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Through a case study of the Gyeongseong Electric Co. (hereafter GEC) during the early 1940’s, this paper examines the particular characteristics of the labor structure and management of companies operating under wartime economic controls, as well as the lives of laborers, specifically the trolleymen at the GEC. Labor management during the late colonial period relied on an ideology of mobilization in order to control labor, but previous scholarship has portrayed the process simply as a tightening of control. To block the sudden movement of laborers, the Japanese Government-General accepted the need for a type of conciliatory policy in 1943 that permitted wage increases, provided bonuses, and offered benefits, but was intended to train “veteran laborers” [junggyeonnodongja] and more effectively control the Korean laborers. From among the trolleymen, the GEC appointed loyal, long-term employed workers as vice-supervisors or supervisors and wanted to foster these as the veteran workers. The GEC did not implement policies to rectify the mounting discontent of the Korean workers with discrimination between employee positions but used the discontent to block the workers from achieving solidarity. This policy accelerated the divisions between and the heterogenization of the Korean laborers. Junior trolleymen who had been only working for a short while were dissatisfied with the working conditions and changed companies, but the long-term workers, including the vicesupervisors and supervisors, were satisfied with the treatment of the GEC. In conclusion, the long-term consequences of the heterogenization of the Korean labor force included the post-Liberation formation of two labor unions, the Gyeongseong Electric Company Employee Union [Gyeongseongjeongi-jongeopwonjohab] and the Gyeongjeon Labor Union of the Daehan Confederation of Labor Unions [Daehannochong-Gyeongjeonnodongjohab], that fought for primacy after Liberation.

Most of all lineage records of important Chungin(中人) lineages had written in Seongwonlok(姓源錄). As this fact, it was evidenced that Seongwonlok is total genealogy of Chungin. Through the many important Chungin lineage records written in Seongwonlok we can measurement a scope of Chungin’s lineages. By the Seongwonlok we can recognize that Chungin monopolized technical official post. Among the Seongwonlok’s lineage records, family records under Pasijo(派始祖) didn’t fabricated. It were discoverid merely a small minority’s mistake of Seongwonlok’ s compiler. we can correct these mistakes with other historical materials. It were judgmented that the authority in Seongwonlok was the degree enough to used as the historical documents. The family line of Lee Chang-Hyun(李昌鉉), Seongwonlok’s editor didn’t different from any other Chungin ineages. The purpose that Lee Chang Hyun compiled Seongwonlok was to a record the facts that Chungin highly unioned. The one among the Seongwonlok’s important value as the historical document was in Seongwonlok hand the aspects that almost Chungin ineages existenced with the strength combination in the nineteenth century. Chungin had plenty of margin rising the social status than Yangin(良人). But nerely great part of Chungin subsistenced with the strong identity in the nineteenth century. We must anew research the phase that status system had changed after ImgJinOaelan(壬辰倭亂).

It has been over 100 years since the concept of a park was introduced into Korea. The park meant a historical and cultural property when it was first introduced. Yet, we now plan a park only with present eyes that privilege usage and utility. On the other hand, the spatiality of a park is a concept based on usage and utility and it is changed and reproduced by social contexts. Moreover, the spatiality can be changed and distorted by the demands and claims of diverse constituencies and users. Therefore, one needs a systematic investigation about the changes of spatiality to plan a park with historical significance. This study analyzes the mechanism and accumulated spatialities that had driven the changes and accommodation of the Hyochang Park. The Hyochang-myo has had diverse spatialities. It was a royal burial ground in the Chosun dynasty and became a park during the Japanese colonial period. After the independence, it was recovered to an ancestral burial ground. Yet, since the 1980s, it has been again transformed into a cultural property and an ecological place. The planning and renovation of the Hyochang Park have been conducted mainly by the demands of interest groups or political powers, which usually involved the elimination of the previous legacy to establish a new one. Therefore, the past memories of the Hyochang Park have been constantly demolished. Although the name ‘Hyochang’, attributed to the place in the Chosun period, still remains, the memory of the ‘Hyochang-myo’ of the Chosun period is not there any more. Yet, it would not be right to choose only one spatial identity for the place when we make the future of the Hyochang Park. The preservation of it as a cultural property, a designation for a sanctuary, and the maintenance of a neighborhood park could all be a valid claim for its mixed identity. So, more researches on a variety of techniques and methods and that would fully recover the memories and t\he legacies of the park with a mixed identity should be performed.

Goguryo had a serious antagonism against Baekje because of sovereignty claims to heights of Guns and Hyuns in late 4th century. Its advance to the south began by King Gwanggaeto via King Sosurim and King Gogukyang. As it was not easy for Goguryo to break through Baekje’s defenses, it expanded the influence on Malgal Groups(靺鞨勢力) living in the Bukhan River Basin from Singye, Hwanghaedo, over Masikryung Mountains, through Eechon, Pyonggang, Chunchon and Cholwon. Goguryo under the reign of King Gwanggaeto occupied the Namhan River Basin, Malgal and even part of the Silla reaching to Gyeongju. It took Hansung of Baekje under the reign of King Jangsoo, but returned it to Baekje and built a fortress in Mountain Acha in the north of Han River to prepare against Baekje’s going north. Goguryo barely maintained the dominium over Namhan River Basin due to attacks by Baekje and Silla. It defeated the attacks and maintained its dominium over Malgal, but yielded the southern area of Han River to Baekje. Goguryo dominated the upper region of Han River, but it lost its lower region by King Munyong’s attacks. However, it successfully expelled Baekje south of Ansung River under the reign of King Anjang. Its occupancy over the Han River Basin did not last and in mid-6th century it was attacked by allied forces of Baekje and Shilla. Goguryo had a serious succession war before and after King Yangwon’s accession to the throne in the 6th century and was invaded by Dolgwol. By taking advantage of weakened power of Goguryo, Baekje banded together with Silla and successfully regained Han River Basin. Shilla occupied the lower region of Han River Baekje had occupied, which was a cornerstone for unification of the three nations. The long and violent war over Han River Basin between Goguryo and Baekje entered a new stage because of Silla’s appearance.

Stone-mound-tombs are being found in the up and mid stream of Han River around the 3rd Century B.C. In the distribution region of stone-mound-tombs, conventional native groups who used plain coarse pottery resided. This study is conducted to examine the relations with plain coarse pottery(nonstylobate) that existed in the up and mid stream of Hanseongbaekjae by reviewing the existence of stone-mound-tombs found in the up and mid stream of Han River and data reported. First, some stone-mound-tombs revealed in the up and mid stream of Bukhan River seem to disappear now or be wrongly perceived. In case of the up and mid stream of Namhan River, those in Pyeongchang River basin are not reliable except in Eungam-ri. In addition, tombs in Dong River basin look like stone-mound-tombs but most of them are not considered as stone-mound-tombs. Regarding remains in the up and mid stream of Han River, those in Bukhan River are Jikgudangyeongho(a short-necked jar) with Hanseongbaekjae style that were revealed as the form of toms and localized pottery with three legs are also buried. In comparison, remains in Namhan River are cooking pottery, soft & hard patted lattice, and short-necked jars with patted fish bone patters. The appearance of stone-mound-tombs in the up and mid stream of Han River seems to be related to the growth of Hanseongbaekjae. It seems that as polity in the up and mid stream of Han River rapidly integrated politics around the 2nd Century B.C, the polity highlighted geopolitical advantages of location in the interior route for trade relations with Hangunhyeon(漢郡縣) and Yougnam region(嶺南地域), and obtained the power for growth. The archeological material evident is cooking pottery shown in residential areas. The polity in the up and mid stream of Han River began to build stone-moundtombs by positions of each region. The powerful groups of the polity seem to make divisions of the place with the best excellent landscape by gathering residents in order to build their own tombs. In particular, multi-burials of the chamber are also shown to be stone-covered mound tombs, and application of the idea is likely to be deeply related to stone-covered mound tombs in Hanseongbaekjae.

The 17th century openings, construction of Inkyung-palace was advanced by the purchase housing-lot of the citizens and the donation housing-lot of nobility. Because like that, inspite of the road was formed and the plots was divided in compliance with the many houses, the whole the site of Ingyung-palace was one lot at that time when Ingyung-palace was built. Prior to the construction of Ingyung-palace in this place, there were considerably mansions of various nobility in this region. But, it was happned urban change different with former by erecting and removing of Ingyung palace. Like this urban change in the area of Ingyung-palace was started with establishmet of Sookmyeong-Princess’s Palace in that place officially. After Sookmyeong-Princess’s Palace was erected, at that place, other princess’s palace began to be built, and also the region military enter and they come to be make a live. That is establishment of Sookmyeong-Princess’s Palace made to recognize the site of Ingyung-palace is not any more the site of palace, and after that leads a urban change and provide the factors to divide with a small scale plot like today.