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Jung-Dong is the main place where constructed lots of modern buildings in 19th century. EWHA Girls High School’s Simpson Memorial Hall has been changed many ways due to historical events. The construction method is different each period. The hall was built with bricks using masonry in 1915. West-side part of building was extention in 1922. East-side part of building was changed to concrete after Korean War (1950~1952). The part was changed again to bricks with H-beam to reinforce the building during 2009~2011. At the same time floor, windows, stairs and plan were also changed. These changes are represented most popular construction way at the period.

This paper examines the consumer culture of women from 1950s to 1960s, focusing on boutiques and beauty salons. Through this research, I try to unveil the placeness of Myungdong. The finds are as followings. First of all, as Myungdong became a foreign concession and modern consuming space during Japanese colonial period, it had been emerged as a significant historical space. As a result, Myungdong was the capital of politics, economy, society and culture in Colonial Korea. Based on this historial background, Myungdong continuously has developed. The distribution of commercial supremacy was similar to the past one. However, unlike Japanese colonial period, the center of shopping was changed from Bonjung(본정) into Myungdong 1~2ga. Myungdong had been reorganized into a gendered consuming space. Secondly, Myungdong which was formed by the consumer culture was the space of labor, consumption and culture to women. To be specific, women could work in boutiques and beauty salons. Thus, they could have opportunities to be financially independent. The most of the women who had lead the field went to studying abroad to the Empire of Japan or learned related skills during the Japanese colonial period. Based on such experiences, they interacted with Japanese dressmakers and beauticians in order to develop fashion and beauty treatment industry, by mastering new skills and importing machinery. Also, women could form new identities, by following the latest fashion and consuming. To them, Myungdong was like a stage which they could express themselves. Myungdong made women establish and maintain networks. Moreover, it had women experience new culture spaces like theaters, cafes and dance halls. In the future, I will pay attention to how colonial modernity and Americanization affected the formation and the development of consumer culture in Myungdong, to further reveal the place of Myungdong.

This study aimed to examine the change of reading culture taken place in Seoul in the late of Joseon Dynasty. At this time, rapid urbanization of Seoul presented as a population explosion and the development of economy based on commodity money was ongoing. This changed the environment around Korean novels. The change of reading form was one of it. The urbanization of Seoul in the late of Joseon Dynasty combined Korean novels with a commercial capital and made it a commodity. A lot of novels were produced and consumed. Their production method was diversified with the rising demand of them. This would also influence reading form. Reading form was recitation by the Middle Ages. But a record was appeared that there was "silent reading" in the late of the Joseon Dynasty. This change would be related to the change of reading environment. For analyzing the main factor of this change, these would be examined : what had happened in Seoul in the late of the Josen Dynasty ; how Korean novels were enjoyed by recitation and listening ; the change of the publication environment, particularly how the birth of bang-gak novels could be involved in silent reading and what means the occurrence of silent reading in cultural history.

The purpose of this study is to observe the concrete change of urban streets in the Daehakro district with the establishment of governmental schools in the Japanese colonial rule. This can contribute to understanding of urban developing process and the identity of Seoul. This study was performed with these; first, consideration about the characteristics of the district chronologically, second, identifying trends of governmental schools’sites, last, analyzing urban maps and architectural drawing of schools. The Daehakro district, which is the north-east parts in the castle of Seoul had been less developed than other districts until 1910s. Though the new street was planned in the Kyungseong City Street Improvement, it was not completed until 1932. However, development of the Daehakro district had not been stopped. With continuous establishment of governmental schools, improvement was gradually performed. And these improvement also influenced to change the City Street Improvement. The development was began with the establishment of the Governmental Technical School in 1907 on the center of the district and the enlargement of a site in 1912 for the Central Research Laboratory. Furthermore, siting governmental high schools and the establishment of the Kyungseong Imperial University in 1910s and 1920s were accelerated the developing speed. In other words, selection of location for governmental schools shows the distinctive characteristics according to the times. Especially, concentrating schools on the Daehakro district in 1910-20s and on the suburban district in 1930-40s had great effect on rapid progress. The link with existing facilities and cheap cost of land influenced the selection of governmental school location. Concretely, the developing process of the Daehakro district can be analyzed with three steps. First, the Governmental Technical School in 1907 was set on the site beside a small road of the east side from the brook. In 1912, the enlargement of a site to the west for the Central Research Laboratory led to a change of the stream and blocking of the eastern road. So, the western road from the brook was only used as the arterial road of the district. Furthermore, these changes were influenced on the alteration of the Kyungseong City Streets Improvement of 1912 to one of 1919. Planning process of the Kyungseong Technical High School and Medical High School shows the intention of the City Streets Plan in the late 1910s. Especially, the plan to make the Daehak street linear and the intention to build the through road of Jongmyo were identified. In other words, the City Plan in 1919 adapted to each school plan in advance. After, plans of the Kyungseong Imperial University shows concrete developing process of the Daehak street in relation to the City Street Plan in the late 1920s. The form and width of the street were continually changed. Belated planning of main gates in 1929 compared with other buildings was timed to coincide with the construction of the whole street by the authorities of Kyungseong. In the end, These changes of the Daehak street identified from architectural drawings shows continual interaction between the Kyungseong City Street Improvement and plans of governmental schools in 1910s-20s.

In the palaces of Joseon dynasty, Gueolnaegaksa(闕內各司government offices within a palace) was installed in order to provide counsels for the king close at hand and to guard the facilities and resources within a palace. After War Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592(壬辰倭亂), Changdeok Palace(昌德宮) and Changgyeong Palace(昌慶宮) were called as the East Palace(東闕) and used as the main palace. After the reign of King Sukjong, the government offices within a palace were integrated to constitute one single system. Based on the information in 『Gunggueolji(宮闕志)』(The records of palaces) and 『Hangyeongjiryak(漢京識略)』(The geography of Hangyeong), it was hard to construe the whole picture of palaces. However, the article on「 Geongwan(建官)」of 『Gosasibijib(攷事十二集)』, within 『Bomanjaechongseo(保晩齋叢書)』(The collection of Seo Myeongeung(徐命膺)’s writings), there are diverse and relatively objective information on government offices within a palace. Through these three documents and legal codes, forty three offices were found in total. According to the article of 「Geongwan」, offices could be divided into ten official positions, which could be again re-categorized as secretariats, consultants, resources management, guards and education of successors. In the division of secretariats, five offices were installed such as Seungjeong-won(承政院t he Royal Secretariat), which delivered the orders and intentions of a king. In the division of consultation, seven offices were installed including Hongmungwan(弘文館) and Gyujanggag(奎章閣), firstly built during the reign of King Jeongjo. As for resources management, there were five offices: Saongwon(司饔院) preparing food, Sangeuiwon(尙衣院) managing dresses, and other offices preparing tents for outdoor events and vehicles. For the education of successors, five offices were installed to educate and guard the crown prince and royal descendants. In addition to these offices, there were other offices responsible for state affairs: Bincheong(賓廳), a meeting room for high officials, Daecheong(臺廳), offices for supervising counselors, and Jeongcheong(政廳) responsible for personnel management. Gueolnaegaksa of East Place in late Joseon dynasty constituted the system of government offices and played a pivotal role of bureaucracy connecting a king with officers outside of a palace.