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Epidemiological evidence suggests that health-oriented eating habits are associated with maintaining optimal cognitive ability. Nutrients are functional bioactive molecules promoting human health and essential components as well. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3), one of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is synthesized through elongation pathway from linolenic acid (81:3n-3) which is recognized as important source of brain function. Endurance physical exercise and energy re-striction was also recognized of cardiovascular stress adjustment by enhancing brainstem cholinergic activity as well as brain function. However, we even do not know the exact neuronal mechanisms about the nutrients, β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB) and myokine impacts on brain- derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) activation. Therefore, this review fo-cuses on recent evidence that explains how nutrients and prolonged exercise can affect nervous system pathways that are associated with improving brain function. The results revealed that frequent consump-tion of polyphenols and n-3 PUFAs could modify gastrointestinal envi-ronment with beneficial microorganisms. It may suggest a new hypoth-esis that gastrointestinal microbiome could influence cognitive function in addition to the traditional etiological pathway. And moreover, pro-longed physical exercise includes open skill sports which is induced by β-oxidation of free fatty acids stimulate BDNF. And also β-HB produc-tion which is induced by carbohydrate depletion, hypoglycemia, or fast-ing stimulate BDNF production that acts an significantly important roles in cognitive function and acting on brain function with brain metabo-lism.

Aging is a complex process that has a profound impact on health prob-lems, and it is difficult to maintain a healthy daily life due to a gradual decrease in physiological function. In order to prevent aging, it is vital and valuable to study the reduction of physiological function. This study focused on the physiological factors associated with aging and dis-cussed lifestyle changes to prevent aging. This study suggests if the national government should strive to develop and distribute programs, such as physical activity, cognitive function, dementia, and fall for the prevention of geriatric diseases, the old people will be able to live a healthier and happier life.

The neuromechanical reorganization required to change gaits imposes an energetic cost 75% greater than either a walking or running step at the same speed. By combining walking and running with the requisite gait switching transition steps, an exercise protocol can be generated with virtually any desired metabolic output even at relatively slow tread-mill speed. Gait switching increases metabolic demand through dis-crete events, which can be tolerated more easily by individuals recov-ering from health problems, just as interval training allows greater work production for healthy individuals. In addition to cardio-respiratory ben-efits, ‘mini-intervals’ with frequent gait switching also provides positive effects and attributes such as distributing muscle group activation, re-training neural coordination, and avoiding repetitive joint overloading. It has the added benefit of developing stability during transitions while a safety hand rail is present which can lead to greater stability in more complex natural environments. Finally, increased mental focus may help avoid the monotony of usual treadmill workouts, aiding adherence to an exercise program. We review evidence for the cost increase of the gait transition step and explain the mechanisms involved. We also discuss literature supporting the range of benefits for mini-interval gait switching as a training and rehabilitation tool.

We aimed to conduct a systematic literature review with a meta-analy-sis to investigate whether virtual reality (VR) approaches have benefi-cial effects on the upper extremity function and independent activities of stroke survivors. Experimental studies published between 2007 and 2017 were searched from two databases (EBSCOhost and PubMed). This study reviewed abstracts and assessed full articles to obtain evi-dence on qualitative studies. For the meta-analysis, the studies that es-timated the standardized mean between the two groups analyzed the statistical values necessary for calculating the effect size. The present study also evaluated the statistical heterogeneity. In total, 34 studies with 1,604 participants were included, and the number of participants in each study ranged from 10 to 376. Nine studies were assessed to evalu-ate the quantitative statistical analysis for 698 patients with hemiparetic stroke. The results of the meta-analysis were as follows: The overall ef-fect size was moderate (0.41, P<0.001). The 95% confidence interval ranged from 0.25 to 0.57. However, no significant heterogeneity and publication bias were observed. The results of this study showed that VR approaches are effective in improving upper extremity function and independent activities in stroke survivors.

Bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion (BCCAO) causes an abrupt reduction of cerebral blood flow, and this method has been used to in-vestigate the effects of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion on vascular de-mentia and neuronal injuries. Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion leads to functional changes in the hippocampus and then results in a cognitive impairment. We investigated the effect of preischemic treadmill exer-cise on short-term memory and blood-brain barrier integration following cerebral hypoperfusion caused by BCCAO. The rats in the preischemic treadmill exercise and BCCAO group were made to run on a treadmill for 30 min once a day for 4 weeks. At 4 weeks after performing treadmill exercise, right carotid artery was ligated, and 1 week after, left common carotid artery was ligated. At 20 days after BCCAO, short-term memory was evaluated. Half of the rats were sacrificed 2 days after BCCAO and the other rats were sacrificed at 3 weeks after BCCAO. Immunohisto-chemistry and western blot were performed. Preischemic treadmill ex-ercise alleviated impairment of short-term memory in the step-down avoidance task. Preischemic treadmill exercise reduced microvascular injury in the hippocampus. Preischemic treadmill exercise prevented the reduction of zonula occludens-1 in the hippocampus and inhibited the activation of matrix metalloproteinase-9. Therefore, pre-condition-ing treadmill exercise might be used as a therapeutic strategy for the prevention of stroke in patients.

The present study investigated whether treadmill exercise with bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) transplantation increase expression lev-el of protein synthesis-related molecules in the soleus muscle after spi-nal cord injury (SCI). The spinal cord contusion injury was performed at the T9–10 level using the impactor (10 g×25 mm). BMSCs were cultured from femur and tibia of 4-week-old rats and then transplanted directly into the lesion 1-week post injury. The rats in exercise group were walk-ing on treadmill device for 6 days per a week during 6 weeks. Prepared soleus muscles were used for examining mechanisms of protein syn-thesis after SCI. Myostatin induction level was increased by SCI, but BMSCs engrafting after SCI decreased compared to SCI group. Combi-nation of treadmill exercise with BMSCs showed more potent decre-ment on myostatin expression. Protein kinase B (Akt) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) levels were significantly increased in SCI and BMSCs transplantation group compared to SCI group. Combination of treadmill exercise with BMSCs further facilitated expression levels of Akt and mTOR. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and phosphorylated cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein (p-CREB) induction levels were more increased in SCI and BMSC trans-plantation group compared to SCI group. Combination of treadmill exer-cise with BMSCs further increased expression levels of IGF-I and p-CREB, although statistical significance was not appeared. Combining treadmill exercise with BMSCs transplantation might accelerate protein synthesis and hypertrophy in the soleus muscle after SCI through acti-vation of IGF-I/mTOR signaling pathway.

Nicotine withdrawal symptoms comprise insomnia, depression, anxiety, attention disorders, and increased craving. We evaluated the amelio-rating effect of treadmill exercise on nicotine withdrawal symptoms. The rats in the nicotine withdrawal groups received subcutaneous in-jection with 6-mg/kg nicotine hydrogen tartrate salt for 17 days. And then, the injection of nicotine hydrogen tartrate salt was stopped next for 2 weeks. The rats in the exercise groups performed treadmill run-ning once a day, 5 days per week, for 31 days. In the present results, activity was decreased and anxiety-like behavior was observed in the nicotine withdrawal rats. Treadmill running increased activity and ame-liorated anxiety-like behavior in the nicotine-withdrawal rats. Expres-sions of tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the dorsal raphe were decreased in the nicotine withdrawal rats, in contrast, treadmill running increased TPH and 5-HT expressions. Im-paired short-term memory and deteriorated spatial learning ability were observed in the nicotine withdrawal rats, in contrast, treadmill running ameliorated impairment of short-term memory and spatial learning abil-ity. Expressions of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) were decreased in the nicotine withdrawal rats, in contrast, treadmill running increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor and TrkB expressions. The numbers of the dou¬blecortin (DCX)-positive cells and 5-bromo-2´-deoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive cells in the dentate gyrus were suppressed in the nicotine withdrawal rats, in contrast, treadmill run-ning enhanced the numbers of DCX-positive cells and BrdU-positive cells. The present study demonstrate that treadmill exercise ameliorat-ed nicotine withdrawal-induced anxiety, depression, and memory im-pairment.

Considering the potential action of exercise on neuroplasticity and the need to adapt protocols to enhance functional recovery after nerve injury, this study evaluated the effects of two intensities of treadmill exercise on nervous and muscular tissues and functional recovery after nerve crush injury. Wistar rats were distributed into sedentary group (SED), and 10 m/min (EG10) and 17 m/min (EG17) exercise groups. The exercise started one week after the injury. Ten daily sessions were performed with a 2-day interval after the fifth day. The flexor digitorum muscle and two segments of the median nerve were analysed histomorphometrically by light microscopy and computer analysis. Function was evaluated by grasping test, in 3 moments. Approval number: 016/2013. In the proximal segments of the median nerve, the diameter of myelinated fibres and axon, the myelin sheath thickness and the ratio of axon diameter to fibre diameter (g ratio) were significantly larger (P< 0.05) in the EG10. The number of myelinated fibres was lesser in the EG17 than the other groups (P< 0.05). No difference in the number of myelinated fibres among groups was observed in the distal segments, but the SED presented significantly larger axon and fibre diameters than those that performed exercise. The EG10 presented greater area and diameter of muscle fibres (P< 0.05) and functional improvement observed on the 21st day after injury (P< 0.05) compared with the EG17 and SED. Continuous exercise at 10 m/min accentuates nerve regeneration, accelerating functional recovery and preventing muscle atrophy.

The purpose of this study was to investigate differences of maximum muscle strength and isokinetic knee and core muscle functions accord-ing to pedaling power of racing cyclist candidate. Subjects for this study were 200 racing cyclist candidates and divided into four groups: top 10% peak power group (TPP, n=20), low 10% peak power group (LPP, n=20), top 10% average power group (TAP, n=20), and low 10% average power group (LAP, n=20). The maximum muscle strength was consisted of grip strength, bench press and squat measured by Ariel device, and isokinetic knee and core muscle functions were analyzed by Humac Norm device. Significant differences between groups were determined with one-way repeated analysis of variance. As the result of this study, TPP and TAP groups showed significantly decreased body-fat mass and increased free fat mass when compared to LPP and LAP groups. The maximum strength of grip and squat was significantly higher in TPP and TAP than in other groups. Isokinetic knee extension and flexion strength was higher in TPP and TAP groups as well as isoki-netic trunk extension and flexion functions were highest in TPP group. Thus, our findings suggest new evidence that muscle mass, maximal muscle strength, and isokinetic muscle functions might be important predictors of racing cyclist performance.

This study aimed to explore the deformation of medial femoral cartilage in normal adults according to gait conditions. Overall, 76 normal adults without degenerative arthritis or a knee injury on medical history were randomly assigned into control, flatland walk, slope walk, and stepper walk groups. The control group was rested for 30 min, the test group performed flatland walking, 16° slope walking, and stepper walking, re-spectively. The thickness of medial femoral cartilage before and after gait was evaluated through ultrasound test. Compared with the control group, a significant difference was noted for medial femoral cartilage deformation before and after gait in all the three groups. Comparison of the medial femoral cartilage deformation among the groups revealed a significant difference between the control group and the flatland walk, slope walk, and stepper walk groups (P<0.05). The flatland walk group had a significant difference between the slope walk group and stepper walk group (P<0.05), whereas no significant difference was noted be-tween the slope walk and stepper walk groups (P>0.05). After a 30-min walk, the thickness of medial femoral cartilage was reduced, and a dif-ference in deformation was noted according to gait conditions. The thickness of medial femoral cartilage was reduced more in the stepper walk and slope walk groups, wherein more load operates on the knee, than the flatland walk group.

Nordic walking (NW) is a full body training that can be performed with special pole, and has been recognized as an effective out-door activity which can improve the strength of upper extremity. Most previous stud-ies mainly analyzed the effect of NW on the strength of dominant (DN) hand-grip strength, however, a clear scientific examination is needed whether nondominant (NDN) extremity can also be ameliorated by the NW. Therefore, the aim of our study is to investigate the effectiveness of 8 weeks NW training on the NDN handgrip and shoulder strength in healthy middle-aged women. 29 subjects were randomly divided into three groups: Nordic walking group (NWG, n=10), brisk walking group (BWG, n=11), and control group (CG, n=8). Handgrip and shoulder strength were measured by the hand dynamometer and isokinetic ma-chine. NW training was performed 3 times a week, and had 10-min warm-up, 40-min main program consisted of ALFA (Attention, Long arms, Flat poles, Adaptes) technique and Turbo walking, and 10-min cool-down. In handgrip strength of DN hand and the shoulder flexor strength in the both sides, NWG and BWG showed significantly higher value compared to CG. In the NDN hand, NWG also showed significant-ly higher strength compared to CG, however, there was no significant difference in the handgrip strength/weight among groups. In NDN shoulder extension, significantly higher improvement was found in NWG and BWG compared to that of CG. In conclusion, our study showed that NW can improve the strength of upper extremity in sub-jects, and can be better approach to improve the NDN handgrip strength than brisk walking method could.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of elastic-band resistance exercises combined with breathing techniques on pulmo-nary function in female seniors. Forty-five female seniors 65 years or older were recruited from a welfare center and assigned to an experi-mental (n=23) or control (n=22) group. The experimental group used an elastic band with a resistance exercises while concurrently using spe-cific breathing techniques. The control group conducted the same re-sistance tasks without the respiration exercises. Respiratory function data were collected before and after the 6-week intervention. The ex-perimental group showed a significant increase in forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume 1 sec (FEV1), and in FEV1 as a percent-age of FVC. In addition, there were significant differences in the FVC and FEV1 levels between groups. The results show that resistance ac-companied by breathing techniques positively affects senior respiratory function when an elastic band is used for exercise.

The present study compared the cardiopulmonary exercise capacity and peak torque of the knee extensor and flexor muscles in team play-ers associated with the Gaucho Deaf Futsal Federation players to those of their hearing peers. In this cross-sectional study, 16 male athletes, eight futsal players with hearing impairment (deaf group, DG; 22.6±7.7 years), and eight futsal players with normal hearing (control group, CG; 22.5±2.9 years) underwent a cardiopulmonary test on a treadmill and isokinetic dynamometry at 60°/sec. All athletes were subjected to a cardiopulmonary test on a treadmill and isokinetic dynamometry at 60°/sec. The main results showed a reduction in the cardiorespiratory fitness of deaf athletes when compared to the control group maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) (40.3±9.8 mL/kg/min vs. 50.7±4.7 mL/kg/min, P= 0.01), oxygen pulse (15.3±4.8 mL/bpm vs. 20.7±2.6 mL/bpm, P=0.01) and ventilation (70.1±22 L/min vs. 96.2±15 L/min, P=0.01), respectively. The relative torque peak of the dominant knee flexors was significantly low-er in the deaf group when compared to the control (1.5±0.2 N.m/kg vs. 1.9±0.2 N.m/kg, P=0.004), respectively. There was a significant correla-tion between VO2max and peak torque of the dominant knee flexors (rs=0.83, P<0.001) and extensors (rs=0.65, P=0.006). When compared to players with normal hearing, deaf players showed lower cardiorespi-ratory fitness and decreased knee flexor strength. The performance of the thigh muscles was associated with aerobic capacity.

The purpose of this study is to determine the health-related physical fit-ness parameters of athletes, who are deaf. The study group consisted of 137 deaf athletes (52 females and 85 males with a mean age of 23.99±6.56 years) who have participated in the 2017 Deaflympics games. The assessed parameters included the isokinetic muscle strength, core endurance, balance assessments, grip strength, and body composition. At the end of the study, the following results were obtained. Hamstring/quadriceps ratio was in the range of 53%–54%, which was within 50%–60% of the normal limit. Endurance of the anteri-or and posterior core muscles was low as compared to the normative data. The athletes’ balance was better with their eyes open than closed; and the grip strength was low as compared to the normative data in the literature. Also, the body fat percentage of deaf female athletes were similar to ones in healthy individuals with sedentary lifestyle, whereas male ones had slightly lower body fat mass percentage. These results can be used as the initial reference parameters to define the training program requirements of deaf athletes.

Subjects were divided into two groups, for sand or general surface training. The gait abilities of the patients were evaluated with the Timed Up and Go (TUG) tests and the 6-min walk test (6MWT). Muscle activity in the lower limbs was evaluated with surface electromyography ob-tained during general surface gait. Gait ability and muscle activity were re-evaluated after gait training for 6 weeks on a sand or general sur-face. The TUG test was performed 3 times, and an average of the three values was used for analysis. 6MWT was measured once under maxi-mum effort. Electromyography was evaluated using average gait cycle values. In the TUG test, performance times decreased in both groups, while in the 6MWT, performance distance significantly increased only in the sand surface training group. Results from surface electromyogra-phy showed that activity of the rectus femoris, biceps femoris, and tibi-alis anterior muscles of the paretic side lower limb significantly de-creased after the both interventions. When environments are similar, gait training is helpful for increasing dynamic stability; however, repeat-ed training does not significantly improve gait endurance. Training on a continuously unstable bearing surface such as sand can improve gait endurance by utilizing diverse muscle groups and increasing joint motil-ity. Sand surface training recruited the activity of more muscle groups than did general surface training, and sand-trained participants showed longer gait distances with lower muscle activity levels when they re-sumed general training than their general-surface-trained counterparts.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the lengths of the medial and lat-eral gastrocnemius and soleus muscles in children with spastic hemi-plegic cerebral palsy to quantitatively assess the structural differences in skeletal muscles. This study included 10 children with spastic cere-bral palsy and 10 children with typically development. To assess the changes in the length of the ankle plantar flexor due to cerebral palsy, we utilized both gait analysis and software for interactive musculoskel-etal modeling to model skeletal muscle length. With this model, the dif-ferences in the lengths of the medial and lateral gastrocnemius and so-leus muscles were assessed at different knee (0°, 45°, and 90°) and an-kle (-10°, 0°, 15°, and 30°) angles. Muscle length on the paretic group was shorter than the typically developing and nonparetic group for all three muscles (medial and lateral gastrocnemius and soleus muscles) for knee and ankle angles. These results were not statistically signifi-cant. Normalized muscle lengths in the dynamic/static status revealed a significant difference in the length of the lateral gastrocnemius mus-cle between the cerebral palsy and typically developing group. I ob-served muscle shortening on the paretic side of the children with cere-bral palsy. This finding suggests that the recovery of plantar flexor length is the most important issue that must be resolved for normal gait and motor function.

A pelvic belt decreases patient-reported perception of difficulty during the active straight leg raising (ASLR) test in individuals with pelvic girdle pain. However, the influence of a pelvic belt on the perception of diffi-culty during ASLR was not investigated in pain-free subjects. Therefore, this influence excluding the impact of pain is not clear. This paper aimed to clarify the effect of a pelvic belt on the perception of difficulty and muscle activity during ASLR performance in the subjective heavier side leg in pain-free subjects. Twenty pain-free female subjects participated. ASLR using the subjective heavier side leg was performed under two conditions: without and with a pelvic belt. Muscle activation of the ex-ternal oblique, internal oblique, rectus abdominis, rectus femoris, and biceps femoris was measured during ASLR using a surface electro-myograph. Difference in perceived difficulty in performing ASLR with and without a belt was assessed. In total, 80% of subjects had de-creased perception of difficulty using a pelvic belt during ASLR. For ASLR performed with a pelvic belt, muscle activity significantly de-creased in the contralateral rectus abdominis, ipsilateral external oblique, and bilateral internal oblique (P<0.05), while it significantly in-creased in the contralateral biceps femoris (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in muscle activity of the ipsilateral rectus ab-dominis, contralateral external oblique, and ipsilateral rectus femoris between the two conditions (P>0.05). In conclusion, using a pelvic belt can decrease the perception of difficulty during ASLR, and the pelvic belt may improve impairment of load transfer between the trunk and pelvis.

The purpose of this pilot study was to determine the effects of strength training of the knee muscles on perceived pain and static knee angles in young subjects with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). Ten pa-tients, 100% female (mean age, 18.2±3.8 years), with unilateral PFPS (anterior knee pain for at least 3 months), received muscle strengthen-ing of the hip and knee (10 sessions over a period of 3 weeks). The out-come measures were perceived pain (visual analogue scale, VAS) and static knee angles (knee rotation measurer). All measures were collect-ed at pre-, postintervention, and at 1-month follow-up (VAS). Muscle strengthening reduced perceived pain after intervention in 90.8% in subjects and this result was maintained at 1-month follow-up (all, P=0.001). Regarding changes in static knee angles, no significant im-provements were found in internal and external rotation; valgus and varus; flexion and recurvatum (all, P>0.05). There was no significant difference between the symptomatic and healthy sides (all, P>0.05). Analyses of the correlation coefficients indicated no significant associ-ations between changes in perceived pain and static knee angles. The current study found that muscle strengthening addressed to the symp-tomatic knee reduced pain; however, perceived pain was not associat-ed with static knee angles in young subjects with unilateral PFPS.

Fogo Selvagem (FS) is a rare autoimmune disease characterized by ac-antholysis and inflammation of the epidermis. It was evidenced in this disease the increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines levels which can be influenced by physical activities. Kinesiotherapy, as physiotherapeu-tic interventions, was associated improvement levels of the quality of live, mainly the pain. Understanding the impact of such methodology in immunology of the FS, may constitute an alternative and effective ap-proach. We compare the levels of serum cytokines and chemokines between nine patients with FS submitted to kinesiotherapy for 12 weeks and ten patients not submitted to kinesiotherapy. The kinesiotherapy was composed by self-stretching followed by a resistance training for upper and lower limbs. The protocol was carried out in three sections of eight to ten repetitions with 70% of the maximum load measured by test maximum of ten repetitions. After strengthening period patients performed a passive stretching. The training sessions lasted 50 min and were performed 3 times a week at least 12 weeks. Cytokines and chemokines were assessed in plasma using enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay and/or cytometric bead array. Patients with FS were be-ing kinesiotherapy presented minors levels of interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-17, IL-22, and IL-15 when compared to those not submitted to kine-siotherapy. No differences were observed for the detection of the chemokines chemokine ligand (CCL)-2, CCL-3, CCL-5, CCL-11, C-X-C motif chemokine 8 (CXCL-8), and CXCL-10. These results suggest that kinesiotherapy had a positive impact on inflammatory markers that are associated with disease worsening in FS.

Kartagener’s syndrome is a rare, autosomal recessive inherited dis-ease, which is characterized by a triad of chronic sinusitis, bronchiec-tasis, and situs inversus. In this report, we aimed to represent the effect of aerobic exercise training in addition to chest physiotherapy in an outpatient with Kartagener’s syndrome. An 18-year-old female diag-nosed with Kartagener’s syndrome applied with the complaints of pro-ductive cough and dyspnea with exertion and attended pulmonary re-habilitation program comprising exercise training in addition to stan-dard treatment. Aerobic exercise training was performed three times weekly at 80% of the peak heart rate, for 8 weeks as supervised ses-sions. Respiratory physiotherapy and postural exercises were taught to the patient to be performed at home each day of the week. Before and after pulmonary rehabilitation program, incremental shuttle walk test (ISWT) was performed; dyspnea and fatigue were assessed using Borg Scale. Pulmonary function test was evaluated using spirometer. The patient wore activity monitor for 7 consecutive days before and after training. After pulmonary rehabilitation program, 90-m increase in ISWT was observed. We recommend exercise training in patients with Karta-gener’s syndrome to increase exercise capacity. Further randomized control trial is needed to clarify the effects.

Physical performance (PP) and functional balance (FB) abnormalities are frequently encountered problems in patients on maintenance renal hemodialysis (MRH). Although the exercise therapy is an adjunctive to the routine medical care for patients with chronic kidney disease of various stages; but the benefits as well as the long-term effects of different exercises on the PP and FB in patients on MRH are not yet fully described. In this study; Sixty-six patients on MRH (36 males, 30 females), age 35–45 years, were randomly assigned into one of the three groups: aerobic exercise training group (AETG), resistance exercise training group (RETG), and control group (CG). The PP (evaluated using the 6-min walk test “6MWT”) and the FB (evaluated via the Berg balance scale “BBS”) were the main study outcomes evaluated prestudy (evaluation-1), after 3 months (evaluation-2) and 2 months poststudy cessation (evaluation-3). Results revealed that the PP and FB mean values and percentages of changes at evaluation-2 were 444.25± 21.83 (33.1%), 413.57 ±28.55 (22.52%), 337 ±12.23 (0.33%) m, 50.05 ±0.89 (22.95%), 49.95± 2.06 (22.52%), 41.28± 1.75 (0.94%) for AETG, RETG, and CG respectively. At evaluation-3; the PP and FB mean values and the percentage of changes were 425± 21.49 (27.36), 366.86± 17.47 (8.5%), 336.68 (0.42%) m, 44.4± 1.85 (8.06%), 42.95± 2.04 (5.003%), 39.48± 2.06 (-4.44%) for AETG, RETG, and CG respectively. In conclusions; both aerobic exercise training (AET) and resistance exercise training (RET) have favorable effects, with the AET has higher short and long-term favorable effects on the PP and FB than RET in patients on MRH.

In Korea, the first patient with a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) for destination therapy had successful implantation of a continuous-flow model in 2012. We investigated the safety and efficacy of exercise ther-apy with LVAD implantation 15 Korean patients. We retrospectively re-viewed 15 patients (mean age, 67.4±11.6 years; 10 males, 5 female, left ventricular ejection fraction 23.6%±7.1%), including 4 with implanted continuous-flow and 11 an axial-flow LVAD. The New York Heart Asso-ciation functional classification, ejection fraction, and quality of life were obtained. Survival rate, adverse events, admission rates, and en-rollment rates in cardiac rehabilitation were investigated. Survival at 6 and 12 months was 100% and 89%, respectively. The New York Heart Association functional classification improved from 3.4±0.5 to 2.3±0.05 at 12 months postoperatively (P<0.0001). The ejection fraction signifi-cantly increased from 23.6%±7.2% on the preoperative day to 35.4%±14.2% at 1 year (P<0.0018). The quality of life was also improved at 1 year (P<0.0001). The most common adverse events were bleeding (56%) and dyspnea (44%). The number of admissions was 3.2 per pa-tient-year. LVAD therapy is a safe and effective treatment option with exercise intervention for Korean patients waiting for heart transplanta-tion or those who were ineligible for heart transplantation. A larger study with longer follow-up is needed to determine details clinical out-comes after LVAD.

The aim of the study was to analyze the effect of muscle mass asym-metric between upper and lower limbs on postural stability and shock attenuation during landing. Twenty adults (without lower limb disorders and who could land from a 35-cm height) participated in this study (mean age, 21.85±2.97 years; mean height, 1.68±0.10 m; mean weight: 68.64±17.36 kg). Subjects performed one-leg landing from 36-cm verti-cal heights. Ground reaction force components and medial-lateral, an-terior-posterior, vertical and dynamic postural stability index were ob-tained from force platform recordings. We found that muscle mass in right limbs more increased than that of left limbs. Medial-lateral force, vertical force, vertical stability index, and dynamic postural stability in-dex in left leg showed higher value than that of right leg during landing. The asymmetry of muscle mass (%) and ground reaction force vari-ables showed a similar correlation, including dynamic postural stability index (r=0.316). These findings allow us to conclude that the factor of muscle mass asymmetric is a contributor to impulse control and dy-namic postural stability index asymmetry. Therefore, knowledge of bi-lateral limbs asymmetry may provide insights into exercise rehabilita-tion and performance.