Earticle

This writing shows the process of arranging a status for Hanyang to became a capital through transfer of the capital and king’s movement to another place for living during King Taejo ~ King Taejong in Joseon. First of all, this study gave attention on that political change and power structure after foundation of Joseon directly affected conflict relationship surrounding transfer to Hanyang. Most of governing class in the reign of Taejo wanted to stay in Gaegyeong but king had mission that he had to build new capital as a king who opened Joseon. New monarch actively utilized limited and exclusive characters of a capital. If he efficiently control governing class inside capital, it could be helpful in establishing political system in the early time of foundation of Joseon. Therefore, the location of capital became a decisive factor in establishment of future system. In the end, King Taejo proceeded with transfer to Hanyang as he originally thought and drew consensus of vassals through method of political operation of ‘joint discussion between ruler and minister’ centered on Dopyeonguisasa(Office of Joint Councilors). But after King Jeongjong came to throne, return of the capital to Gaegyeong was implemented and Dual-Capital system had been maintained until 1404(4th year of King Taejong’s reign). King Taejong wanted to return to Hanyang from his early years but objection was stronger than the reign of Taejo when transfer of the capital to Hanyang was made. Accordingly, King Taejong focused on strengthening authority and power of king rather than insisting on transfer of the capital. There was no need to enforce transfer of the capital. King Taejong received imperial patent and seal from Ming, China so that legitimacy of succession of throne was advocated. He appointed crown prince so that stability of succession of next throne was guaranteed. He opened a league to promise union between Gaeguk meritorious retainer, Jungsa meritorious retainer, and Jwamyeong meritorious retainer, loyalty for king so that cooperation between political powers was made. Since then, he proceeded with transfer of the capital. Ha-ryun who was in the core position of political power insisted on Muak but there was no rival for King Taejong who already made political stability period. Such a process of transfer of the capital in early Joseon is closely related to the process to build new political system as well as to solve political difficulties in early time of formation of government. On the other hand, Joseon dynasty could not disregard status of Gaegyeong which was still attractive as a capital. In the process of transfer of the capital, opinion of governing class to stick to existing capital system of Gaegyeong was identified. Furthermore, after transfer of the capital to Hanyang was decided, King Taejong carried out movement to Gaegyeong for living two times. Besides economic burden and administrative inconvenience, political and social confusion should be resigned because difficult decision of re-transfer of capital was already made. Officials and people followed king’s procession for movement to another place for living. Political argument about ‘Dual-Capital’system developed again became heated. But because King Taejong had absolute power exercised by the throne through abdication of the throne of two times, he aimed at political and economic effects through movement to Gaegyeong for living. In the first movement to Gaegyeong, for distribution of paper money, dual system of Hanyang and Gaegyeong was established. And in the second movement to Gaegyeong, sudden dethronement of crown prince and succession to the throne was made. In dethronement of crown prince, there was political aftermath but this was the first succession to the throne without upheaval since foundation of Joseon. During the reign of Taejo to Taejong, the status of the capital was not stable. The efforts to let Hanyang become a capital had been continued but there were most of governing class to support Gaegyeong, the old capital. But Hanyang was gradually growing in the midst of not only efforts of force to build system of Joseon through construction of capital, but also contrary expectation of force to maintain base of old capital.

The purpose of this study is to observe the urban transformation and status of suburban areas of Kyeongseong (京城) in the early 20th century by investigating the Yeong-deong-po (永登浦) area. Yeong-deong-po had been a sparse region where only some vegetables and fruits were cultivated in the Joseon Dynasty because of constant flood damage. The other major industry of this region was the ceramic industry; thus, the villages were located in the hilly sections along the Han River, where there existed less concern about flood damage, and an abundant supply of sand for ceramics. Urbanization started in this area in the early 1900’s when two important railways intersected here and a new small town was formed in front of the station. As a major traffic point and appropriately separated place from the downtown area of Kyeongseong, Yeong-deong-po had been recognized as a suitable place for the development of an industrial area by government officials. Large-sized factories were built here starting from the 1910’s and Yeong-deong-po became recognized as an industrial area nationwide in the 1920’s. In the 1930’s, the development of Yeongdeong-po into an industrial area by Chongdokbu (總督府) began as part of the Joseon industrialization policy. Urbanization plans such as the zoning system, main roads system and land readjustment projects were implemented in Yeong-deong-po and many big factories, including branch factories of Japan’s zaibatsu (財閥, conglomerate) companies, were built under the enthusiastic support of Chongdokbu and Kyeongseongbu (京城府). Developed into an industrial area which symbolized modernism, the community leaders of Yeong-deong-po must have felt proud of their town and desired the construction of urban infrastructure and facilities like those of the adjacent area of Kyeongseong. However, Yeong-deong-po, which was no more than one suburban area in spite of its being considered as a very important region, did not have enough power and money to start such construction by itself. The urban plans and construction that the people of Yeong-deong-po had desperately wanted were implemented right after it was decided that this region would be included as part of Kyeongseong in 1936; this phenomenon has interesting implications regarding the characteristics of urban plans and status of suburban areas in the early 20th century in Korea.

This thesis is about the unique character of Hansung(漢城)’s mixed-residence quarter. To clarify this unique character, I analyzed the concept of ‘mixed-residence’ and also reviewed the reorganization of residency and the attempt to treaty revision at the specific time. Mixed-residence in Hansung was originated from the Regulations for Maritime and Overland Trade Between Chos n and Qing(朝淸商民水陸貿易章程) in 1882, which specified the rights to open a store in Hansung. Since then, each countries including England had equal shares of Qing’s rights and interests. However the rights and interests of Qing was acquired by the suzerainty against Chos n. So it was inadequate to define the regulations of Hansung’s residency. Moreover, Hansung’s significance as the capital made the mixed-residence issue a political, diplomatical and socio-economical matter. On one hand, the mixed-residence issue in Hansung could be grasped as the process of reestablishment between Chos n and Qing’s relationship based on modern international law. On the other hand, it could also be the process of Japan’s reorganize towards Chos n’s colonialization.

This article examines schools administrated by Japanese settlers in Seoul from 1880’s to 1910’s. This article focuses on three purposes. First, papers and magazines published by Japanese settlers rather than documents produced by authorities were used to extract public opinion of the Japanese society. Second, this article pays attention to changes of education policy toward Japanese children at the time of the annexation. Third, this article follows the transformation of organizations in charge of education for Japanese children. To be brief, education policy toward Japanese children shifted from education for residents overseas to education for “Naichijin” at the time of the annexation. In this process, “Naichijin” as a role model was emphasized. Regardless of the Government- General’s motto of “Treating all people equally and without prejudice” and “assimilation,” racially segregated education between the colonizer and the colonized continued after the annexation. As a result of the annexation, Keijo Japanese Residents` Association was closed in 1914, and education for Japanese children was taken over by the Keijo School Association. Officers of the Government-General and teachers of Japanese schools expressed worry about the fact that children born or raised in Korea lacked knowledge about their mother country. This perception influenced on the policy making. The basic aim of the Government-General was to offer Japanese children in Korea the same standard of education as their peers in Japan, while taking into consideration the reality of segregation between Japanese and Koreans. They continued pondering how to educate children as imperial subjects with loyalty. Also, mixed residence with the colonized and colonial "bad practices" in Korea were considered.

Gyeonggi Kamyoung(Supreme Local Government Office) was an administrativeoffice covering Gyeonggi region. However, it was located in the outside ofDoneumoon in Hanseongbu. Why was it located in Hanseongbu? How was itmaintained? What was the issues about the location of the office? This study coversthose issues. It had nothing to do with just the matter of location but the role ofGyeonggi, which was to protect and to support Hanseongbu. The environment ofpositioning of Gyeonggi Kamyoung was analyzed according to respective kings’sregime with the transitions of politics, administration, and national defence. And thespace arrangement and organization of Gyeonggi Kamyoung was referred by thepainting resource, 「Gyeonggi Kamyoung Do」. Though it is hard to understand from the point of the present, the relation betweenHanseongbu and Gyeonggi can be understood by studying physical elements such asthe location situation of Gyeonggi Kamyoung and debates on this issue in thegovernment in late Joseon Dynasty.