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This study explores wedding costume worn during the end of Joseon period, focused on the reigns of King Gojong and Sunjong. It was the chaotic time when the traditional culture of Joseon and new ideology and civilization of the West collided. Thus, it was natural that the wedding custom of the time displayed combination of the traditional and new western styles Traditional wedding custom was influenced by the royal culture. The wedding procedure basically followed the Confucian rites and was classified into six, four, and three phases according to the social status. Moreover, if ceremonies before and after the wedding were included, the overall procedure became even more complex. Although differences between royal and civil wedding procedures existed, the two had something in common. First, a coming-of-age ceremony was included in both wedding procedures. Second, jeonan-lye (奠雁禮a procedure the groom presents the wild goose to the bride's mother as a pledge) and hyeon-gu-go-lye (見舅姑禮the first meeting of the bride with her parents-in-law) were regarded as essential ceremonies for the both royal and civil wedding ceremonies. Traditional wedding costume was originated from the royal ceremonial dresses. Because for the wedding ceremony the commoners deserved to wear prince's and princess' wedding costume regardless of their status. Many people rented the costumefrom semuljeon (貰物廛a store that lent wedding costume and articles). For the royal wedding the groom must wear bokddu ( 頭) on his head and red coat called dallyeong (團領). To imitate the royal wedding costume, an ordinary groom wore the same red dallyeong (團領) as the royal one did but with a different headdress called samo (紗帽). During the Korean Empire, black or blue dallyeong (團領) replaced the red one. Such changes originated in those of men's official robes as time went by. Bride wore a big wig called gache (加) on her head and splendid red robe called hongjangsam (紅長衫) or hwarot <花衣> for the wedding ceremony. When the bride greeted to her parents-in-law after the wedding, she wore jokduri (簇頭里) on her head and a green robe called wonsam (圓衫). It was the old principle abided by for a long time. In the later period. however, jokduri (簇頭里) and green wonsam (圓衫) also could be worn for the actual wedding ceremony. Some brides wore a kind of coronet called hwagwan (花冠) in stead of gache (加) in order to save money. As the western civilization was introduced, the conventional wedding custom of Joseon period began to change. In the big cities, such as Seoul, following the traditional wedding ceremony and wearing traditional costume were considered to be old-fashioned. On the other hand, it was a new fashion to get married in the public place or to dress up with the western style wedding costume. However, the overall wedding procedure was not quite different from that of traditional style even after the ceremony became new-fashioned. For example, the fact that hyeon-gu-go-lye (見舅姑禮) was still performed after the new-style wedding and that the bride and groom wore traditional costumes during this time illustrated the mixed style of new and old wedding ceremonies during the Korean Empire

This study aims to examine the formation and characteristics of the music system in the Daehan Empire (or Korean Empire) and to elucidate its meaning in the music history of Korea with a focus on the elevation of the court music system in the Empire era up to an imperial state level and the acceptance of Western music. The court music system in the Daehan Empire era is closely related to "modernization". Joseon dynasty launched system reforms for modernization, including the establishment of Tongrigimuamun in 1880, which led to "Eulmi Reform"in 1895, and then it established the direction of the music system in the Daehan Empire. The court music system based on the Eulmi Reform proceeded with two ways, which were completely contrary to each other: The direction of independent nation such as the use of yeonho (name of the year) led to the establishment of systems as an imperial state, while the introduction of Western civilization and institutions led to the establishment of a western music band. The changes in the music system related to the implementation of imperial systems led to the adoption of parilmu and the use of gung-ga, and those related to the introduction of modern Western culture led to the establishment of a western music band. With regard to the establishment of imperial music system, although the gung-ga system was established at Heonhyeon for the organization of musical instruments, some jeryeo-ak followed the system in 1892 (the year of im-jin) and some other jeryeo-ak entirely referred to the records at the time of its establishment in the late period of Joseon dynasty. As such, it may be said that the term "gung-ga" related to the imperial music system was simply used, but a substantial imperial music system was not established. With regard to ilmu, an imperial music system was substantially established as the existing yugilmu (six ilmu) was changed to parilmu (eight ilmu). In relation to the music system in the Daehan Empire, it mainly featured the revised music system in 1892 (the year of im-jin), and its major historical literature was "Daehan-yejeon". The issues related to the introduction of a western music band in the Daehan Empire era include the name of military band, the formation process of western music band, and the incorporation of western music band into court music. It is known that the name of military music band was usually used to western military music band, but it was used to naechwi earlier, and the Daehan Empire dualistically had the naechwi military music band and the western military music band. There were two types of western military music band, "gokhodae" and "gunak-dae". The gokhodae, formed in the end of 19th century, was a comparatively simple music band as it was composed of gokho (flute) and buk (drum), largely used for military camps. There were two types of military music band, "naechwi military music band" and "western style military music band". Although these two were different with each other, they were organized with various musical instruments in order to escort the king. As such, since "military music band" in the Daehan Empire had two meanings in terms of generic noun, and it had two meanings in terms of proper noun, it is noted to use it carefully. The introduction of western music during the Daehan Empire was the third instance that foreign music was introduced in the history of Korean music, and it characterizes the music system in the Daehan Empire era the most, giving the significance to the music history. The music system in the Daehan Empire was established from the basic concept of "modernization" while it inherited from the music system of Joseon dynasty, and furthermore the music system in ancient Orient and that in modern Western coexisted in it. It may be said that the reformation of the music system in the Daehan Empire began in 1895

In 1876, Korea forcedly opened its ports to foreign trade. Like as other East Asian countries, opening a port was accompanied by the introduction of modern technologies and the Western civilization as well and necessarily followed by the conflict between the old and the new regime. As a part of autonomous to reform the old systems, the Joseon Dynasty founded the Korean Empire in 1897. However, the Korean Empire became a protectorate of Japan after the Russo-Japanese War and eventually was annexed as a colony in 1910. Especially during 1905 to 1910, there were big changes of Japanese military reservations or military base in Seoul. These military changes could be understood as the colonization by the empire of Japan and affected urban and architectural changes in early colonial period. In order to get a detail on the facilities in Seoul during 1905-1910, the old documents produced by the Government of the Korean Empire and the director-general of the Japanese army were reviewed. As these facts overlapped on 1912 Seoul cadastral map, the urban and architectural changes of Seoul during colonial period will be shown physically. The military facilities existed in Seoul during the Korean Empire period had a large scale land and were located in the important spot of the Seoul. As these locations were suitable for the need of the Qing’s and the Japanese army, they were planned as their permanent military reservation. The First Sino-Japanese War (淸日戰爭, 1894-1895) and the Russo-Japanese War (露日戰爭, 1904-1905) had a big influence on the architectural and urban changes of Seoul. Through these two wars, foreign army started to be stationed in Seoul. Though there were many government offices with a large scale land in those days, the Qing’s army and the Japanese army for permanent stationary always used the former military reservations not the sites of government offices. After 1904, the stationary process of the Japanese army is divided into the reutilizing step of former military facilities and the expansion step to the southwest Seoul. By the political circumstances, Japanese army occupied these and expanded to the large government offices in southwest of Seoul. Big changes in land use pattern of Seoul was occurred during 1907 to 1909. By the construction of Yongsan military reservation(1908), the disbandment of Joseon army(1907), and the abolition of the Military(1909), the Japanese protectorate authorities had a lot of large scale lands where the modern facilities could be located. Finally, the process, “Settlement-Expansion- Remove”, of the Japanese military facilities in Seoul played an important role as the locations of the colonial government facilities and it can be understood by the basic process of the urban structure formation during the Korean Empire period.

This paper has made clear characteristics of suburbs in Keijo, Kyeong-seong, focusing on space and description of Myeongsoo-Dae Residential Area. Myeongsoo-Dae is a typical of residential suburbs in Kyeong-seong during 1930s. The development and management of it was reflected in despair and problems as well as desire and hope of a modern city Kyeong-seong. This paper focused on space and description about issues as follows; 1. Forming the place for sightseeing such as places of interest in Japan during the early 1930s by S. Kinoshita 2. Inviting educational institutions for Korean student in the middle of 1930s by S. Kinoshita 3. Inhabitant of Myeonsoo-Dae and Myeonsoo-Dae Jeong Neighborhood Association that be a mixed settlement for Japanese and Korean. Purpose of this study is also to make clear modernity of Kyeong-seong suburbs. The development of Myeongsoo-Dae located on the left bank of HanGang had been continued during 1930s by Sakae Kinoshita who was born in Saga in Japan and belonged to constructor Shiki-Gumi during 1920s. When he was in Tokyo as a manager of Tokyo Brunch of Shiki-Gumi, Growth of Tokyo suburbs after the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923 convinced him of the necessity of residential developments in Kyeong-seong suburbs in the near future. He had started the development around 1929 and lived there in 1930. He advertised that Myeongsoo-Dae was a good place for health and living like a suburbs in Japan to the Japanese people who lived in Kyeong-seong down town. Living in suburb was in demand at down town. In the middle of 1930s, he had started inviting educational institutions for Korean student. The expanding of population of Kyeong-seong led people and schools to suburbs. He had an intention of formation of a college town at Myeongsoo-Dae by means of selling and contribution of some lots for schools at the center area. The organization of Myeonsoo-Dae Jeong Neighborhood Association later 1930s tell us mixed settlement for Japanese and Korean and being not only the rich but also the low income. It is not hopeful life and good appearance as residential suburb. Suburb of Kyeong-seong, Myeongsoo-Dae has different images from one we usually thought. Additionally tehre are some wrong descriptions on history of suburb. Space and description of them need more consideration

Korean modern publication market has been formed in Seoul under Japanese Colonialism where was political and economic center in Korea, for having Infrastructures building publication cultures since the end of 19th century. Most of publication companies have sought a way out in publishing literary books for their survival, as modern publication cultures in Korea have been restricted essentially within publication laws made by Japanese Colonialism. The market of modern publication in Seoul under Japanese Colonialism has turned structurally with appearance of Hansung Press, Ltd. established at 1920 that has been consisted of executive members studying abroad and originating from Hwanghae Province. The company has mainly published books for readers who educated persons, for example magazines Seoul, The World of Students( 『學生界』), The Lamp for Studying( 『學燈』) as well as modern literary books. Literary books have been not only escaped from publication laws but also made to major commodities for the largest commercial profit at Japanese Colonialism period. As seen in the case of Hansung Press, Ltd., publication companies in Korea have used literary books as main contents for growing up their business scales at that times.

This treatise analyzes the purpose and phase of the aerial bombing on seoul by United States Air Force(USAF) during the Korean War. The bombing on Seoul, the capital city of South Korea, was proceed by USAF in the course of execution of two different air operations. The first one is Close Air Support(CAS) that has a purpose to assist ground army directly by aerial bombing. CAS was a very important air operation when Seoul is in the center of battle front. The second one is interdiction that bombs communication centers, supply routes, enemy’s barracks and traveling troops to prevent supplementary troops and supplies approaching the battle line. This air operations had an important meaning when Seoul was used as the center for supplies by the North Korean army. South Korean government officially announced that Yongsan district and Chung district were the most harshly damaged area by aerial bombing. These districts lies near Seoul station. The reason why the damage by aerial bombing was centralized near Seoul station is closely related with the procedures of interdiction by USAF. USAF wanted to isolate enemy troops in battle line by the destruction of the Seoul station and marshaling yard. Seoul station and marshaling yard is located in the city center that has the most dense population at that time. This dense populated area was called Panjachon that means shantytown. Seoul station area was so populated with a lot of people and houses that USAF bombers needed very precise bombing skills on military targets. But B-29 medium bombers that bombed Seoul had a very low target hitting ratio. They had to drop more than 1,500 GP bombs in a day to destroy Seoul station area. This is the main reason why the Yongsan district had so many casualties in the first phase of the Korean War. And USAF fighter-bomber would bomb the big buildings in cities and towns of the rear area to detect and destroy enemy’s supply centers. This situation also aggravated the damage of civilians living in cities like Seoul during the Korean War.