Earticle

The purpose of this study is to examine the space recognition and meaning of ‘Hanyang(漢陽)’ and ‘Kyungsung(京城)’ in poetry in the early 20th centuries. Some changes happened in Seoul on modernizing period and the city of Seoul has been described variously in literary texts. Especially there are some differences of the space recognition between Hanyang and Kyungsung. Hanyang has been often described as a ‘Hanyangsung(漢陽城)’ and the expression of Hanyangsung reflects hierarchy of place. Sometimes Hanyang has been described as a metonym of chosun(朝鮮) dynasty and a symbol of the national destiny. The space recognition of Hanyang is diachronic and superimposed. Unlike Hanyang, Kyungsung has been often described with the other’s eyes and the space recognition is superficial. Sometimes Kyungsung has been described as a space of urbanism and enlightenment. The space recognition of Kyungsung is synchronic and superimposed.

The electric car service, as a symbol of modernization, was started with Cheongryangri line in 1899. This line offered daily travel between Seodaemun(서대문) and Cheongryangri(청량리), the site of the Empress Myoungsung`s tomb, then was becoming a symbolic meaning of anti-Japanese sentiment naturally. After a while the electric car service was extended to old-Yongsan(구용산) and Mapo(마포), which were an important traffic places for passengers from the lower area of Han-river. These three lines opened at the Daehan Empire era had a characteristic feature of going through Korean`s residential places. However the three times changes of the urban space of Gyeongseong following the Korea-Japan annexation made an alteration of the feature of electric car routes. The new Yongsan(신용산) line for Japanese military base(한국주차군사령부) was opened in July 1910. After the City Street Improvement project of Gyeongseong(경성시구개수사업) in 1912, the new electric car lines in the inside City Wall were laid and the existing single-track sections were converted to double-track. Since then the electric car lines passing by Korean`s habitation areas extending east and west had been reorganized and shifted to heading north and south to Japanese residential regions. These were the line of Japanese Government General of Korea(조선총독부), Bonjung(본정), and Whanggeumjung(황금정). Especially, the Whanggeumjung line running through at the south of Cheonggye stream(청계천) was contrasted with Jongro(종로) line existing since the Daehan Empire era. Which lines were established and double-tracked by the opening of the Chosen Industrial Exhibition(물산공진회) in 1915. Meanwhile the new government office building construction was began at Gyeongbok palace(경복궁) in 1916. This construction made an opportunity of establishing new lines at the area of northern places lacking in electric car service but Jongro line. In 1917, a freight electric car service for the construction work was started, this service line was turned into passenger traffic use, and extended to Tonguidong(통의동), Hyojadong(효자동) in next year. Moreover, at the time of completion of the new government office building construction work, many official residence housing went up in the vicinity of new building and many lines for Angukdong(안국동), Taepyoungdong(태평동) were organized. The Taepyoungdong line connected with Gwhangwhamuntong(광화문통) going by Government Office was developed an important route heading for Gyeongseong Station(경성역) and Yongsan area. By the City Street Improvement project of Gyeongseong, the newly established electric car lines were mainly put in the area of Japanese residential places and Government Office in central Gyeongseong. But following the expansion of the administrative district of Gyeongseong in 1936, these lines had to be extended to the outer spaces of City Wall. In particular, the three suburb lines of Donamjung(돈암정), Noryangjin(노량진), and Shingiljung(신길정) which have had a local resident`s demand for calling electric car service since the 1920`s, were made in double-track and extension work gradually. That shows an relation of the expansion of the Gyeongseong administrative district and electric car service.‘ The Big Gyeongseong’ made an expansion of the electric car service line for Korean residents in the suburb. Though the new-born Gyeongseong covered the suburb residents, the existing electric car service system was not properly worked for transporting commuters with a daily life of a jam-packed electric car at rush hour in that time. Which might be come from an substituting service system of bus and insufficient electric car line in spite of an constant calling for expansion of lines. If a further research were made on these transporting systems, the meanings and characteristics of electric car service would be appear accurately.

This paper was made to discover how urban space ‘Gangbuk’ was made in the process of making the ‘Gangnam’ which was a south part of Han River in Seoul. While ‘Gangnam’ is a brand new Space in Seoul through the development in 1970s, ‘Gangbuk’ is a Space which was recognized space anew in relation with the Gangnam. To discover the process of making the ‘Gangbuk’, in this paper, historical change of territory and center of Seoul was examined closely after 1910. Since Japanese Annexation of Korea by force in 1910, urban structure based on natural ground and social hierarchy was changed by colonial policy. And dual city center was made. One was made in Bukchon for Korean based on historical & political dynamic and the other one was made in Namchon by Japanese based on socialeconomic dynamic. After liberation in 1945, to solve the housing shortage Government extended the city area to secure housing site maintaining the single city center in north part of Han River. Drastic change of urban structure was made by overpopulation and military guerilla’s attack to Blue House in mid 1970s. To develop the ‘Gangnam’, whole national support was concentrated in Gangnam. Finally at the time of completion of the ‘Gangnam’, North part of Han River lost its position of city-center. It is a birth of new word ‘Ganbuk’. Now the Gangbuk stands for run-down city area to be developed. They lose everything except historical identity. The process of birth of the Gangbuk was complex process which was combined coldwar system, non-democratic political system, passion for education.

Right after his son’s enthronement, (former) King Taejong built the Sugang palace(壽康宮) near the Changdeok palace(昌德宮). Then he moved over there and began to oversee all political operations of the government, in order to provide support for his newly enthroned son, King Sejong. After his brother, former King Jeongjong(定宗) died, Taejong built a Pung’yang Residence(豊壤離宮) outside the capital and isolated himself from the vassals. And he had Sejong handle all affairs of the government except military operations and diplomatic affairs. It was his own process of handing over power to his son in a gradual fashion. He built a residence at this Pung’yang area which was near his father’s mausoleum, “konwonneung(建元陵)”, in order to show the public that he was fulfilling his obligations of filial piety toward his father. It was also part of an effort to fortify his own legitimacy, and the legitimacy of his own son too, as direct descendants of founder King Taejo(太祖).

Downtown area in Seoul has gone through a lot of changes during the last 15 years of local autonomy. Cheonggye-cheon has been restored, and City Hall plaza occupied by cars became pedestrian plaza. Redevelopment projects are still in progress. Dongdaemun stadium was torn down and Dongdaemun Design Plaza(DDP) is under construction. Some of the car-oriented streets have been transformed into carfree streets, and pedestrian crosswalks have been restored on Sejong-no intersection where there were only underpasses. The purpose of this research is to evaluate citizen’s perception and the diversity in perception by surveying and analyzing how citizens view the physical changes in downtown Seoul during the last 15 years of local autonomy. 20 major downtown projects implemented in the era of local autonomy were selected for the study, and the study conducted a survey of 266 people including 200 ordinary citizen and 66 in special groups such as native Seoulites, foreigners, NGO activists, professionals, officials and councilors of Seoul Metropolitan Government, and analyzed respondents’ level of awareness and satisfaction. Respondents’ perception on the downtown projects’ contribution to establish the identity of Seoul and to the improvement of urban environment was also analyzed. The analysis shows the following findings: 1) Citizen’s evaluations on 20 major projects were quite different. Cheonggyecheon restoration and transit-oriented policy were highly evaluated. The projects on historic conservation and improvements of pedestrian environment received positive evaluation regarding satisfaction and contribution. Development projects such as new city hall, downtown redevelopment projects and DDP, on the other hand, got a negative evaluation. 2) Citizen’s perception on the physical changes in downtown Seoul is quite different depending on the respondents’ social position. Ordinary citizens and foreigners showed similar perception that they remained neutral about the changes in downtown. Native Seoulites, NGO activists and professionals showed critical perception while government officials and city councilors showed very positive attitudes on most downtown projects. Based on these findings, here is a summary of the possible implications on downtown policy; to strengthen historic conservation policy, to change transportation policy from car-oriented to pedestrian and transit-oriented, and to reconsider development and redevelopment projects in downtown Seoul.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship of Hanok shapes and architectural regulation. Until now the architectural regulation has managed mostly concrete buildings, brick buildings and Western wooden structure buildings etc. There were no regulations for Hanok. Hanok has a unique characteristics depending on regions and an arrangement of chae. Therefore the architectural regulation has to consider Hanok characters. That reason is because the architectural regulation mainly restrict the shape and external appearance of building. This study model was used with Urban Hanoks which located urban places such as Seoul which was affected hard by the existing architectural regulation The results of this study were as follows; Hanok was effected by the regulation. Thus we need to understand exactly the relationship of Hanok shapes and architectural regulation for the conservation and promotion of Hanok