Earticle

This review aims to determine the changes made in the cardiopulmo-nary resuscitation (CPR) guidelines from 2000 to the present. The study was mainly undertaken by using International Guidelines from Ameri-can Heart Association. The main change of CPR was chest compres-sion skill. The guidelines have improved high-quality CPR through the change of chest compression skill. The latest adult CPR guidelines are as follows: (a) push chest quickly (100–120/min), (b) compress appropri-ately (5–6 cm), (c) relax chest fully (complete chest recoil), (d) avoid in-terruption of compression, and (e) avoid hyperventilation. The under-standing of the latest CPR skills will be helpful in improving survival rate from sudden cardiac death.

The integrated coordination of the components of the lower urinary tract is mediated by the complex neuromodulatory system of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral ganglia. Therefore, the central nervous sys-tem plays a crucial role in the storage and output of urine. The purpose of this review article is to present the key aspects of the structure of the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system related to the lower urinary tract, as well as the mechanisms of action and the control system of innervation regulating the storage and output of urine. Fur-thermore, this article discusses the clinical significance and directions of neurourological research, concluding with the suggestions for with the neurourological research prospects.

Sildenafil citrate is a potent and selective inhibitor of phosphodiester-ase type-5 used to treat erectile dysfunction. We investigated the ef-fects of sildenafil citrate treatment on peripheral fatigue and exercise performance after exhaustive swimming exercise in rats. The rats in the sildenafil citrate-treated groups received sildenafil citrate orally once a day for 14 consecutive days at respective dosage. On the 14 days after starting experiment, each animal was submitted to swimming test with intensity equivalent to overload. The exhaustion was defined as a state in which coordinated movements did not return to the water surface for breathing within 10 sec. Western blot for monocarboxylate transporter (MCT)1, MCT4, and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) were per-formed. Exhaustive swimming exercise decreased time of exhaustion and increased lactate concentration, however, sildenafil citrate en-hanced time of exhaustion and decreased lactate concentration. Ex-haustive swimming exercise increased MCT1 and MCT4 expressions in the gastrocnemius muscles and sildenafil citrate further enhanced MCT1 and MCT4 expressions in the exhaustive swimming exercise rats. Exhaustive swimming exercise decreased nNOS expression in the gastrocnemius muscles and sildenafil citrate enhanced nNOS expres-sion in the exhaustive swimming exercise rats. The most potent effect appeared in the 20-mg/kg sildenafil citrate. Sildenafil citrate might be proposed as a potential ergogenic aid through antiperipheral fatigue.

The mechanism of epileptic seizure has not been identified clearly. Ex-ercise can play a role of antioxidants against oxidative stress. In the present study, the neuroprotective effects of preconditioning exercise on epileptic seizure were investigated with focusing on antioxidants activity in the hippocampus. Rats were allocated to the following groups: saline control group, kainic acid control group, and previous exercise and kainic acid group. Rats in the previous exercise and kainic acid group were subjected to treadmill exercise 5 days a week for 4 weeks. After 48 hr of exercise period, rats in the kainic acid control group and previ-ous exercise and kainic acid group were injected with kainic acid. The number of neuronal nitric oxide synthase-positive cells and the level of nitrite in hippocampus were increased and the expressions of superox-ide dismutase-1, superoxide dismutase-2, and catalase in hippocampus were reduced in kainic acid control group compared with saline control group. By contrast, in the previous exercise and kainic acid group, the number of neuronal nitric oxide synthase-positive cells and the level of nitrite were decreased and the expressions of superoxide dismutase-1, superoxide dismutase-2, and catalase were increased compared with the kainic acid control group. Preconditioning exercise may have neu-roprotective effects against oxidative stress via increased antioxidant activity in the hippocampus of epileptic seizure.

The purpose of this study was done to determine the effect of a Parent-ing Efficacy Improvement Program (PEIP) to mothers of cerebral palsy. To investigate the PEIP on parenting efficacy and parenting stress. 60 subjects were composed with experimental group (n=30) and control group (n=30). The study was performed in the rehabilitation ward and rehabilitation daytime ward of National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital in Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, Korea. The data were analyzed by chi-square test, independent t-test, and two-way repeated analysis of variance design using IBM SPSS Statistics ver. 20.0. Experimental group showed significantly improved parenting efficacy than that of control group (F=295.79, P<0.001) and experimental group showed sig-nificant decrease parenting stress than that of control group (F=138.76, P<0.001). The effect of a PEIP in this study was certainly improve par-enting efficacy, decreased the parenting stress of cerebral palsy pa-tient’s mothers. This program can be deployed as a proper nursing in-tervention on mothers of patients with cerebral palsy.

Dysphagia is associated with an increased risk of aspiration pneumonia which often results in death in stroke patients. Therefore, effective and efficient management is important. Behavioral therapy for swallowing rehabilitation based on the principles of neuroplasticity such as oropha-ryngeal strengthening and range of motion exercises are the alternative ones that often be used. This study aimed to assess the changes in swal-lowing function in ischemic stroke patients with neurogenic dysphagia after pharyngeal strengthening exercise, hyolaryngeal complex range of motion exercise and swallowing practice. Swallowing function was assessed using Penetration Aspiration Scale (PAS) and Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS) based on Flexible Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallow-ing before and after interventions. The interventions were given every day with a duration of 30–45 minutes for 4 weeks. There were six sub-jects who completed the study. The PAS before the interventions were 6.00±1.79 and after the interventions was 1.67±0.82 (P=0.003). Mean-while, the FOIS score before the interventions was 3 (1–5) and after the interventions were 5.00±2.10 (P=0.041). There was an improvement of PAS and FOIS after the interventions. Therefore, the interventions can be suggested to be used as one of the treatments to improve swallow-ing function in ischemic stroke patients with neurogenic dysphagia.

Talus stabilization taping (TST) can be utilized to stabilize posteriorly glide of the talus and allows active ankle dorsiflexion movement during walking. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of ankle kinesio taping with those of TST on ankle dorsiflexion passive range of motion, static balance, the Timed Up and Go test, and the fall risk in pa-tients with chronic stroke and limited ankle dorsiflexion. Participants were randomized into the kinesio taping (n=11) and TST groups (n=11). Both groups were applied the appropriate taping and were asked to walk on the treadmill for 10 min. The ankle dorsiflexion passive range of motion, static balance ability, Timed Up and Go test, and fall risk were assessed in all participants before and after the intervention. The TST group showed greater improvement than the ankle kinesio taping group in all outcomes measured (P<0.05). Furthermore, both groups had sig-nificantly decreased in the Timed Up and Go results (P<0.05). This study shows that TST improves functional ability of the ankles of patients with chronic stroke in comparison to the kinesio taping method.

This study examined the dietary nutrient intake of Korean adolescent distance runners and analyzed the difference between weekdays and weekends. The participants were 40 male middle- and long-distance runners aged 13 to 18 years, 36 of whom were analyzed. The 3-day diet records including 2 weekdays and 1 weekend day, were investigated according to the food record method and analyzed using the comput-er-aided nutritional analysis program. A paired t-test was used to com-pare the energy and nutrient intakes of the weekdays and weekends, and the chi-square test was used to compare the distribution of the nu-trient intake below the estimated average requirement. The results showed that the energy intake per day was quite low at 2,051.0±304.3 kcal, with a body mass index percentile of 16.8±9.8. The nutrients that showed remarkably lower levels than the dietary reference intakes for Koreans were vitamin D, vitamin C, vitamin B2, and calcium, among which calcium was the highest at 86.1% in the proportion of those who con-sumed less than the estimated average requirement. The intakes of vi-tamin C and calcium, in particular, showed a significant decrease during the weekends. Therefore, to improve the dietary nutrient intake of ado-lescent male runners, appropriate management of the weekend diet as well as school meals should be considered.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the empirical value of Pilates participants and their emotional response and behav-ioral intention. For this study, 286 participants who participated in Pilates classes in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do in 2019 were selected using the con-venience sampling method. For data processing, frequency, exploratory factor, reliability, correlation, and multiple regression analyses were performed using PASW ver. 23.0. The empirical values of the Pilates participants had a significant effect on their emotional response and behavioral intention. The emotional responses of the Pilates partici-pants also had a significant effect on their behavioral intention. In sum-mary, Pilates instructors, therefore, try to help the participants form positive experiences and emotional responses to induce participants’ continuous participation.

Inappropriate adolescent health behavior can be influenced by the negative impact of physical and mental health promotion. Obesity influences subjective improper weight perception. This study aimed to verify Korean normal-weight adolescents’ subjective experience of weight control, mental health, physical activity, and subjective status based on their body mass index (BMI). As a result, efforts to control weight appeared less in normal-weight boys. Thin girls were less likely to carry out 60 min of physical activity 7 or 5 days per a week. Obese boys were less likely to carry out vigorous physical activity 3 days per a week. Normal- weight girls were less likely to practice muscular strength training 3 days per a week. Thin boys and thing girls were less likely to practice regular physical activity, and less likely to practice at the rate stipulated in the sedentary behavior guideline. In conclusion, boys and girls with inappropriate weight perception reported feeling stressed and depressed, and reported subjective sleep fulfillment, perceived subjective happiness, and perceived subjective health.

Few studies have shown the impact of unhealthy habits on arterial stiff-ness, respiratory muscle strength and exercise performance in early normal weight adulthood. This study sought to determine the effects of physical activity and smoking on its parameters in normal weight male participants. Forty-eight participants were divided into four groups: phys-ically inactive nonsmokers and smokers and physically active nonsmok-ers and smokers (n=12 in each group). All of the participants were mea-sured for body composition, arterial stiffness, respiratory muscle strength and exercise performance. Two-way analysis of variance design was used to test the main and interaction effects of physical activity by group (smokers vs. nonsmokers). P-value of less than 0.05 was considered as a statistically significant difference. As a result, cardio-ankle vascular index and respiratory muscle strength were diminished in smokers and physically inactive participants, while body and visceral fat mass were increased in both those groups. Fat-free mass was lower in only physi-cally inactive participants. This study also found the interaction effects on body fat and arterial stiffness. In conclusion, participants with healthy normal weight, but smoked and performed inappropriate physical activ-ity, exhibited body composition imbalance, decreased respiratory mus-cle strength, exercise performance, and increased arterial stiffness. Therefore, smoking cessation and exercise in younger adults are appro-priate ways of improving body composition, respiratory muscle strength, aerobic capacity and arterial stiffness instead of trying to control their weight by smoking.

We aimed to examine various characterized features and effects of gender-associated different parameters including exercise on the prev-alence of colorectal cancer by using data from the National Health In-surance Sharing Service Database (NHISS DB). Data from NHISS were collected on Koreans aged from 40 to 85 years and were subject-ed to thematic analysis. The colorectal cancer codes (C19, C20, D011, and D012) from Korean Standard Classification of Disease and Causes of Death selected a target study group, and t-test and logistic regres-sion were used. As results, the age was higher for men who had col-orectal cancer than the noncancer group; however, high and low blood pres-sure, hemoglobin, and age had lower values for the cancer group com-pared to their counterparts in women. Only total cholesterol in men and waist size in women between cancer and noncancer groups were shown to have significant differences. Serum glutamic pyruvic trans-aminase and alanine aminotransaminase (SGPT_ALT) showed signifi-cant differences for both sexes. In exercise-related parameter, the re-sponse number 2 (1–2 times/wk, 0.535 for odd ratio) in women and re-sponse number 3 (3–4 times/wk, 0.466 for odd ratio) in men were asso-ciated with a reduced incidence of colon cancer. There was a dif-fer-ence in parameters in colorectal cancer patients over 40 years old for both sexes, but not in SGPT_ALT. Regular physical activity might be one of strong factors affecting or predicting colorectal cancer incidence.

There are many proposed core stability exercises in a variety of posi-tions; however, it is not clear that in which position, activation of trans-verse abdominis muscle is utmost. We aimed to compare the activation of transverse abdominis muscle in different core stability exercise posi-tions through ultrasound imaging. in a 20 subjects’ study we compared the effectiveness of drawing-in and bracing maneuvers on transverse abdominis in different core stability exercise positions (supine, hook ly-ing, supine with 90° flexed knee and hip, supine with stretched knees and 90° flexed hips, bridge, bridge with one stretched knee and Bird dog). We used activation ratio and preferential activation ratio as mea-surements of transverse abdominis activation. Abdominal Bracing in the bridge position showed the highest activation of transverse abdom-inis (P<0.05). The results showed significantly higher activation of trans-verse abdominis, measured by preferential activation ratio, in bridge position during abdominal bracing.

This study aimed to determine the relationships between the quality of life, health condition, and caring in terms of health practice behaviors of parents of children with developmental disabilities. Two hundred for-ty-three parents of children with developmental disabilities participated. We examined the quality of life; the health practice behavior question-naire comprised details of health condition, caring behavior, and diet, and it used a 10-point scale for scoring. The data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance; linear regression was conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics ver. 23.0. The results indicated that there were as-sociations between quality of life, relations with family members, rela-tions with neighbors, living standards, physical condition, and function among the subfactors. There were significant differences between ex-ercise practice behavior, quality of life, relations with family, relations with neighbors, living standards, physical condition and functioning, emotional state, and self-esteem among subfactors. It was found that there were significant differences between diet behavior and quality of life, and physical condition and function, emotional state in sub factor of quality of life. Based on the results of this study, if a health promotion behavior program is developed and applied systematically, it will con-tribute to improving the quality of life for parents’ children with develop-mental disabilities.

This study investigated the muscular activity of the lower muscles during variation of Nordic exercises following changes of the Nordic angles and the base slope angles. Twenty-one healthy participants were par-ticipated in this study. Participants performed six variations of Nordic exercises including two Nordic angles positions and three base slope angles. Each Nordic exercise defined as Nordic angle 10°, 15° and base slope angle 0°, 10°, 15°. During the Nordic exercises, erector spine, glu-teus maximus, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius activities and subjective difficulties (Borg RPE score) were measured. The activities of all mus-cles and subjective difficulties were significantly greater with the 15° of Nordic exercise compared to the 10° of Nordic exercise, regardless of base slope angles. There were significant differences in gluteus maxi-mus, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius, and the Borg RPE score between three base slope conditions (P<0.05). The Borg RPE score and activities of the gluteus maximus were increased with the increases of base slop angles from 0° to 15°. Conversely, the activities of the gastrocnemius and biceps femoris were decreased with the increases of base slop angles from 0° to 15°. Present study indicates that application of the greater Nordic angle during the Nordic exercise is advantageous for activating lower extremity muscles. Using the base slopes during the Nordic exercise could be used for selective activation of the lower muscles. High base slope angles inducing greater knee flexion could maximize the exercise effects for activating gluteal muscles rather than lower leg muscles such as biceps femoris and gastrocnemius.

This study aimed to determine the effects of resistance exercise and in-terval training on the visceral fat to skeletal muscle area, physical fit-ness, cognitive functions, and mental health in old women. The study was conducted among 30 older women enrolled in the National Fitness Center in Seoul. They were randomly sampled into the resistance exer-cise and interval training group (RI group: n=10, aged 64.10±3.35), the resistance and aerobic exercise group (RA group: n=10, aged 65.20± 5.10), and the control group (n=10, aged 63.20±2.62). Twelve weeks of exercise involving 30-min resistance exercise followed by 30-min inter-val training or aerobic exercise, 3 times a week, were performed by each group. A computed topography was used to the measure visceral fat area and the thigh skeletal muscle area. For physical fitness, maxi-mum oxygen uptake, knee isokinetics muscle functions, ankle range of motion, and functional fitness of the elderly (muscle strength, cardiore-spiratory endurance, flexibility, balance, and agility) were measured. For blood test, the metabolic syndrome risk factors, growth hormone, testosterone, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) were measured. A self-administered questionnaire was used to measure cognitive func-tions and quality of sleep. The 12-week RA and RI groups were effective in changing the thigh skeletal muscle area, IGF-1, knee joint extension and flexion, ankle range of motion, functional fitness, and quality of sleep. In conclusion, resistance exercise, followed by interval training or aero-bic exercise, was effective in improving the skeletal muscle function in-dexes, physical fitness, and quality of sleep for the elderly. However, no difference was found between the two types of exercise.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of Otago exercise combined with action observation (AO) training on the balance, and gait in the old people to prevent falls in the community. A total of 30 old women partic-ipated and randomly assigned into three groups: AO plus Otago (n=10), Otago (n=10), or control (n=10). The AO plus Otago and Otago groups performed 50 min of strength training and balance exercises from the Otago Exercise Program 3 times a week for 12 weeks. The AO plus Ota-go group received an additional 20 min of training 3 times a week. We used the electronic muscle dynamometer to changes in strength, Timed Up and Go (TUG) test to evaluate dynamic balance, and the short ver-sion of the Falls Efficacy Scale-International was used to evaluate the fear of falls, and GAITRite was used to evaluate changes in the spatio-temporal parameters of walking. The muscle strength significantly in-creased in the AO plus Otago and Otago groups compared to the strength before training. The TUG test showed a significant improvement in the dynamic balance in both intervention groups. A significant increase was observed in the walking speed, cadence, step length, and stride length in both intervention groups. We also noted a significant change in the efficacy measures for falls. It is expected that Otago exercise combined with AO training will be used as an intervention method in hospital treatment programs and the old people facilities for preventing falls in the old people.

Low-back pain (LBP) is one of the most current causes to reduce work performance, limit daily activities and raising health cost, and it is in-creasing as obesity growing as a public health concern. While obese LBP people cannot avoid weight load on the spine in any exercise, they can easily carry out exercise in water. This study aimed to investigate the effect of aquatic exercise on LBP disability among obese women. In this study, a total of 39 women with body mass index (BMI)≥27 kg/m2 who suffering from nonspecific chronic LBP were purposively selected. They randomly assigned in two groups; aquatic and control. The aquat-ic group carried out aquatic exercise, twice per week, 60 min per ses-sion, for 12 weeks. LBP disability was measured using modified Os-westry questionnaire with ten sections; pain intensity, personal care, lifting, walking, sitting, standing, sleeping, social life, traveling, and em-ployment. Results showed no significant difference in age, weight, BMI, waist to hip ratio, and percentage of body fat in both groups. An analyz-ing of multivariate analysis of covariance revealed that there was sig-nificant improvement on pain intensity, personal care, sitting, standing, sleeping, employment and total disability score in aquatic group, while there was no significant difference in lifting, walking, social life, and traveling abilities after 12 weeks between the groups. As a conclusion, this progressive aquatic exercise was a convenience and effective in-tervention program to reduce pain intensity, and improve personal care, sitting, standing, sleeping, and employment abilities in obese LBP women.

The purpose of this study was to identify the frequency and character-istics of injuries that occurred during the training camps and matches of the national soccer teams (under-20 [U-20], under-23 [U-23], A men’s national teams). The research data were based on injuries that occurred from January 2016 to December 2017. The athletic trainer, a member of the Korea Football Association, recorded injuries based on the record-ing sheet of the Asian Football Confederation Daily Medical Report. A total of 1,689 (984 in 2014; 705 in 2017) injuries were reported for the 2 years. Most injuries were sports injuries (95%, sprains, etc.), and other conditions such as respiratory, digestive, and ocular, comprised only 5% of cases. The most injured areas of the national team players were the lower limbs (85%, 1,366). The frequency of the head/trunk and upper ex-tremity injuries were relatively low (8.4%, 135; 6.5%, 105). The frequency of injuries according to positions were as follows: midfielder (40.3%, 648), defender (36.6%, 688), forward (17.8%, 286), and goalkeeper (5.2%, 84). The most common types of injuries were contusions (37.3%, 599), fol-lowed by muscle rigidity (29.0%, 466) and sprains (16.8%, 270). The char-acteristics of injuries amongst national soccer teams, according to age, were similar, but the injury characteristics for each position were differ-ent. Therefore, when organizing training programs for prevention and rehabilitation of athlete injuries and improvement of performance, it is necessary to consider the performance characteristics of each position.