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The fundamental configuration of fortress in Seoul were established through 2 major construction works, supplementary construction works and“ new constructions works”during the reigns of King Taejo ~ King Jeongjong as well as extensive reconstruction works in 1422. Although King Taejo was assertive towards construction of the fortress, King Taejong took passive attitude due to difference in the domestic and foreign circumstances. While the discussions on the expanded construction of the fortress during the reign of King Taejong placed much focus on military objectives, King Sejong emphasized the longevity and aesthetic beauty of the fortress in discussions on reconstruction of the fortress, and the accommodation for the increasing population of the capital city in the discussions on new construction of outer fortress of the capital city were the key focus. After having transferred the capital city to Hanyang, the regions in which Bang(坊) were installed, were designated as the residential sites. That is, division of residential sites was possible only if Bang had been installed. After having determined the outline of the fortress through 1st phase of the construction of fortress during January ~ February 1396, 5 Bu(部) and 52 Bangs were established in the April of that year. Although there were exceptions including Bansong-Bang and Banseok-Bang, the Bangs in Hanyang were distributed in the fortress. It appears that the residential areas in which Bangs were established, clearly illustrates that the political powers recognized the regions as the actual capital territory. The fact that the term‘ Gyeongjungohbu(京中五部)’, which was the regions subjected to apportioning of residential site, was used as the terminology to describe the capital itself as well as was contrasted it with the each of the government offices in the outlying regions(外方各官) was due to the extension of recognition of the people of the time. For these reasons, Sharmans were not allowed to reside within the capital wall, was instructed to reside outside of the fortress. Moreover, the government took measures to prohibit entrance of Buddhist monks into the fortress. The main reason for the weakening of the functions of the fortress walls of the capital city that designated the boundaries of the capital city was the increase in the population of Hanyang. The government implemented 3 measures to cope with the increasing population, namely, new construction of outer fortress walls, enforcement of role and functions of Hansungbu(漢城府), and expansion of the domain of the Bangs into the outside of fortress. However, as the national sentiment on the new construction of outer fortress walls began to lose their realistic significance in the mid stage of the King Sejong’reign, the aspect of reinforcement of the role of Hansungbu as a measure to expand the domain of Bang was realized as a part of the policy to ‘reinforce the jurisdiction of Sungjeoshipri(城底十里)’. During the times of King Taejo ~ King Taejong, Gwonnong(觀農) and Bang- Byeolgam(坊別監) was the personnel in charge of the administration of Seongjeoshipri. In the latter period of the King Taejong, government began to deploy Gwanlyeong(菅領) as it has done for the Bangs within the capital city. Moreover, the government transferred the Sungjeoshipri ’Gwanlyeong as a part of bureaucracy by granting Cheajik(遞兒職) in 1428. As residential sites within the fortress the began to run out, the government, in 1424, divided the Sungjeoshipri into northern and southern regions of the downstream of the ravine outside of the fortress, and transferring the jurisdiction of the northern region into Sungshin-Bang and Inchang-Bang of Dong-Bu, and the jurisdiction of the southern region into Yesung-Bang and Sungshin-Bang of Nam-Bu. The government, in earnest, executed expansion of the domain of Bang into regions outside capital wall. Measures to reinforce the jurisdiction of Hansungbu on Sungjeoshipri continued to be implemented, and, eventually, Sungjeoshipri was officially confirmed as a part of capital region by apportioning the Seongjeoshipri into the administrative jurisdiction of the neighboring 5 Bu in 1461.

After its castles and city gates were finished, Hanyang[漢陽] took its complete nature as capital city of Joseon[朝鮮] dynasty, a royal state immediately before the Republic of Korea. The city gates of Hanyang were a symbolic architectural building that divided capital city[gyeong, 京] and other regions[hyang, 鄕]. The nature and implications of Hanyang’s city gates as a symbol of capital can be outlined broadly in the following 3 points: First, Hanyang’s city gates are an architectural building constructed on the foundation of Pungsujiri[a theory of divination based on topography, 風水地理] theory and yin-yang[陰陽] thoughts. The number, name and position of city gates are all the results of reflection on Pungsujiri theory. Secondly, Hanyang’s city gates played a role as gateway for distribution of manpower and goods. There were local markets created naturally around the city gates, and the markets around Namdaemun[南大門] and Dongdaemun[東大門], two represented city gates of Hanyang, were especially well-known and activated via words of mouth. Sometimes, those markets became a great venue of local festival events such as Gwandeung[festival of lanterns, 觀燈] or Guna[year-end exorcism event, 驅儺]. Thirdly, the city gates of Hanyang worked as a vent and way out for our urban ancestors to feel relieved from stress they faced while living in a complex city of Hanyang. There were beautiful natural spots in the outskirt of Hanyang, so our ancestral literary people in the age of Joseon dynasty recognized city gates as gateway toward mountain and water, an ideal place.

Seoul Hanyang(漢陽) capital fortress has been constructed during after the Joseon Dynasty was founded and the capital city was built up Hanyang. There were many kinds of establishing facilities such as Royal Ancestral Shrine called JongMyo(宗廟), Sajik(社稷) Altar and palaces at that time, and with that massive amount of people were mobilized to make progress. At first, Hanyang(漢陽) capital fortress was constructed as stone and earthen ramparts with 118,000 people during 49 days on the fifth year of the King TaeJo(太祖, 1396). When the fourth year of the King SeaJong(世宗, 1422), the fortress was built as a stone and rampart. However after a time has passed and Japanese Invasion(壬辰倭亂) many parts of the fortress were swept. Since then the fortress was re-built the thirty-first year of the King SukJong(肅宗, 1705) afterward the restoration work and administration has been under way for years during YoungJo(英祖), JungJo(正祖), SoonJo(純祖) and GoJong(高宗) era. For this reason, the fortress was consist of many different period construction section currently. Therefore, this study is mainly based on the topic that time-periodic form and structure changes of Seoul Hanyang(漢陽) capital fortress. In this study, form and structure of the fortress wall was classified as time-periodical way such as first founding wall was found during the King TeaJo era, the whole stone wall was made during the King SeaJong time, reconstructed wall after Japanese Invasion was formed during the King SukJong era and finally the completion of fortress wall’s form and structure was established during SoonJo(純祖) period.

일본에서는 근세에 축조된 성곽이 근대에 들어오면서 군사적인 의미를 상실하고 문화재로서 국가의 보호를 받게 되었다. ‘萬民偕樂’의 공간으로 재편성된 城址公園은, ‘日本國民’의 육성과 그 우수성을 함양하는 장소로서 ‘國民國家’ 형성에 활용되었다. 한편, 이 시기 조선에서는 성곽에 대한 인식은 문화재가 아니라 여전히 군사시설이었다. 고종의 도시근대화 사업에서도 성곽은 유지되는 등, 일본 근대화 과정의 성곽 인식과는 양상을 달리하고 있었다. 조선의 식민지화를 추진한 일본은, 조선 왕궁을 성곽(王城)으로 인식하고 있었다. 당시 일본 국내에서는 성곽 보존의 움직임이 대세가 되어 있었지만, 조선의 성곽에 대해서는 철거가 이루어졌다. 조선총독부에서는 1933년 「朝鮮寶物古蹟名勝天然記念物保存令」에 따라 고적에 대한 보호를 행하였다. 법령의 제정은 문화재로 지정된 고적의 보호에 대해 일정한 보증이 이루어진다는 점에서 커다란 의의가 있었다. 조선총독부에 의한 조선 성곽의 보존은, 남대문으로 대표되는 것처럼 일본과의 역사적 관계성이 중시된 것과, 彰義門과 같이 ‘風光明媚’라는 관점에서 도시주민의 오락이나 도시경관의 측면에서 보존된 것이 존재하고 있었다. 역사적 가치, 관광자원적 가치 등 문화재적인 가치뿐만 아니라 다양한 보존 요인이 존재하고 있었고, 이들 고적에 대해서도 총독부나 官民으로부터 특별한 보호가 이루어졌다. 결과적으로 이들 고적은 식민지기 동안 유지되었다. 또한 서울의 경우 식민지기에는 성곽 자체가 존재하지 않았던 倭城臺가, 일본과의 관련을 말해주는 중요한 역할이 기대되어 적극적으로 정비되었다. 왜성대는 한국통감부를 설치한 일본과의 관계가 깊고, 또 朝鮮神宮과 같은 종교시설이나 淸日戰爭顯彰記念碑 등 정신적인 시설이 집중하였고, 일본에 의해 근대화한 京城을 직접 조망할 수 있는 중요한 장소이기도 하였다. 일본에 의한 보존·정비 사업은 서울 성곽의 남대문으로 상징되듯이, 일본에 의해 근 대화된 식민지 도시를 상징하는 존재가 되어, 京城(서울)을 방문하는 사람들에게 강한 시각적 임팩트를 주게 되었다. 왜성대는 경성주민이 일상적으로 접하는 도시경관, 관광객이 반드시 방문하는 장소, 식민지 지배의 정당성을 인식시키는 장소 등, 식민지의 도시에서 ‘古蹟空間’으로서 다양한 역할을 담당하고 있었다.

Japanese castles constructed in the early modern times lost their military significance in modern times and began to be protected by the national government as cultural properties. Castle Ruin parks were reorganized as “pleasurable spots for every national citizen” where “Japanese citizens” and the individual’s excellence were cultivated. Thus those parks helped establish a “nation-state”. On the other hand, in Korea, such castles were regarded not as cultural property but as military installations. During the course of the urbanization project of Gojong, castles were maintained, which manifested the different features from recognition of castles shown in the Japanese modernization process. Japan, which promoted the colonization of Korea, regarded the Korean palace as a castle (Royal Castle). Despite the general tendency of preserving castles within Japan in those days, Korean castles were destroyed. The Governor-General of Korea protected old remains according to the “Treasures, Ancient Sites, Famous Places, and Natural Monuments Act in Joseon” enacted in 1933. The significance of enacting this particular act was the protection of old remains which were guaranteed at a certain level. The preservation of Korean castles by the Governor-General of Korea was conducted in two different ways: one was to place an importance on the historical relationship with Japan as is represented in Namdaemun; the other way was to place an importance on scenic beauty as is represented by Sukcheongmun, which was preserved from the perspectives of entertainment for urban citizens and cityscape. There are various values added by these actions, such as maintaining historical sites and providing tourism destinations. Special protection has been added from different perspectives other than cultural values. In the case of Seoul, Waeseongdae, which did not have a castle itself during the colonization period, was positively reinforced in an attempt to play an important role in the relationship with Japan. Waeseongdae had a deep relationship with Japan, and was the site of the Japanese Resident-General of Korea. Furthermore, mentally related facilities including religious buildings such as Chosen jingo shrine and the Memorial monument to honor the Sino-Japan War were concentrated there. It was an important place to visually see the Seoul that had been modernized by Japan. As represented by Namdaemun, Korean castles that were preserved and maintained by Japan have become icons to symbolize modernized cities. These castles resulted in providing strong visual impact to those who visit Seoul. Waeseongdae, on the other hand, has become a part of the cityscape that Seoul residents see on a daily basis. It has also become a must-see tourist destination. Another function of many others is to let people understand the justification of the colonization control.

The purpose of this study was to understand the placeness of west area of Gyeongbok Palace(景福宮) in early Joseon Dynasty(朝鮮時代) and assume the birthplace of King Sejong(世宗) who was the first king born in Hanyang(漢陽). The west area of Gyeongbok Palace(景福宮) belonged to the northern side(北部) of the administrative district, but area below the boundary of Pilwoondae(弼雲臺) belonged to the western side(西部). Since it was located on the west side of the capital city and major functions including palace were mainly concentrated in the north side, I guess it might be recognized as the west village(西村). Besides, the area located upstream which started Baekwoondong stream(白雲洞川) and Okryudong stream(玉流洞川) based on Cheonggye stream(淸溪川) which was the main stream in the capital city in Joseon Dynasty(朝鮮時代) was called Wudae and the area located downstream between East Great Gate(東大門) and Gwanghee Gate(光熙門) was called Araedae. In addition, since the area located upstream where many families in power at the time lived, it was called Bukri(北里). The reason why the area was called by multiple names was that the placeness located on the west side of Gyeongbok Palace(景福宮), streams within the capital city and geographical factor based on Pilwoondae(弼雲臺) were considered. Recent confusion of the term referring to this area is caused by these factors and no consideration of aspects based on historical and geographical variations. In addition, the symbolic landscape element in the west side of Gyeongbok Palace(景福宮) includes Inwang Mountain(仁王山). Inwang Mountain(仁王山) had been recognized as the place which had the important placeness. For example, it was mentioned as the candidate for transfer of the capital in the discussion of position of capital in Joseon Dynasty(朝鮮時代). Due to this placeness, this area was eventually selected as residence and scenic spot for powerful toads upon transfer of the capital and it was a cause to locate residences, pavilions and villas. In addition, due to the placeness adjacent to Gyeongbok Palace(景福宮), there were several governmental offices associated with Palace and residences for employees who worked. Accordingly, it has been considered that the west area of Gyeongbok Palace(景福宮) in early Joseon Dynasty(朝鮮時代) was not the place of residences for the public but the place associated with Gyeongbok Palace(景福宮) and the place for the power class. Meanwhile, since there were almost no materials about the birth place for King Sejong(世宗) except King Sejong Chronicle(世宗實錄) saying that he was born in the private house in Joonsubang(俊秀坊潛邸) and many visual materials such as maps were made after the 18th century, accurate historical investigation has the limitation. However, if you review there relative materials, the private house in Joonsubang(俊秀坊潛邸) was located between Baekwoondong stream(白雲洞川) and Okryudong stream(玉流洞川) and the north side was adjacent to Jasu Palace(慈壽宮) which was the residence of Muangun-BangBeon(撫安君芳蕃). It was likely that the south side was close to Indeok Palace(仁德宮) of King Jeongjong(定宗) and was relatively close to Youngchu Gate(迎秋門) of Gyeongbok Palace(景福宮). Because the birthplace for King Sejong(世宗) was the private house for King Taejong(太宗), private house in Joonsubang(俊秀坊潛邸) was called Bon-Gung of Jangeuidong(藏義洞本宮). Furthermore, since Joonsubang(俊秀坊) and Younggeonbang(永堅坊) were adjacent to each other, it seemed to be called Bon-Gung of Younggyeonbang(永堅坊本宮). In terms of realms of the birthplace of King Sejong(世宗), it must be a large area with a consideration of the site of house for royal families and power class in Joseon Dynasty(朝鮮時代). Moreover, the time when King Sejong(世宗) was born was just before royal prince’s war occurred. Therefore, since King Taejong(太宗) must have large group of private soldiers, a huge space should be prepared in private house. Therefore, the existing birthplace for King Sejong(世宗) which was assumed to be a small area should be corrected in a wider area. It was assumed that the location and scope could be current Tongin-dong(通仁洞) and its neighboring area.