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This paper describes intergoverment relations of Brazilian central government and local government focusing on decentralization and recentralization, after 1988 Constitution. It analyses the decentralization of finance and decision making, in particular the functioning of federal-state-local relations regarding the distribution of financial resources. And it analyses the law of fiscal responsability and decentralized power after 1990s. It analyses effect of local power toward decision making process in federal government. Finally, the paper discusses the changes of intergoverment relations adopted by several local governments in the decision-making process.

Earth’s climate is warming as a result of anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide (CO2) from fossil fuel combustion. Anthropogenic emissions of non-CO2 greenhouse gases, such as methane(CH4)also contribute significantly to warming. Global warming potential of methane have 21 time higher than CO2, so reducing methane emission offers an additional opportunity to lessen future climate change. Although it is clear that sustainable reducing the warming influence of greenhouse gases will be possible only with substantial cuts in emissions of CO2, reducing non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions would be a relatively quick way of contributing to this goal. The latest analysis of observations from the WMO Global Atmosphere Watch Programme shows that the globally averaged concentration of CO2, CH4 reached new highs in 2009, with CO2 at 386.3 ppm, CH4 at 1803 ppb. These values are greater than those in pre-industrial times (before 1750) by 38%, 158% respectively. It is revealed in this study that annual averaged concentration of CO2 in South America is 2 ppm lower than globally averaged concentration, particularly 50 ppb lower in case of CH4. Also, it can be confirmed in this study that South America is very valuable regions for understanding the scientific phenomena in globally climate change. To collect the more certainty data and analyse the physicochemical processes, the greenhouse gases in South America should be monitored continually through WMO GAW Programme and ESRL Carbon Tracker 2010. It is recommended that the comprehensive reduction policy to greenhouse gases in South America Union will be established rather than the individual nation in cooperation with UNFCCC IPCC. Also, it is desirable to construct the Korea-South America Green Partnership in order to keep the close relationship and copy with climate change between both regions.

Entender as outras culturas entre as nações tem sido tema de estudo de várias áreas. Este trabalho tem como objetivo buscar a presença de traços culturais brasileiros a nível da nação. Para tal objetivo, a identificação dos traços foi adotada com base em revisão bibliográfica de Hofstede e ensaístas principais brasileiros que trataram da formação social do povo brasileiro. Foram extraídos cinco traços principais como Hierarquia, Ambigüidade, Sociedade Relacional, Jeitinho e Malandragem.

O presente artigo pretende discutir sobre as representações de corpos grotescos para abordar por um ângulo crítico as atitudes engajadas no romance Parque industrial, da escritora brasileira Patrícia Galvão. Através da corporificação da noção de engajamento político, o romance retrata as tensões entre gênero, classe e raça na sociedade brasileira do início do século XX, que pode ser considerado também como uma luta pela auto-representação adequada enquanto intelectual militante. Sendo assim, além de recuperar elementos da sua trajetórias pessoais como intelectual militante, em especial no tocante à sua atuação política e cultural, nos períodos em que ocorreu o surto comunista, o artigo objetiva refletir sobre a especificidade da questão da identidade do sujeito pós-colonial dentro do contexto histórico e cultural, e ao mesmo tempo, tende a analisar os aspectos a representação dos corpos que revela um desejo de subverter os conceitos essencialistas do corpo e a opressão relacionada.

Globalization has fundamentally changed agriculture across Latin America, especially in Brazil and Argentina. This study is written to discuss the causality analysis of soybean plantation in Brazil and Argentina as a globalized agriculture, agribusiness or agro-industry which contain the several features, such as large plantation, internationally powerful investor and land owner as well as degradation of forest or ecosystem and exploitation. The rapid expand of Brazilian and Argentine soybean industry has been understood in a context of world agro-food system. Globalizing agriculture and food refers to a transnational space of cooperative agriculture and food relations integrated by commodity circuits.The production of soybean has jumped in Brazil and Argentina since 1990, and the soybean production of these countries has outpaced that of USA since 2002. In 2008, the Brazil's export of soybean reached at 24,900 thousand ton placing the nation in the second after USA. The cultivation areas of soybean have expanded to the Cerrados and the region of Legal Amazon. As Argentina has expanded the soy cultivation areas to north areas like Chaco, Santigo del Estero, Salta and Formosa across Pampas, the forest degradation has been witnessed during this process. The increase of soybean production has been supported by the dramatical increase on demand of soybean in China and EU, and the introduction of GM soybean has played a great role in increasing of soy production. The Causality loop diagram suggests the diverse causes and effects of the global soybean trade in the case of Brazil and Argentina.

Colonial rule of Portugal in Macao more than 450years, but resistance to colonial cultural attitude of acceptance rather than active. Typically, A victim of colonial peoples and the resistance to the dominant national culture of hatred has to reject. However, in Macao, the Portuguese culture was positive. Portugal is the reason the imperialist countries and their strong sense of adventure and the Half-Blood Policy(Casado policy) Macao laziness was not focused on the colonization. In addition, the parent of Chinese culture today, the positive attitude of acceptance of Macao's unique culture has created. Therefore Macao is a great cultural asset to the current worldwide as a hub of culture and trade has settled down.

The objective of this article is evaluating the agrarian reform policy of the Lula's government(2003-2010), which had been inaugurated by the absolute support of grassroots' social movements like MST. But since 2008, when Lula's government enacted the provisory act 422, it's agrarian reform policies specially in the region of Amazon Legal were revealed that they favored the private ownership of the land by latifundio owners, against the MST's desire. In this reason Lula government's agrarian reform policies were designated as "contra-agrarian reform policies", and in it's consequence, the year 2009 would be marked in the Brazilian history as the origin year which permitted the private capitalistic property, like the Lei de Terras of 1850. Actually theses Lula government's policies were the continuity of the Brazilian ex-governments. Since the roots of modern capitalist development in Brazil are in its character as a country where a great deal of wealth is generated by landowners who do not produce anything on their land. A growing concentration of land ownership had been occurred not only in the period of the modernization of agriculture policy under Military Regime, but also is deteriorating under Lula's government. In this reason, Brazilian landless workers will not stop to struggle for their proper living against the violence and the murder threat of the landowners.

This paper has analyzed the reform of the port that has begun over the recent decade in Brazil. Logistics change with the increase of foreign trade has also changed the configuration of the physical structure and the operating system of the port infrastructure. After market-opening in the 1990s, the Brazilian politics focused on reforming the infrastructure as a whole for sustainable growth. Between the various areas of infrastructure, port infrastructure is a special case because their relationship has much to do with foreign trade. While the main role of the port has not changed, the contents of the operating system have changed greatly with the change of technical and technological standard. And the adaptation to new logistics involved new products, equipment, components, technologies, systems, etc. in the transaction scope, especially the scope of the infrastructure. The new standard of infrastructure can lead Brazil to enter the world market with growing participation in international trade. In this context, Brazil in the process of modernization of port infrastructure means that the country becomes the competitor and recipient of new world market of logistics at the same time.