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It is well documented that the inherent ability of small arteries and arte-rioles to regulate intraluminal diameter in response to alterations in in-travascular pressure determines peripheral vascular resistance and blood flow (termed myogenic response or pressure-induced vasocon-striction/dilation). This autoregulatory property of resistance arteries is primarily originated from mechanosensitive vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). There are diverse biological apparatuses in the plasma membrane of VSMCs that sense mechanical stimuli and generate intra-cellular signals for the contractility of VSMCs. Although the roles of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels in pressure-induced vaso-constriction are not fully understood to date, TRP channels that are di-rectly activated by mechanical stimuli (e.g., stretch of VSMCs) or indi-rectly evoked by intracellular molecules (e.g., inositol trisphosphate) provide the major sources of Ca2+ (e.g., Ca2+ influx or release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum) and in turn, evoke vascular reactivity. This re-view sought to summarize mounting evidence over several decades that the activation of TRP canonical, TRP melastatin, TRP vanilloid, and TRP polycystin channels contributes to myogenic vasoconstriction.

Digital pathology incorporates the acquisition, management, sharing, and interpretation of pathological information, including slides and data, in a digital environment. Digital slides are created using a scanning de-vice to capture a high-resolution image on glass slides for analysis on a computer or a mobile device. Though digital pathology has drastically grown over the last 10 years and has created opportunities to support specialists, few have attempted to address its full-scale implementation in routine clinical practice. To incorporate new technologies in diagnos-tic processes, it is necessary to study their application, the value they provide to specialists, and their effects on improvements across the en-tire workflow, rather than studying a particular element. In this study, we aimed to identify what have the current digital pathology systems contributed to the pathological and diagnostic process. We retrieved articles published between 2010 and 2020 from the databases PubMed and Google Scholar. We explored how digital pathology systems can better utilize existing medical data and new technologies within the current diagnostic workflow. While the evidence concerning the effica-cy and effectiveness of digital pathology is mounting, high-quality evi-dence regarding its impact on resource allocation and value for diagno-sis is still needed to support clinical diagnosis and policy decision-mak-ing.

Previous studies have examined the quantitative results of using an or-ganized approach of teaching and learning magic tricks—a therapeu-tic magic camp—but set aside the qualitative aspect. The purpose of this qualitative study is to explore the interpretation of the lived experi-ence of children with hemiparesis after they have participated in a ther-apeutic magic camp. Six children, aged between 11 and 14 years old, with hemiparesis who completed the magic camp program 3 months prior were invited to participate in an in-person individual semistructured interview. The interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verba-tim for content analysis. Results from the initial qualitative analysis yield-ed categories of enjoyment, positive social and learning experience from participation in the camp, increased confidence, and self-motiva-tion to use the affected upper limb. These categories were grouped into two themes: “having fun with others while learning” and “helping my arm perform.” Having fun with others while learning was an amalgama-tion of fun, and positive social and learning experience. Helping my arm perform reflected a sense of increased competence and self-belief, and a willingness and motivation of the children to attempt challenging daily activities. The lived experiences of children with hemiplegia who partic-ipated in an organized delivery of learning to perform magic tricks yield-ed positive outcomes. These themes are consistent with the limited lit-erature that is available suggesting that further research is needed to confirm the efficacy of the therapeutic magic camp intervention.

The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in dynamic bal-ance and gross motion function when dual-task training was performed on an unstable support surface by children with spastic diplegia. The subjects of this study were 14 children (experimental group n=7, con-trol group n=7) who were medical diagnosed with spastic diplegia. Both groups were administered treatment for 30 min, 2 times a week for 8 weeks, with the experimental group performing dual-task exercise in which cognitive tasks related to daily living were performed while main-taining balance on an unstable surface, and the control group being ad-ministered neuro-developmental treatment. Balance and gross motor function Assessments were conducted before intervention and after 8 weeks of intervention. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was performed to analyze changes in balance, gross motor function in the group, and the Mann–Whitney test was conducted to compare the differences be-tween the two groups before and after intervention. The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference in both groups when balance in a sitting position and gross motor function (P<0.05). There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in bal-ance and gross motor function assessment (P<0.05). Based on the re-sults of this study, it was confirmed that dual-task training improves bal-ance, gross motor function in children with spastic diplegia. Therefore, dual-task training may be considered as an effective method of inter-vention method in the functional aspect of children with spastic diple-gia.

In the Functional Movement Screen (FMS), a subgroup of those with a score of 1 due to limitations in the active straight leg raising (ASLR) but not in the passive straight leg raising is considered to have a stability or motor control dysfunction (SMCD). The FMS proposes the use of the movements in a reverse pattern to improve FMS scores. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the reverse pattern of the ASLR (re-verse-ASLR) was more effective than repeating the ASLR to improve the FMS score in participants with the FMS ASLR score of 1 due to the SMCD (ASLR-1-SMCD). A two-armed randomized controlled trial was conducted in individuals with the ASLR-1-SMCD. The intervention was either the reverse-ASLR or the ASLR exercise on both sides at home for a month followed by a 1-month wait-and-see interval, wherein the pri-mary outcome measure was the right FMS ASLR score. Forty partici-pants were randomized to the ASLR exercise group (n=20) or the re-verse-ASLR exercise group (n=20). The Fisher exact test demonstrated a statistically significant difference (P=0.020) in the proportion of those with FMS ASLR score improvement to a score of 2 (ASLR exercise group, one; reverse-ASLR exercise group, eight) at follow-up 1, but no signifi-cance (P=0.106) at follow-up 2 (ASLR exercise group, none; reverse- ASLR exercise group, four). This study indicated that the reverse-ASLR exercise was more effective than repeating the ASLR exercise in order to improve the ASLR score among individuals with the ASLR-1-SMCD.

The purpose of present study was to compare the tibialis anterior (TA), rectus femoris (RF), and erector spinae (ES) muscle activities at variety chair height during sit-to-stand (STS) on normal weight and obese sub-jects. Also, we compared the muscle activity difference between the normal weight and obese subjects. The study included 26 subjects (nor-mal weight 13 and obese 13). Each subject performed STS at three chair heights (40 cm, 50 cm, 60 cm) and TA, RF, and ES muscle activities measured. According to the results of the measurement, muscle activa-tion of TA showed significantly higher than RF and ES muscle activation during STS at all chair heights on obese subjects. The muscle activation of TA showed significantly higher than RF muscle activation during STS at all chair heights on normal weight subjects. The muscle activation of RF and ES showed significantly higher in normal weight subjects than obese subjects at 40 cm and 50 cm of chair heights. However, the TA muscle activation showed no significant difference between normal weight subjects and obese subjects. This study’s results suggested that obese subjects should practice the use of RF and ES muscles in a low-height chair during STS.

Goalball is a unique sport for only blind and visually disabled people to prevent physical inactivity and its harmful consequences. Determining the profile of physical fitness parameters and their relationship is cru-cial for all sports discipline. The purpose of the study is to determine the characteristics and the relationship between isometric muscle strength and respiratory functions. A total of 14 (10 female, four male athletes) goalball athletes were included in the study. Upper-extremity, lower-ex-tremity and trunk isometric muscle strength and pulmonary function tests measurements were performed to the athletes on two different days. The relationship between parameters was evaluated by Spear-man correlation test. Strength and pulmonary function parameters were higher in male athletes (P<0.05). A medium/strong/very strong correlation was found between respiratory function and upper extremi-ty isometric muscle strength (r=0.529–0.917, P<0.05). A moderate/strong correlation was found between lower extremity isometric mus-cle strength and respiratory function (r=0.534–0.867, P<0.05). A moder-ate correlation was found between trunk isometric muscle strength and respiratory function (r=0.538–0.640, P<0.05). It was seen that respirato-ry functions were associated with upper-lower extremity and trunk muscle strength. With this result, the idea arises that strength exercises can affect the improvement of respiratory function in individuals with disabilities, which is very important for both overall health and sports performance.

This cross-sectional study evaluated the relationships between anthro-pometric and aerobic fitness (rate of perceived exertion [RPE] and pre-dicted maximal oxygen uptake [VO2max]) among 228 participants (age: 23.78±4.42 years). RPE and predicted VO2max were determined during the cycle ergometer exercise test. Data were also obtained for height, weight, body mass index (BMI), hip and waist (WC) circumferences. Data analysis revealed VO2max is correlated with WC (r=-0.571), weight (r=-0.521), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) (r=-0.516), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (r=-0.487), and BMI (r=-0.47) in men, while, in women with WC (r=-0.581), weight (r=-0.571), WHtR (r=-0.545), BMI (r=-0.545), WHR (r=-0.473), and height (r=-0.287) (all P<0.05). Regression analysis showed WC was a significant predictor for VO2max in men and women (r 2=32.6% vs. 33.7%). The receiver operating characteristic curve of WC showed 0.786 and 0.831 for men and women, respectively. WC or abdominal obesity is the strongest predictor for VO2max, which is an indicator of aerobic fitness in Malaysian adults.

We studied the long-term efficacy and safety of cystocele operation by polypropylene mesh. A total of 198 women with stage ≥ 2 cystocele who had anterior vaginal wall repair with transobturator four-arm polypropylene mesh during 2003 to 2015 were evaluated. Outcomes including clinical characteristics and complications were reviewed by extracting patient data from electronic medical records. In addition, telephone interviews were conducted using a validated questionnaire along with physical examination. The follow-up period was 9.3± 0.3 years. The cystocele stage in patients was significantly decreased post-operation compared to that preoperation. The anatomical cure rate for cystocele was 93.4%, and that for stress urinary incontinence was 95%. Comparing the three questionnaires indicated overall average score was improved significantly, except for Female Sexual Function Index Assessment. Early complications were either resolved spontaneously or controlled medically in four cases of hematoma or abscess, three cases of vaginal infection and urinary tract infection, and four cases of difficult micturition. In late complications, four cases of pain were managed, five cases of recurrence were observed and two cases of mesh exposure were treated with ointment and local excision. Transobturator four-arms mesh is an effective and safe method for cystocele repair with low rate of recurrence and complications. We suggest that the use of transobturator four-arm mesh is a still good choice for the old patients with cystocele who are not suitable for general anesthesia and reside in areas where laparoscopy and robots are not available.