Earticle

This paper aims to examine the policies of Portugal on its African colonies in the post-colonialist point of view. Therefore, in the first part, we look at the historical background of Portuguese colonialism focused on nineteenth and early twentieth century and on racial politics and racialism which supports ideologically the practice of forced labor of the indigenous, widespread during the New State regime of Salazar. We also sought to analyze the role of the Catholic Church exercised in the building process of Portuguese Colonial Empire, especially its function known as evangelical and civilizing mission, combined with the New State policy.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar as políticas de Portugal sobre suas colônias africanas do ponto de vista pós-colonialista. Para tanto, na primeira parte, observamos o pano de fundo histórico do colonialismo português com foco no século XIX e no início do século XX, para depois focalizarmo-nos na política racial e no racialismo que sustenta a prática do trabalho forçado dos indígenas generalizado durante o Estado Novo de Salazar. Procuramos também analisar a função da Igreja Católica exercida no processo de construção do Império Colonial Português, mormente função essa que é conhecida como missão evangélica e civilizadora, combinada com a política do Estado Novo.

This research goes to handle with the formation and the evolution of Brazilians’ Dionysian character or properties in diachronic view point and to read, synchronically, Brazilian social phenomena through them. Basically Brazil is composed of three distinct races: the African Black, the European White and the Indios. As national characters usually reflect its culture, it is natural to suppose that the Brazilians’ Dionysian properties also result from it, namely Brazilian culture formed since its discovery in 1500. It is argued here that these properties are linked closely to their thinkings: primitive beliefs and Roman Catholicism. The Brazilians’ Dionysian characters, formed and developed along with the formation of Brazil, now have considerable influence on Brazilian way of life. The Dionysian properties in question now allow us to interpret more properly the cultural indexes developed in terms of Hofstede. And finally this study on Brazilian national characters help us to make inroads of cultural goods in Brazilian market.

O presente artigo pretende se proximar, diacronicamente, da questão da formação e da evoluição da propriedade dionisíaca dos brasileiros e ler, sincronicamente, a influência dela na atual sociedade brasileira. Principalmente, esse caráter dionisíaco resoltou dos pensamentos dos três raças distintas- brancos europeus, negros africanos e indíos- e da mistura evolutiva ao longo da formação da sociedade brasileira desde a descoberta do Brasil em 1500. Hoje em dia, esse caráter dionisíaco presente em todo lugar da vida brasileira. Essa pesquisa do dionisíaco caráter brasileiro nos ajudará interprtar os índices culturais em termo de Hofstede, de maneira mais coerente. E finalmente nos facilitará planejar estratégia para exportar produtos cuturais coreanos ao Brasil.

This study aims to examine aspects of the relationship between the Generation 1.5 of the Korean immigrants and Brazilian in São Paulo in the professional environment in a way of understanding how the notion of Self and the Other by Korean immigrants is built. Based on theoretical contemplation on the relationship between I and Other which constitute the individual's identity, and otherness, this article tries to discover what kind of challenges the inclusion of respondents in Brazilian society has brought to their notion of I and the Other. The statements of respondents allows us to understand that in relations with Brazilian respondents experienced otherness and through these experiences they now have chances to look at themselves from the eyes of Brazilians, their Others. In other words, the capacity of objectification both of themselves and of the Others is created in this process. I propose that, by examining aspects of relationships of Korean immigrants with Brazilians, it will be possible to understand, in and through further study, how they accept their identity “between”, already given being Generation 1.5, and what meanings they attribute to it in order to make it more active and dynamic identity.

Este estudio tiene como objetivo examinar los aspectos de la relación entre la Generación 1.5 de los inmigrantes coreanos y brasileños en São Paulo en el contexto profesional con el fin de entender cómo construirse la noción de Yo y el Otro por los inmigrantes coreanos. Con la base de la contemplación teórica sobre la relación entre Yo y Otro que constituyen la identidad del individuo, y la alteridad, este artículo intenta descubrir qué tipo de desafíos la inclusión de los encuestados en la sociedad brasileña ha traído a su noción del Yo y el Otro. Las declaraciones de los entrevistados permite entender que en las relaciones con los brasileños los entrevistados experimentaron la alteridad y, a través de estas experiencias, ellos pasan a ser capaz de mirarse a sí mismos a partir de los ojos de los brasileños, sus Otros. En otras palabras, se crea la capacidad de objetivación de ellos mismos y de los otros en este proceso. Propongo que, mediante el examen de los aspectos de las relaciones de los inmigrantes coreanos con los brasileños, será posible comprender, en y a través de un estudio separado, cómo ellos aceptan su identidad “entre”, identidad ya dada por ser Generación 1.5, y qué significados atribuyen a ella con el fin de hacerla una identidad más activa y dinámica.

최근 수십 년간 브라질은 교사 연수, 지도 방식 및 프로그램에 있어서 큰 변화를 만들었고, 그 결과가 공립학교 발전 관련 지수들에 긍정적으로 나타나고 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 모국어를 배우는 것과 관련해서는, 모국어를 맞춤법에 맞게 쓰는 능력이 부족하 다는 점이 연구 주제로 주목을 받고 있다. 갈수록 학생들의 철자 능력은 떨어지고 있다. 특히 상당수의 공립학교의 학생들이 철자법을 완전히 숙지하지 못한 채 초등학교를 마친다. 이번 연구에서는, 고등학교 이전에 이미 숙지되어야 했을 철자법을 틀리는 고등학교 1학년 학생들의 오류를 분석한다.

In recent decades, Brazil has undergone major changes in basic education with teacher training and distribution of instructional materials programs. The results begin to appear in the public school development index in the country. Nevertheless, one aspect of learning continues excelled in research on the learning of the mother tongue: the inability to write according to the spelling rules. Over time, mastering spelling has become less common. Most of the students, particularly from public schools, have completed primary education without assimilating the spelling system. This paper analyzes spelling errors committed by students of the 1st year of high school, that should have been corrected in earlier grades, but that persist despite many years of schooling.

세계무대에서 한국의 중요성이 증가함에도 불구하고 서양의 한국에 대한 인식은 여전히 그 이웃나라인 중국과 일본의 이미지에 속박되어있다. 21세기인 지금에도 이러한 사실이 확인된다는 것을 고려할 때, 19세기 후반과 20세기 초 한국 문명에 대한 서구의 지식은 더더욱 부족했을 것임을 짐작할 수 있다. 역사적으로 관련이 적었던 포르투갈어권 국가와 한반도간의 관계는 이러한 상황을 더욱 악화시켰다. 그러나 예외적으로 한반도의 정세를 다룬 포르투갈 작가 두 명의 기고문이 존재하는데, 하나는 포르투갈 문학계에서 중요한 인물인 에사 드 께이로스가 파리에서 쓴 기사로, 1894년 한국 영토에서 발발한 중일전쟁을 바탕으로 중국, 일본 그리고 한국에 대해 기술되어 있으며 이는 리우 데 자네이로의 신문 Gazeta de Notícias에 게재되었다. 다른 하나는 마찬가지로 극동 포르투갈 문학계에서 중요한 작가인 벤세슬라우 드 모라이스가 1902년과 1904년 사이에 일본에서 쓴 편지글이다. 이는 포르투의 신문 Comércio do Porto에 게재되었으며 러일 전쟁이 발발하기 이전 한반도의 모습을 다루고 있다. 본 논문은 위의 두 기고문에서 나타난 각각의 포르투갈 작가들의 한국에 대한 시선을 비교 분석하고, 이 글을 통해 독자들에게 전달된 한국의 이미지는 어떠한 것인지 판단하는데 그 목적이 있다.

Despite the growing importance of Korea on the world stage, the image of this nation in the West is still very much tied to its neighbors: China and Japan. If this fact is also verified in the twenty-first century, it is deductible that in late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, was further accentuated this lack of knowledge about the Korean civilization. The Lusophone world, yet, historically, had little connection to the Korean peninsula, which aggravated the lack of knowledge. However, Portugal saw in its journalistic literature two exceptions occur: in 1894, as a result of the war between China and Japan occurred on Korean soil, one of the leading names in Lusophone literature, Eca de Queirós (1845-1900), wrote from Paris an article in the Rio de Janeiro’s newspaper Gazeta de Notícias about China, Japan and Korea. Between 1902 and 1904, Wenceslau de Moraes (1854-1929), one of the most important writers about the Far East in Portugal, wrote from Japan some letters about the Korea Empire published in the Porto’s newspaper Comércio do Porto. In this work, we intend to analyze how Korea is perceived by these two Portuguese writers, trying to decipher which images were transmitted to the Portuguese-Brazilian readers of these newspapers.