Earticle

La frontera entre Brasil y Paraguay han afectado por conquistdores españoles y conquistadores portugueses en la época colonial. Existían dos grupos de los conquistadores españoles en Provincia del Paraguay en el siglo 16. Uno es Iralistas que llegaron con el primero adelantado en dicha provincia. El otro es Alvaristas que llegaron con segundo adelantado en misma provincia. Estaba conflicto entre ambos grupos. Alvaristas fueron expulsado hacia Provincia Guairá donde hubo las invasiones de los conquistadores protugueses que se llaman paulistas o bandeirantes. Ultimamente las paulistas atacaron a Provincia Guairá. Por esa cuasa, Alvaristas se refugiaron en donde está cerca de Asunción. Dos grupos del conquistadores españoles unieron para defender su territorio por la invasión de las paulistas. Asi que territorio de la Provincia Paraguay fue reducido como actual.

O presente estudo tem como objetivo principal observar a história e a realidade da situação linguística do Timor-Leste e discutir qual seria o papel do português no Timor-Leste. Na verdade, a situação linguística no Timor-Leste é bem complexa mostrando o multilinguismo. Depois de 450 anos do domínio português e 24 de ocupação indonésia, o Timor-Leste se tornou um país independente em 2002. Lá tem duas línguas oficiais: o português e o tétum. Além disso, de acordo com a constituição, a língua indonésia e o inglês são conhecidos como ‘línguas de trabalho’ em uso na administração pública a par das línguas oficiais, enquanto tal se mostrar necessário. Esta diversidade linguística observada no Timor-Leste é vista como um sistema poliglóssico. O papel do português no Timor-Leste seria explicado não apenas por função do grande enraizamento da herança histórico-cultural portuguesa mas também por uma decisão político-estratégica de marcar a identidade nacional timorense diante da Indonésia e da Austrália e de ressaltar a sua especificidade no contexto regional do Sudoeste Asiático e Oceânia. Com a influêcia do tétum, o português do Timor-Leste seria um novo crioulo de base lexical portuguesa.

To find out fundamental solution to the problem of culture-ideology of consumerism created by transnational capitalist class as a geoculture, as if performed by deus ex machina of Brazil and Latin American semiperipheral marcher states, that at last motivates Latin American rightists to rise for the sake of gaining ground from the standpoint of Georg Simmel's philosophy of money, this study focuses on duality and dualism existed between social structure and actor, from which the former gives decisive effect on the latter according to the structural functionalism, rational choice model, rational action/choice theory of sociology, leading to fusion of human sciences i. e. complexity science as theoretical background. In other word, this study focuses on the geoculture by deus ex machina of Brazil and Latin American semiperipheral marcher states, because money has the triumph of quantitative over qualitative judgment, it would give great impact on humanities rather than statistics of social sciences, and individual subjectivity in spite of epistemological rupture caused by left-wing communism. Money is a mechanism to grasp the results of valorization by virtue of societies embodied philosophies of value in their institutional life, structural determinants, and mentality as Simmel gives weight to states, life and cultural implication. So the money gives an influence of diminishing the unlimited varieties of personalities and each individual trait as a personal-subjective quality without justice only for the sake of self-love. Saying metaphorically, the political strategy of Brazil has been a cleaver spider that weaves society's web and reveals pure interaction in its purest form among forces operating upon individuals and even interactional forces between individuals. But it does not represent methodological individualism. Just it reduces social reality to isolated atoms indication mutual position of society as an autonomous entity. Simmel insists on inadequacy of money as an instrument of a completely fleeting inconsequential relationship caused by objectivity inherent in money; such as: marriage for money, prostitution, bribery judged to be so much more contemptible if it is carried out for small amounts. etc. That would be a bifurcation of the judgement among cheap, contemptible, easily purchasable or those with a certain grandeur, a superiority of behavior. According to the global system theory the transnational capitalist class creates culture-ideology of consumerism as a geoculture by deus ex machina of Brazil and Latin American semiperipheral marcher states that is at last the motorial engine of Latin American rightists risen to gain ground.

Este trabalho tem concentrado na questão do modo de utilização da terra da região centro-oeste do Brasil através do desenvolvimento do agronegócio. O agronegócio é um conjunto de indústrias por etapas de produção e fornecimento e compostas de várioa cadéias de valor relacionada à agricultura, cujo âmbito envolve com as indústrias de insumo, logística e distribuição. O agronegócio tem desenvolvido no Brasil em base fundiária de grande escala e acelera o processo de concentração da terra para pequeno número de prorpietários, a saber, o modo de exploração da terra é parecido com o latifúndio no período colonial baseado em plantation. A complexidade do fucionamento do agronegócio envolve vários aspectos positivos e negativos cobertos frequentemente pela ambiguidade da dimensão do desenvolvimento econômico nacional. O agronegócio trouxe por um lado, algumas oportunidades em termos de superávits comerciais e modernização da base industrial brasileira dada pela eficiência na produção e distribuição por meio de uso de máquinas, insumos e métodos gerencial e administrativo de alta tecnologia e infra-estrutura. Mesmo assim, os danos causados pelo agronegócio se estendeu também em termos de concentração da uso da terra, cresciemtno da desegualidade, danos ambientais e desenvolvimento desegual da terra e da sociedade. A região centro-oeste brasileira começou a ser explorada com intensidade a partir dos anos 1970 pelo objetivo de construir um espaço territorial seguro e protegido da fronteira devoluta além de conseguir o benefício econômico para o país. A receita que traziam da região pelo agronegócio nas décadas seguintes tem contribuído á redução de grande déficits comercial pelos quais sempre provocaram o desequilíbrio da economia brasileira. Por outro lado, o agronegócio trouxe grande prejuízos no meio-ambiente danos diretos e indiretos variadas nas sociedades locais ou regionais. Neste contexto a expansão do agronegócio no centro-oeste não é aconselhável como um modelo de expansão para outro território nacional. A sustentabilidade do desenvolvimento econômico e social como um todo requer a expansão do modo de produção autônoma baseado em pequeno e médio proprietários e produtores e seu retorno ao desenvolvimento da sociedade local.

Portuguese prepositions a and para have almost same syntactic and semantic features so that, in many cases, a appears at the place of para and vice-versa. However, in some cases, contrary to the expectation, they show complementary distribution excluding each other. This means that they have some different syntactic or semantic features that have been ignored in the precedent studies and researches as I shortly remarked here. And I am very convinced that these differences can be clarified only by the cognitive semantic approaches. Above two portuguese prepositions are generally used to denote a direction having in common [+direction] feature. This is the reason why they have same syntactic distributions. However, they have another feature different [±movement]. I supposed here that their complementary distribution is due to this feature which is present with a and absent with para. [+movement] is déplacement meaning moving action from some place to other place while [-movement] reinforce state instead of déplacement or movement itself.

Founded in 1969 as a Gov't owned company, Embraer has become international manufacturer of regional commercial jet aircraft. After being privatized in 1994, Embraer came to face new turning point. E mbraer, by taking advantage of niche market, embarked on a new project of producing ERJ-145 which turned out to be a great success taking a company out of the red and putting it into the black. Embraer, now the fourth largest airline manufacturer, owes her present status to the production of ERJ-145. Most of the papers on the sources of Embraer's competitiveness focus on Gov't factors: ① Gov't supports in the form of aircraft order for military purposes ② Gov't special favors in financing and taxation ③ Gov't sponsored education system ④ heavy investment in R&D ⑤ well educated and low cost labor input ⑥ prudent capital allocation decision This paper does not deny the important roles played by the Brazilian Govn't in her efforts to develop aircraft industry. But this paper argues that in the absence of entrepreneurial capacity, Embraer could not have succeeded in producing new model like ERJ-145 because, as Kirzner put it, entrepreneurial alertness is essential in finding out what type of product best serve the market. This paper bring into light how important entrepreneurial capacity was in transforming Embraer into a highly competitive enterprise.

Latin American countries are approaching the bicentennial of the start of their wars of independence from Spain and Portugal, yet they still face more than a dozen unresolved territorial and boundary disputes. This work explores the persistence of territorial and boundary disputes in Latin America, focusing on the years since 1990 between Brazil and Colombia. During the early 19th century, newly independent Gran Colombia and the Brazilian Empire under Dom Pedro II made several attempts to define an acceptable boundary. All these efforts proved unsuccessful. Two major factors worked against the delimitation of mutually acceptable boundaries between Brazil and Colombia. The first was the lack of reliable information on the geography of the frontier zone. Brazil was probably better informed as to the location and course of the many rivers that were proposed as dividing landmarks. This Brazilian advantage increased Colombia's fears; it hesitated to designate certain rivers or watersheds as boundary turning points without knowing precisely what was being relinquished and what was being gained. This problem vexed diplomats and impaired boundary commissions until well into the 20th century. The relationship between the existence of territorial and boundary disputes, on the one hand, and war, on the other, is also complex. Scholarship on boundary and territorial disputes worldwide employs various approaches. This study analyze about Brasil-Colombian boundary disputes with framework, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). According to AHP, the ethnic problem is intensifying factor of Brazil-Colombian boundary dispute. The border of Brazil-Colombia is space of conflict but is also space of real life of many ethnic group.

O presente estudo tem por objetivo pesquisar as reformas políticas de Marquês de Pombal. O despotismo esclarecido foi adotado em Portugal durante o reinado de D. José I(1750-1777). A acção política de Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, marquês de Pombal, foi decisiva para a afirmação deste regime a partir dos meados do século XVIII. Como sabemos, Pombal exerceu as funções de primeiro ministro durante o reinado de D. José I Adoptou os princípios teóricos expostos por alguns filósofos e pedagogos "estrangeirados" com o objetivo de reforçar o poder central. Pombal pôs em prática um vasto programa de reformas,cuja meta era racionalizar a administração sem enfraquecer o poder real. Todas as reformas empreendidas por Pombal tiveram como principal objetivo a centralização política. Pombal buscava revigorar o Estado, aperfeiçoando o mercantilismo, na reforma econômica, e medidas do espírito iluminista, na reforma administrativa. Ele também buscava libertar o Estado da influência da Igreja Católica. Para isso, expulsou os jesuítas de Portugal e o Brasil, pois o ensino era dirigido pela Igreja. Pombal, fortemente influenciado por alguns estrangeirados(Ribeiro Sanches e Verney), procedeu a uma profunda reforma cultural. A reforma universitária foi notável e teve repercussões no estrangeiro. No Brasil colonial, Pombal estimulou o regime de monopólio comercial para a geração de riquezas do Reino. Durante 27 anos, Pombal, como primeiro ministro e homem forte do reino, buscou várias reformas, atuando como um déspota esclarecido. Após a morte de D. José I em 1777, sucedeu o trono, rainha D. Maria I. Ela e seu marido, D. Pedro detestavam Pombal. A rainha nunca perdoou a perseguição à nobreza e retirou-lhe todos os cargos. Hoje em dia, a figura do marquês de Pombal é das mais controvertidas da história de Portugal. Pombal, contudo, alcançou o objetivo de transformar a monarquia gótica na monarquia moderna. Nos 27 anos do seu governo, o atraso do seiscentismo foi em grande parte vencido.

This thesis studies three types of regional integrationalism in the Latin American region during twenty years since the early of 1990s. Especially this study focuses on the relationship between energy cooperation patterns and integration types which strongly interrelated with energy security matters and its international cooperation in this region. Particularly and currently three countries as nations of energy power holders such as the USA, Brazil and Venezuela have propelled strong energy policy toward energy integration with neighbor countries, thus promoted the regional integration as well. Based on this idea, this thesis focuses on future directions of three types of international cooperation involved in three countries with the issue of energy security and its cooperation. For example, the type of 'NAFTA-Plus' driven by the USA is characterized as pro-market one. Generally speaking, this type of energy cooperation is operated with bi-national or multi-national cooperation with big energy product countries through long-term contracts and foreign direct investment in the domains of free trade agreement. On the other hand, the case of Venezuela is a quite different route from the USA's. In the process of forming of ALBA, the state is a dominant actor and has a great responsibility to guide energy policy and energy integration and particularly this type is originated with a different concept of regional integration focused on the society concerns not just about economic integration. Finally, the Brazilian way of energy integration, concentrated on UNASUR, is followed the way of eclecticism accepted with both of two countries'. The main actors such as the state and private sector are important to promote energy integration. Many evidences verifies this eclecticism such as green energy(bio-ethanol) cooperation with the USA and IIRSA with many south American countries on the dimension of energy security and financial matters. This thesis thus concludes that the future and its direction of regional integration are strongly depend on the level of energy cooperation and its process of energy integration. However, currently one thing is clear that the direction of regional integration by way of energy integration is started from South America, where new energy matrix and its energy policy strongly redirect the old concept of regional integrationalism in this area.

Linguists accept that no language is completely pure and free of transferred and loaned language forms. This paper aims to discuss the incorporation of new words in the current Brazilian Portuguese. A member of the Brazilian Federal Parliament, Aldo Rebelo, passed a bill which aims to protect the Portuguese language from foreign words. It states that Portuguese, and no other language, must be used in public documents and events and also in mass media, product handling and shipping. In order to debate about the pertinence of such idea, firstly, I present the approaches of four Brazilian linguists on the topic of transferred and loaned words to Brazilian Portuguese. Next, I present the occurrence of loan-words in Brazilian newspapers through the analyses of three issues of Zero Hora and two issues of Correio do Povo. The article concludes that control and punishment are certainly undesirable and negative practices when we deal with complex cultural phenomena, as is the case of linguistic contacts and exchanges in our modern societies.

This article seeks to develop a conception of language that supports the studies of symptomatic language. Since we understand “the symptom as being articulated to the self who enunciates, therefore acting as a disease but as the revealer of the position which the self occupies in its own speech” (Flores, 2006, p.114, note 2), the existing conceptions of language prove to be incapable of allowing further discussion about pathological speech because they entail the understanding of language as a complete structure, a whole in which failures and errors do not belong. This is what Michel Pêcheux shows in his article “The (de)construction of linguistics theories” (1998) in which he explains why linguistics cannot deal with symptomatic language as we conceive it. As an alternative point of view, we bring forth the study of Jean-Claude Milner (1970) and his proposal of language as incomplete. We get to the conclusion that in the studies of symptomatic language, language should be understood as incomplete, a space of failures and errors and a structure in which the self reveals itself.