcasting images or whether this observation differs depending on specific factors. In an attempt to fill this gap in knowledge, this paper examined a TV interview program titled “Holiday Interview.” Focusing on the roles of speakers and types of speaking, we found out that an interviewer in the program appeared on screen about half as often as the interviewee. Particularly, as the interviewer primarily said hah- and ah- sodesune—thus backchanneling— the camera rarely focused on him. My future research will analyze speakers’ language behaviors and the image production process of the behaviors considering factors such as the number of speakers participating in interviews and interview styles, which are not examined in this paper. (Jeju National University)

According to ‘『說文解字(shuōwénjiězì)』’, ‘營(yíng)’ stands for ‘从宮, 熒省聲’, ‘宮(gōng)’ represents ‘house’, ‘熒(yíng)’ signifies ‘light’ and ‘魂(hún)’ is a letter which the spirit of the deceased being changed into an elf-fire goes up to the sky. Thinking of the order of forming Chinese Characters, we guess that ‘鬼(guǐ)’ which portrays ‘head [甶] & leg[儿] of ghost’ can be formed at first, then ‘魄(pò)’ which means ‘he body of ghost’ can be seen clearly with our eyes. Finally, ‘魂(hún)’ can be formed, supposing that ‘A ghost has a spirit just as a living creature has a life,’ as the ability of cognition develops. Before forming the letter ‘魂(hún)’, ‘營(yíng)’ meaning a kind of house where its image shines around the tomb substitutes the word ‘魂(hún)’. Gradually, ‘魂(hún)’, a similar type of ‘魄(pò)’ can be existed such as the relationship between ‘鳳 凰(fènghuáng)’ and ‘娑婆(suōpó)’ Besides, ‘營(yíng)’ and ‘魂(hún)’ is the same original letter, ‘營(yíng)’ must be understood ‘魂(hún)’ in the chapter 2 ‘載營魄抱一’ of ‘『道德經([Dàodéjīng)』’. (Jeju National University)

In Japanese society, the use of honorific expressions can be mainly seen in business scenes, and TV series are based on the actual language commonly used in current society. Hence, 10 TV series in which honorific expressions are frequently used are analyzed in the research to study honorific expressions of ‘Iku(go)’, ‘Kuru(come)’, and ‘Iru(exist)’. In the result, only ‘Ikareru’ is used as an honorific of ‘Iku’. ‘Iratsharu’ among the respectful expressions of ‘Kuru’ is used at 73.6% of the cases and other expressions like ‘Mieru’, ‘Korareru’, ‘Oide’, ‘Okoshi’ and ‘Mairareru’ are occasionally spoken. As for ‘Iru’, ‘Iratsharu’ is mostly used at 93.6% except for the cases using the auxiliary verb, ‘Orareru’. Clarifying the honorific Expressions of ‘Iku’, ‘Kuru’, and ‘Iru’ can help Korean Japanese learners apply the terms to real conversations. (Kumoh National Institute of Technology)

The purpose of this study is to propose that English non-finite clauses including ECM and small clauses(henceforth, SC) have a parallel internal structure with the verbal predication mediated by the copular BE. To support the idea, the English copular verb BE is classified as auxiliary and lexical verbs depending on its syntactic, semantic, and phonetic features, and then the lexical BE is sub-classified into the following two types: be-① and be-②. This paper argues that be-②’s semantic and phonetic features are lost in the process of Grammaticalization with only functional ones left. To consolidate the argument, some empirical evidences are presented from French and Nigerian Edo languages. In the Edo language especially, overt copular particles, whose morphology is totally distinct from its auxiliary BE, must exist in front of the predicate AP or NP whether it is placed in the main or embedded clauses. Based on these specimens, this paper contends that, instead of the functional category, the phonetically null functional element be-② mediates the predication and agreement between English SC subjects and predicates. Therefore, describing the SC complements and ECM as an identical TP structure seems worth pursing in that various English clausal structures can be explained uniformly by the head of T. (Chungnam National University)

Based on the theory of grammaticalization, this paper mainly discusses the syntactic and semantic characteristics of ‘Qi’ and ‘Qilai’ in 《Zhu Zi Yu Lei》. According to the syntactic structure, the paper divides the ‘Qi’ and ‘Qilai’ into three types: ⑴V+Qi, ⑵V+Qi+NP+lai, ⑶V+Qi+lai. The main conclusions of this paper are as follows: (1)In 《Zhu Zi Yu Le i》, ‘Qi’ and ‘Qilai’ mainly appear in new pivotal sentences and verb-complement construction. In new pivotal sentences, ‘Qi’ acts as verbs and already has two semanticized variations: One representing concrete space movement, the other abstract space movement. On the other hand ‘Qilai’ has only variation that represent abstract spatial motion. ‘Qi’ and ‘Qilai’ in the verb-complement construction are complemented by a further process of semantic differentiation, with variations that not only show space movement meaning, but also indicate the result and status meaning. (2)The separation type ‘Qilai’ is formed by combining ‘VQi+NP’ and ‘lai’. Therefore there is no identity between the separation type ‘Qilai’ and conjunctive type ‘Qilai’. (3)The conjunctive type ‘Qilai’ has not yet completely turned into a compound directional complement. (Kyungpook National University)

The purpose of this study is to examine how the sub-factors of demographic characteristics influence instructors’ transformational leadership, transactional leadership, and class satisfaction of learners and to analyze the relationship between sub-factors of demographic characteristics and sub-factors of leadership style and class satisfaction. A total of 86 students participated in this study and a questionnaire with 47 items was administered to them. The results showed that first, instructor’s transformational leadership and transactional leadership differed statistically significant according to the factors of ‘grade’, ‘major,’ ‘college life’, ‘school year’ and ‘leadership education.’ Second, according to students’ class satisfaction, there were statistically significant differences in ‘classes,’ ‘college life’ and ‘leadership education.’ Third, individual consideration among the sub-factors of transformational leadership significantly affected class satisfaction. Finally, transformational leadership had a greater impact on students’ class satisfaction than transactional leadership. Based on the findings, some pedagogical suggestions are made for instructors of English. (Daegu University)

This study is aimed at identifying the current trends in research on machine translation(MT) conducted by Korean translation researchers. Content analysis was undertaken for forty-nine papers published between 1997 and 2018 in the four local translation studies(TS) journals. In addition, a keyword analysis procedure of corpus linguistics was used to compare keywords of MT research in TS and engineering. It was found that the last two years witnessed a dramatic increase in the size of MT research. Overall, TS machine translation research was divided into three categories: high-level summaries of the MT landscape, MT production-centric research and MT consumption-centric research. MT consumption-centric research accounted for the majority of MT research in TS, positioning TS researchers mainly as consumers of MT systems. The most frequent subject of MT research in TS was the assessment of MT products and systems. The keyword analysis revealed that MT research in TS was characterized by its focus on the “guideline” and “training” of “post-editing” whereas MT research in engineering was distinguished by the efforts to “introduce” and “optimize” machine translation “models”. (Ewha Womans University)

This study examined how two Filipino immigrant women compose their stories to live by related to three-language-use (use of Korean, English, and Tagalog) in Korean context. The language-identity stories of two Filipino immigrant women were analysed, interpreted and understood under narrative inquiry method (Clandinin & Connelly, 2000). As a result of the study, seven meanings from their narratives were constructed: Firstly, Korean language competence is connected to being a good mother. Secondly, fluent Korean language becomes a safe guard for herself. Thirdly, English competence of mom is a pride of her children. Fourthly, English competence is the source of income. Fifthly, the national identity of the Philippines is more powerful than the fluent English-user identity in Korea. Sixthly, Tagalog is a symbol of comport and emotional freedom. Lastly, Tagalog is a language that should be hidden in Korea. The study expects impressive resonance in all Korean people’s minds, thus leading them to think about ‘identities of immigrants minority in Korean society’ in terms of multiculturalism. (Jungwon University)

This paper analyzes the contribution of factors other than language such as images, font size and shape, colors, layout, etc, in understanding four features: 1) the information genre, 2) the experiential meaning on science topic, 3) the interpersonal meaning associated with the subjective and objective relationship between the author and readers, and 4) the textual meaning on the logical meaning of the text. For this analysis, a scientific information text (one of the multimodal texts) describing the sun is used. The analysis shows that the multimodal text contributes to the readability of the text through harmonization - i.e., harmonizing the language with the use of semiotic resources aside from the language itself. This paper is meaningful in that it analyzed how semiotic elements can be in harmony with language to increase readability in the situation where the research on the multimodal text has hardly been conducted. (Jeju National University)

This paper sought to investigate the effects of listening strategy training on Korean secondary school students’ English listening comprehension. This study addressed the following issues: (1) the frequency of strategies used during listening, (2) the effects of strategic listening training on the improvement of students’ listening ability, and (3) the change of learners’ affective aspects and attitudes regarding listening. For the sake of these research questions, the study separated 45 high school sophomores into two groups: 23 in the experimental group (listening strategy instruction) and 22 in the control group (traditional listening instruction). After the obtained data from questionnaires and listening comprehension tests were analyzed, the major results were as follows: First, the experimental group used listening strategies at a higher frequency than the control group. Second, listening comprehension test scores improved significantly after training in listening strategies. Third, this research showed that listening strategy training had a positive influence on students’ English listening attitudes. (Korea University)