Earticle

본고는 대조언어학과 번역학 이론을 방법론으로 『이담속찬』의 역문 대조를 통해 『이담속 찬』의 한중 속담 역문에 나타난 문제점들을 지적하고 속담 번역의 기준과 번역 방법론에 대해 살펴보고자 한다. 『이담속찬』은 정약용이 중국 속담과 한국 속담을 모은 조선 후기의 한역속 담집으로서 광학서포판에는 양재건의 한국 역문도 수록되어 있어 번역 연구에 있어서도 가치 가 있다고 할 수 있다. 본고는 먼저 텍스트 소개와 더불어 텍스트의 연구 가치를 기술하고, 다음으로 역문 대조를 통해 문제점들을 요약하며 이어 속담 번역 방법론을 제시하는 순서로 구성하였다. 분석 결과, 『이담속찬』의 속담 번역이 엄복의 번역기준 “신”에 가깝지만 통사, 어순, 오역, 어휘, 속담의 정형성 구조 탈리 등의 문제점이 드러났다. 역문 언어 표현에 있어서도 언어에 대한 통찰력이 떨어졌다고 볼 수 있다. 구체적으로 살펴보면, 중국 속담 한국어 역문은 문장관 계 조절능력이 부족했고 한국 속담 중국어 역문은 중국어의 문법과 어순에 잘 맞지 않았다. 이에 대한 해결책으로 본고에서는 속담 번역은 두 언어의 문화를 잘 나타내야 하므로 의미 등가에 기초한 “신” 기준 달성을 토대로 속담의 정형성 형태, 화용론, 문화적 요소를 표현해내 는 “달”기준을 적절하게 사용해야 함을 주장하였다. 이는 민족적 사유 특징과 이문화에 대한 배려 및 독자들의 인지 특점을 감안해서이다. 그리고 이를 위한 번역 방법으로는 직역해석식, 직역주석, 대체법(역문속담에로의 1대1대응 및 새 속담이나 숙어 표현으로 대체), 의역 등을 제안하였다.

This dissertation tried to point out the problems in the translation of the examples in Idamsokchan and find out the standard and strategies of translation by comparison of Chinese-Korean examples with contrastive linguistics and translation studies as methodology. As a book on translation of Chinese-Korean proverbs in which Thonyagyong collected Chinese proverbs and Korean proverbs, Idamsokchan also includes Yangthegon's Korean examples. So we can say it is valuable on translaion studies. This paper firstly introduced the text and the value of studies on it, and then summarized the problems by comparison of the examples, followed by the strategies of proverb translation. The result of analysis was that although the proverb translation in Idamsokchan was close to “xin” which Yanfu suggested refering to the standard of translation, it had the problems in verbs, word order, mistranslation, vocabulary, missing stereotypes of proverbs and so on. By specific observation we found that Korean translation of Chinese proverbs lacked the ability of language coordination, and Chinese translation of Korean proverbs showed the problem that Chinese grammar was not appropriate for the word order. Because proverb translation must reveal the culture of the two languages, as a solution to the problems, this paper advocated that during translation we should properly use “da” which included stereotypes of proverbs, cultural factors based on another standard “xin”. This was on account of national thinking way, different culture and the feature of readers' cognition. In addition, as the way of translation, we suggested there were literal translation, literal translation with explanatory note, replacing(using one-to-one or new proverb translation to replace the wrong one in examples ), free translation and so on.

This study aims to address the following questions: first, how the emotional metaphors are conceptualized in two distinct cultures (Korean and English); second, what strategies can be employed to translate emotional metaphors in Korean-English translation. In the process of addressing the first question, the paper discusses the process of conceptualization in the positive emotion of ‘happiness’ and the negative emotions of ‘anger’ and ‘sadness.’ In dealing with the second question, this research puts forward four translation strategies: metaphor into same metaphor, metaphor into different metaphor, metaphor into non-metaphor, and 0 into metaphor (addition). There are various emotions in Korean culture; however, this paper limits its scope to three basic emotions: anger, sadness and happiness. Conceptual metaphors conceptualize abstract and new target domains from specific and experiential source domains, and they fall into three categories: structural metaphors, ontological metaphors and orientational metaphors. The above-mentioned emotions are conceptualized through the source domain or the physical reaction to emotions in both cultures. The source domain includes ‘a fluid in a container’, ‘stuff’, ‘thread.’ Nevertheless, Korean emotions are expressed by using various internal organs compared with English emotions. Following the discussion on the similarities and differences of the process, the research presents the translations of emotional metaphors and classifies them into four categories, as mentioned above. The authors hope the research will contribute to triggering deeper discussion on the translation of emotional metaphors and to presenting guidelines for those in the translation profession.

Ellipsis (. . .) and Julimpyo (……): Comparison and Strategies to Translate Ellipsis in English-Korean Translation Do-Hun Kim (Pusan University of Foreign Studies) It is of notable interest that punctuation has been neglected both in comparative linguistics and translation studies and that the translation of punctuation marks in English-Korean translation often invites `headaches' due to punctuation system differences (as well as similarities in disguise). Although there are a number of punctuation marks, this paper limits its scope to ellipsis and julimpyo, form-equivalent punctuation mark in Korean language. Specifically, this paper seeks to answer two research questions. First, what are the functions of ellipsis and julimpyo (Korean ellipsis periods) and how do they differ? Second, what strategies can be used to translate ellipsis in English-Korean translation? As for the first question, this paper illustrates how the punctuation marks take on the functional role as unique linguistic entities. Following the analysis, this research compares the two punctuation marks, which will eventually reveal implications for translation. As for the second question, this paper selects and classifies effective translation strategies and discusses how such strategies can be deployed and what attentions should be paid in the process of translation. The author hopes the research will contribute to triggering further discussion on the comparative study of punctuation and will offer practical help for those in the translation profession.

This paper aims to address two research questions: 1) what are the functions and usage of italics? and 2) what strategies can be deployed to translate italics in English-Korean translation? It is of notable interest that the translation of italics (among many punctuation marks and other graphic devices") in English-Korean translation often invites 'headaches' due to linguistic system differences and that such practical issue has been eglected in the academic discipline of translation studies. As for the specific research process, this paper first classifies the functions of italics into four categories: indication of titles, indication of emphasis, indication of foreign words, and indication of thoughts and unspoken words. Based on the analysis, this paper selects and classifies effective translational strategies and discusses how such strategies can be deployed and what attentions should be paid in the process of translation. The data that serves as a basis for the research is taken from "existing" texts, not contrived ones. The author hopes this research will contribute to offering guidelines for those in the translation profession.

The purpose of this paper is to examine translation strategies in translating English metaphoric expressions into Korean by focusing on the influential elements which have much to do with deciding translation strategies. The metaphoric expression is considered as a difficult item in cross-cultural translation because target text readers are unable to understand metaphoric expressions as they do not share knowledge and experience of the exotic cultural elements in the original text. Accordingly the translator has to choose the appropriate strategy to help the target text readers to understand cultural elements and share the equivalent connotations. This paper has indicated that English metaphoric expressions related to the body parts are translated into Korean by three strategies, that is, metaphoric expression-to-metaphoric expression, substitution of equivalent metaphoric expression and paraphrase, which are decided by considering the sameness of conceptual metaphor, degree of conventionalization, and metaphorical transparency.

Kim, Do-hun. (2010). Translating Idioms in Korean-English Translation. Interpreting and Translation Studies 13-2, pp. 29-44 The translation of idioms often invites headaches in the process of translation, as idioms possess non-literalness and culture-specific elements in nature. Nevertheless, there are a number of translation strategies that can be employed to transfer such linguistic devices. In this paper, five specific translation strategies, which enable the translator to seek equivalence, are presented. The focus of the discussion will be on how such strategies can be deployed and what attentions should be paid in the process of translating. It is worth noting that each strategy exhibits its unique features and has both strengths and weaknesses when applied. The translations that serve as the bases for the explanation of translation strategies are taken from literatures that contain a number of idioms, thereby requiring the translator to employ active and diverse translation strategies. The author hopes the research will contribute to triggering further discussion on the translation of idioms and to offering guidelines for those in the translation profession.

Translation strategy is determined by skopos, that is, by the reader that determines the skopos. Even if the same text is translated, significant differences exist depending on whether the text is translated for children or adults, since children are not fully mature or are still in the process of developing emotionally and intellectually and do not have as much background knowledge as adults. This paper compares the two translated versions of the Grimms’ Fairy Tales (Brüder Grimm Kinder- und Hausmärchen), the adult version and the children's version, to identify these differences in translation strategies and to look at the characteristics of translations in children’s literature. First, the paper studies how culture-related vocabulary and proper nouns are translated by comparing the translations of the title, which encompasses a compressed meaning, and then compares and analyzes the use of notes and word plays in the text. Translation for children is different from translation for adults in its text and notes, such as the frequency of use of pure-Korean words, creative compound words, word play, onomatopoeic words, and mimetic words, as well as in the intervention by the translator in the title translation.

Onomatopoeia is a difficult constituent in translation because it has different characteristics which prevent source and target text readers from communicating each other. Most of target text readers are unable to have knowledge to understand connotations of the exotic onomatopoeia elements in the source text. Accordingly the translator has to be a mediator to bridge the gap in understanding onomatopoeic expressions and help the target text readers to share the equivalent connotations of them. The purpose of this paper is to examine the translation problems in translating Korean poetry texts into English ones by focusing on onomatopoeic expressions which appear in the translation process. This paper has shown that the poetic phrases of Korean related to onomatopoeic expressions are translated into those of English by various strategies, for example, paraphrase, substitution and omission which have active and diverse compensation mechanisms.

Cho, SangEun. (2007). Exploring how translation act changes according to development of translation competence: A qualitative analysis comparing results of a recent and a past TAP experiment conducted on a same subject. Conference Interpretation and Translation, 9(2), 241-261. Research on translation process is required in order to apply appropriate translation teaching according to a translator's developmental stage of his/her translation competence. From this perspective, studies have been made on the models of acquisition and development of translation competence. TAP is a research methodology over which there has been a temporary agreement on its effectiveness. This study compares the data obtained through a TAP experiment with two subjects conducted in 2004 and a recent follow-up TAP on the same subjects, so as to track any changes in the translation acts made over time as their translation competence developed, and thus to explore how translation competence development has affected translation process. It is hoped that the result of the study, which reveals differences in the translation act according to the development of translation competence can be directly applied to teaching translation students. Keywords: TAP, translation competence, translation process, translation strategy, translation teaching

The purpose of this study is to build a framework of text analysis (TA) for students taking translation courses at the undergraduate level and to seek ways to identify an untapped component in the teaching of translation to be utilized. A brief background introduction is followed by an example taken from translations of published works and exercises done by students to justify the need for a TA component in translation education. The study showed that Halliday's (1991) concepts of field, mode, and tenor of discourse as text analysis criteria proved useful in helping students establish grounds for constructive critique and improve translation skills.

Although there is still a strong belief in the effectiveness of monolingual L2 teaching across the world, translation in language teaching (TILT) has been gradually gaining recognition as a valuable tool to help L2 learners. In this paper, the author pays special attention to paraphrasing, or intralingual translation, something which is innate in all language users. Thereafter, she explains an empirical study which was conducted using “paraphrasing translation (PT),” a combination of paraphrasing and translation, as a TILT approach to help develop learners’ L2 productive competence. The study consisted of four 50-minute PT workshops, prior to and followed by written translation tests and questionnaires. This was provided to 87 Japanese high school students learning English as a foreign language to investigate (1) if PT is effective, and (2) if learners feel PT is effective, in terms of the development of L2 productive competence. The results of the study indicated a very positive response to PT in L2 teaching, which leads the author to propose there be further research into the use of translation in language teaching.

This paper looks into student performance in the use of the segmentation strategy while doing sight translation. The paper finds that while students are using the segmentation strategy in their performances, as indicated by a simple comparison of the number of sentences in the original text with the target text transcription, there is room for improvement in a more accurate use of the falling and rising intonation to indicate that there is indeed a segmentation that took place in the target text. Also, the students should be encouraged to develop a larger pool of discourse markers that can be used in making the segmented parts to be logically connected while fully conveying the message of the original text. The experiment result of this study also finds the need for a more detailed definition of the terms used in the analysis, such as ‘sentence’: a term well-defined and accepted in the written text, but that needs to be redefined in the audio input of the SI data.

Notre étude a pour objectif d’examiner la possibilité d’appliquer, dans le domaine de l’enseignement de la traduction, le SILL (Strategy Inventory for Language Learning), questionnaire destiné à mettre en évidence les types de stratégies mis en oeuvre par des apprenants en langues, instrument largement utilisé lors de l’apprentissage linguistique. Pour ce faire, nous avons procédé à une analyse du questionnaire SILL rempli par des étudiants ayant assisté aux cours de traduction. Celle-ci a effectivement montré une corrélation entre les compétences des étudiants et leurs choix de stratégies : les étudiants compétents ont plus eu recours aux stratégies de la mémoire, cognitives, et de compensation, tandis que les moins compétents se sont plutôt tournés vers les stratégies métacognitives, sociales et de l’affection. Une analyse plus approfondie a d’ailleurs été réalisée pour identifier les stratégies les plus efficaces employées pendant l’acte de traduire. En conclusion, le SILL apparaît comme un outil utile servant à analyser les stratégies des étudiants dans leur tâche de traduction, fournissant ainsi des informations fiables en vue d’améliorer l’efficacité des cours de traduction.

이 글은 한국의 여성주의 기반 소설인 공지영의 <무소의 뿔처럼 혼자서 가라>와 <도가니>, 그리고 조남주의 <82년생 김지영>의 중역본을 대상으로 ‘협력’의 페미니스트 번역전략을 적용 해보는 것을 목적으로 한다. 페미니스트 작가이자 번역가인 쉬래드(Shread)는 에팅거 (Ettinger)의 ‘경계에서 분출되는 변신(Metramorphosis)’개념을 번역연구에 도입하여 젠더의 식을 공유한 작가와 번역가의 협력전략을 통해 텍스트에 대한 ‘일방적인 변형(Metamorphosis)’ 이 아닌, 제 3의 공간에서 페미니스트적으로 새롭게 창조되는 TT가 만들어질 수 있음을 주장하 였다. 이 글은 ‘메트라모포시스’에 대한 쉬래드의 경험적 연구를 바탕으로, 협력의 페미니스트 번 역전략의 구체적 실천 방법을 ‘작가와 번역가의 젠더의식 공유’, ‘젠더정체성에 기반한 차이의 번역’, 그리고 ‘합의된 개조와 변형’으로 구분하고 사례분석과 함께 살펴봄으로써, 메타담론적 내용이 강한 페미니스트 번역이론의 구체적 적용에 대해 고찰하려고 한다. 아울러 작가와의 ‘공유’와 ‘합의’를 거쳐 생성되는 TT 텍스트의 ‘창조적 변형’을 통해 페미니스트 번역이 ST에 대해서 보다 적극적인 개조와 조정이 가능할 뿐 아니라, 번역 윤리에도 반(反)하지 않을 가능 성을 모색해 보도록 하겠다.

This study aims to apply the feminist translation strategy of “co-creation” on Chinese translation of Korean feminism-based novels, Wander Alone Like a Rhinoceros (Ji-young Gong), The Crucible (Ji-young Gong) and Ji-young Kim, Born 1982 (Nam-ju Cho). Feminist writer and translator Carolyn Shread, introducing Bracha Ettinger's idea of metramosphosis (transformation that emerges at the border) on translation studies, argues that a “co-creation” strategy between the author and translator sharing gender sensitivities can newly create the TT, turning it into a feminist text in a third space, going beyond unilateral metamorphosis. Based on Shread's empirical research on metramorphosis, this paper will explore the possibility of applying in practice the theories on feminist translation which tend to be metadiscursive. It will do so by defining the practical approaches of applying feminist translation strategy of co-creation as follows: “shared gender sensitivities between the author and translator,” “translation of differences based on gender identity,” and “mutually agreed adaptation and transformation.” These approaches are also reviewed through case analyses. In addition, it will explore the possibility that through “generative transformation (metramosphosis)” in the TT, feminist translation can allow for more active reconstruction and adjustment of the ST while staying true to translation ethics.

This study has an objective to examine and compare the charact eristics of each text genre in Japanese-Korean translation. In order to draw the characteristics of each genre in Japanese-Korean translation especially in this study, translation aspects of SSCCS (Same Shaped Chinese Character of Synonym) which have the same forms and similar meanings were analyzed in lexical level. In this study, two genres were examined; one is a novel and the other is a management essay and the former is affiliated with lit erature translation and the latter is with practical translation. In this study, two novels and two management essays were analyzed. Study results of examining the translation types of SSCCS after extracting same shaped Sino-Japanese words with synonym for Korean words from ST could be classified as 4 types, which are corresponding translation as the identical form, 2) partial change of forms, 3) substitution translation into different forms, 4) omission. Further study was executed whether there are differences of such translation types in each genre. Analysis results of the data which were obtained according to the above methods and at the time when SSCCS in all texts of 4 pieces in this study were translated, the percentage was the highest when they were translated into identical types of corresponding translation, second highest percentage was when they were translated into substitution translation to different forms. Following highest percentage was the translation into partial changes followed next and the final was omission of translation. Like this, considering the results that SSCCS is translated into Sino-Korean word and there is almost no omission, translation tendency which is to faithfully translate for ST could be seen and this shows the same tendency in each genre.

This study conducted diachronic analysis on how Hangul policies have influenced Japanese literary translation by mainly subjecting the words that are comprised of Chinese characters of the same shapes and meaning, and translated from Japanese into Korean. The results revealed how changing Hangul policies have influenced Japanese literary translation: Hangul Only Policy has lowered the ratio in Korean translated texts of Chinese characters marked in parenthesis next to Hangul. In other words, the policy encouraged to use only Hangul in translated texts, in contrast to the past practice of marking Chinese characters in parenthesis next to translated Hangul words. In particular, This tendency is conspicuous in translation of Chinese characters which have the same shapes and similar meaning in both languages. The finding indicates that the Hangul policy has exerted direct influence on the Japanese literary translation.

Building upon previous research on cognitive baggage, this paper aims to expand the current literature by exploring the role of such baggage in the process of translation. Cognitive baggage is crucial in cross- cultural translation, as communication does not take place in a vacuum, but rather in a world of shared knowledge and experience. Hence, when the source and target text readers are separated by culture and have little or no shared cognitive baggage, there will be a large gap that the translator will have to bridge if the target text reader is to understand the text in a manner similar to the way source text reader would understand it. And this is where the cognitive baggage established in the source text culture must be reestablished in the target text, as communication starts from a shared base. Based on a clearer understanding of cognitive baggage, this paper seeks to find out how the translator can communicate to the target text reader the equivalent information and connotations as were communicated to the source text reader by the source text. To this end, this paper will illustrate concrete compensation or translation strategies that enable source and target text readers to have shared cognitive baggage. The translations that serve as the bases for the explanation of translation strategies are taken from literatures that contain a number of cultural elements, thereby requiring the translator to employ active and diverse compensation mechanisms.