Earticle

"Suspended Clauses" play a major role in smooth communication in Japanese society. The purpose of this paper is to summarizes previous research based on the current state of research on “Suspended Clauses” and incorporates the viewpoint of pragmatics such as politeness for various Utterance-functions. The results of the study are as follows: (1) “Suspended Clauses” are expressions formed by “elimination of the main clause” and “addition of final particles”, but “to achieve a particular pragmatic effect, Subordinate clauses to main clauses for pragmaticization” (2) “Suspended Clauses” ending in subordinate clauses are clear reaction opportunity fields, which have the function of adding the obligation to react to the listener with a minimum reaction. (3) “Suspended Clauses” are flexible for both listeners and speakers. In other words, it has a function to respond flexibly so that the speaker does not infringe the face while predicting the subsequent conversation. (4) After dividing politeness into 'positive politeness' and 'negative politeness', we analyzed “Suspended Clauses” as a strategy.

The purpose of this study is to examine the mixing patterns and reasons of Japanese ‘な(na)’ in the conversation based on Jeju language used by the first generation Jeju residents in Osaka, Japan. To examine this study, the Jeju language oral data was analyzed. The first generation Jeju residents in Japan are bilingual speakers. They selectively use either Jeju language or　Japanese depending on the situation and conversation partner, but they often mix both languages. The reason why Japanese ‘な’ is used in the conversation based on Jeju language is that ‘な’ is similar to Jeju languague ‘게(ge)’. The structural and semantic similarity between two languages cause interference and a mixed usage of the two languages. This mixed usage did not only cause individual phenomena but also formed a unique language system by being delivered to language community. The mixed usage of Japanese ‘な’ in the conversation based on Jeju language used by the first generation Jeju residents in Osaka, Japan demonstrate the unique characteristics of first generation immigrants, as well as the universality of a language mix in immigrant societies.

Polysemy is one of the most common phenomena in all languages. Meaning extension is an important mechanism in Chinese's polysemy. The most important psychological mechanism in the meaning extension is association. Association is the process of thinking. It means that think of another thing from one thing or think of other area from one area. Language is arbitrary. It result from that people who may speak different language has different cultur. Although association is arbitrary, there are rules in it. If these rules do not exist, they will not be available in that society. This paper is based on the study of the existing study about meaning extension system. This study is seeking to supplement existing research. A pattern of meaning extension classify into three kinds. These are meaning extension by resemblance, meaning extension by referential function, meaning extension by logical thinking.

In the study of second language acquisition, examining the acquisition order of the learners' target language is critical to understanding their interlanguage characteristics. The order of ZAI by Korean learners was studied in this paper. First, the grammatical point of ZAI was divided into four parts: verbs, prepositions as adverbs, prepositions as complement, and adverbs. Next, the required Chinese sentences from the questions of the HSK Level 4 mock test were selected and adapted into three types: choice, judgement, and translation. The Korean learners were asked to answer the questions, and their data were analyzed then. The main points to consider in this study were (1) does the Korean learners acquire ZAI with the same order of the grammar points presented in their textbook? (2) Is the language acquisition order of ZAI affected by the question types? The results showed that, the sequence of ZAI presented in the textbook is essentially consistent with the language acquisition order of the learners, and their language acquisition order varies with the question types.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate an unbalanced bilingual acquisition process of bilinguals with multiethnic heritage. It focuses on bilinguals who have been exposed to two languages in their early childhood but whose linguistic input and language acquisition have been interrupted or reduced mainly because of social environment adaptation, school adjustment, parental interference, and language confusion issues. However, in depth interview results show that research participants want to maintain their two native languages for such reasons as family communication and preservation of ethnic identity. Research participants were asked to evaluate their language ability and performance. This study suggests that the unbalanced bilingual acquisition of the individuals with multiethnic heritage should be analyzed along with social, family, and personal factors that can influence language attitude and language acquisition process.

This study investigated Korean university EFL students’ motivation, attitudes and demotivation in relation to their perceived English proficiency, using 11 variables. A total of 279 EFL students, enrolled in 1st-year English, participated in this study. Overall, the students showed high levels of internal motivations, which are assumed to be stronger motives than instrumental motives, and relatively low levels of demotivation, implying that the participants already have potential to be successful foreign language learners. Affect-related variables showed significant and positiv e correlations with the students’ perceived English proficiency levels and cognition-related variables did not show or had very small impact on the students’ perceived English proficiency. Regression data showed that Ideal L2 self explained about 30% of the perceived English proficiency. Thus, students in this study who had higher levels of internal motivation and more positive attitudes to English speakers and English language learning tended to consider their level of English proficiency to be higher and vice versa.

This study explores whether the EFL teachers’ collaborative action research can affect their professional development. Fifty-six in-service teachers participated in this research, and their perceptions and practices towards professional development are examined. Both quantitative and qualitative data are gathered from the survey questionnaires and individual interviews. The data shows that after the teachers attend the collaborative action research, they hold more student-oriented rather than self-oriented beliefs on teachers’ professional development. Besides, the participants prefer the activities related to practical teaching over research. But after they engaged in the tailored learning community, they began to realize the importance of teaching research and they even sought opportunities of cooperative development. The participants also reported that improper school evaluation may hinder their professional development. It is suggested that the support from school authority are also needed in the form of creating some professional development programs.

The purpose of this study is to compare examples of the suffix “的(teki / jeok)” in Japanese and Korean. This survey is based on examples from newspaper articles for one year. The examples are classified into examples that are used only in Japanese, examples that are used only in Korean, and examples that are commonly used. As a result of analysis, Korean is more productive about “的”. The reason is as follows. ①According to previous studies, Korean had more words that used “的”. As a reason for this, previous studies pointed out the effect of part of speech, which is also true in this survey. However, another reason is that Korean has a high proportion of Chinese characters. In Korean, there are many Chinese characters words that are not used in Japanese, so there are many words that are preceded by “的”. ②When a noun is modified with the particle “の(no)” in Japanese, Korean tends to use “的”. Furthermore, when using a suffix other than “的” in Japanese, “的” was sometimes used in Korean. For these reasons, Korean uses more suffix “的” than Japanese. In addition, learners should note the following points. Examples that are commonly used in Japanese and Korean also have different usages. The reason is that the same Chinese characters can have different meanings in Japanese and Korean.

This paper examines how the physiological changes that occur to emotional actors are expressed in metaphor in expressions using emotions using "chest" in literary works, and how the chest and emotions are recognized from the perspective of cognitive linguistics. This study focused on the Russo-Japanese War, the Sino-Japanese War, the Pacific War, and post-war literature, and compared the metaphors used in these four periods. In the diachronic analysis, there were more expressions with metaphor than metonymy, along with the flow of the times. In terms of vocabulary, a shift of the words used was seen rather than an increase in the number of words used with the times. The common point is that when expressing negative emotions, the metaphor of “to be attacked by emotions” was often used. Moreover, expressions using the chest as a container or space were seen in all periods, and it was understood that it had the concept where “the chest is a container and a place of emotions.”