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Physical exercise is increasingly recognized as an important compo-nent in the neuroscience related field. What is the targeting of exercise and what accounts for the exercise’s benefits observed in neurosci-ence? Several types of exercise have been studied in various fields across physiological, psychological, and biochemical experiments of neuroscience. However, more clarity is needed to unveil optimal exer-cise conditions such as frequency, intensity, type, and time. In this re-view, we briefly highlight the positive effects of exercise on promoting brain function. Key areas relate to exercise neuroscience are as follow: structural level with synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis, functional level with behavioral development, and molecular level with possible mechanisms that involved in exercise-induced brain plasticity. Overall, we provide the importance of understanding the exercise neuroscience and highlight suggestions for future health research.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by social and interpersonal communication disabilities and repetitive motor activities. A deficit in social interaction may be due to motor and synchronization disabilities in individuals with ASD. These disabilities serve as a hindrance for the progression of day-to-day life. ASD individuals are known to have variations in the neural network contributing to changes in their oral-motor activity. As the brain has experience-dependent structural plasticity, these changes in the neural network can probably be reversed with appropriate treatment Music playing a universal role in human life has been studied for its therapeutic potential in rehabilitation of ASD individuals. Music and rhythm have shown a significant potential in improving the oral-motor activities of people affected by ASD. Music based interventions are being used for children diagnosed with ASDs to improve their social communication and motor skills. This article represents the possible role of rhythmic cueing for sensorimotor regulation in ASD individuals. This can serve as a base for further research for the impact of musical therapy on coordination and oral-motor synchronization of individuals diagnosed with ASD.

The aim of this review was to evaluate, summarize and discuss the available literature concerning the effect of robot-assisted gait training (RAGT) on patient with Parkinson disease (PD) and freezing of gait (FOG). A comprehensive literature search was conducted utilizing of MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, PEDro (Physiotherapy Ev-idence Database), and the Cochrane Review. Search terms used in-cluded ‘Parkinson disease,’ ‘Freezing of gait,’ ‘RAGT,’ ‘robot-assisted gait training,’ ‘Locomotor rehabilitation,’ ‘gait trainer,’ and ‘robotics as-sisted gait training.’ A total of 4 studies were evaluated, but these stud-ies were primarily of low-level evidence. All the 4 studies noted positive outcomes with using RAGT on FOG. No adverse events or side effects that occurred during and/or after the interventions. While the current literature generally offers support for the use of RAGT for FOG treat-ment, there is a paucity of strong evidence to support its widespread use. The increasing availability of RAGT technology offers the potential for engaging therapy in FOG rehabilitation, but its utility remains uncer-tain given the limited studies available at this time.

With the emergence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders and the associated high cost of injured workers, physical therapists are in a unique position to help employers manage these concerns through multidisciplinary injury prevention programs, education, ergonomics, on-site treatment, and return to work programs. The purpose of this pa-per, through a review of the literature, is to describe the effect that workplace injuries have on employees and the economic burden on employers. Furthermore, this paper will highlight the effectiveness a physical therapist can have in the occupational health setting as part of a multidisciplinary team on ergonomics, employee health, prevention of work-related musculoskeletal disorders, return to work programs, and on-site treatment interventions, such as therapeutic exercise and man-ual intervention. This review of the literature suggests that participation in ergonomics and on-site physical therapy treatment in the workplace (e.g., education, exercise, manual intervention) has a positive effect on decreasing work-related musculoskeletal disorders, decreasing costs associated with these injuries, increasing work productivity, and de-creasing absenteeism and improving presenteeism amongst workers. It is important to ensure that payers, employers, and employees are aware of the crucial role physical therapists can play in occupational health. Physical therapists also need to advocate for their role in occu-pational health and offer expert care to workers in a nontraditional manner.

Maternal separation in the developmental stage has a negative influ-ence on brain development and causes depression. The extracellular ligand, Wnt, and its receptors play an important role in axis formation and neural development. Exercise inhibits apoptosis, increases cell proliferation, and exerts antidepressive effect. In this study, the effect of treadmill exercise on the maternal separation-induced depression was investigated in the aspect of Wnt signaling pathway. The maternal sep-aration started on the postnatal day 14. The rat pups in the exercise groups were forced to run on a treadmill for 30 min once a day from postnatal day 21 to postnatal day 34. The rat pups in the maternal sepa-ration and fluoxetine-treated group were intraperitoneally injected with 5-mg/kg fluoxetine once a day from postnatal day 21 to postnatal day 34. Forced swimming test was performed to evaluate the depression level. Western blotting was performed for the expressions of Wnt sig-naling ligands, Wnt2 and Wnt3a, and Wnt signaling inhibitors, Dkk1, and sFRP3. Maternal separation showed depressive behaviors in the forced swimming test. Treadmill exercise alleviated depressive behaviors in the maternal separation rat pups. Expressions of Wnt2 and Wnt3a were decreased by maternal separation. Treadmill exercise alleviated mater-nal separation-induced reduction of Wnt2 and Wnt3a expressions. Ex-pressions of Dkk1 and sFRP3 in the hippocampus were increased by maternal separation. Treadmill exercise alleviated maternal separa-tion-induced reduction of Dkk1 and sFRP3 expressions. Our study demonstrated that treadmill exercise activates Wnt signaling pathway, and then exerted antidepressive effect.

Maternal separation causes depression and anxiety. Exercise amelio-rates maternal separation-induced depression. In this study, we investi-gated the effect of treadmill exercise on anxiety-like behavior in relation with glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β)/β-catenin pathway using maternal separation rat pups. For this study, elevated plus maze test, immunohistochemistry for serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), tryp-tophan hydroxylase (TPH), and western blot for total GSK3β (t-GSK3β), phosphorylated GSK3β (p-GSK3β), total β-catenin (t-β-catenin), and phosphorylated β-catenin (p-β-catenin) were conducted. The rat pups in the exercise groups were scheduled to run on a treadmill for 30 min once a day for 10 days, starting on postnatal day 21. For the rat pups in the fluoxetine-treated group, fluoxetine was orally administrated once a day for 10 consecutive days, starting on postnatal day 21. Anxiety-like behavior was appeared in the rat pups by maternal separation. Mater-nal separation suppressed 5-HT and TPH expression in the dorsal ra-phe. Maternal separation suppressed phosphorylation of GSK3β and increased phosphorylation of β-catenin in the hippocampus. However, treadmill exercise and fluoxetine treatment alleviated anxiety and in-creased 5-HT and TPH expression in the dorsal raphe. Treadmill exer-cise and fluoxetine treatment also enhanced GSK3β phosphorylation and suppressed β-catenin phosphorylation in the hippocampus. In this study, alleviating effect of treadmill exercise on maternal separation-in-duced anxiety appeared through enhancing 5-HT expression and GSK3β phosphorylation, and then inhibiting β-catenin phosphorylation. These results showed that treadmill exercise relieves anxiety through GSK3β/β-catenin pathway. Treadmill exercise showed similar amelio-rating effect on anxiety-like behavior as fluoxetine.

Exercise therapy on skeletal muscle of muscular dystrophies has no defined parameters. The effect of low-intensity treadmill training on the oxidative stress markers and fibrosis on hindlimb muscles was investi-gated. Sixteen dystrophic male mdx animals were separated in trained (mdxT/n=8) and untrained (mdxNT/n=8) groups. Wild type animals (WT/n=8) were used as healthy control. The mdxT group runned at a horizontal treadmill (9 m/min, 30 min/day, 3 times/wk, 8 weeks). Gastroc-nemius and tibial anterior muscles were collected for analysis of enzy-matic/non-enzymatic oxidant activity, oxidative damage concentration, collagen fibers area morphometry. The mdxT group presented a lower collagen fiber area compared to mdxNT for gastrocnemius (P=0.025) and tibial anterior (P=0.000). Oxidative damage activity was higher in the mdxT group for both muscles compared to mdxNT. Catalase pre-sented similar activity for tibial anterior (P=0.527) or gastrocnemius (P=0.323). Superoxide dismutase (P=0.003) and total antioxidant ca-pacity (P=0.024) showed increased activity in the mdxT group at tibial anterior with no difference for gastrocnemius. Low-intensity training is considered therapeutic as it reduces collagen deposition while improv-ing tissue redox status.

The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of abdominal draw-ing-in maneuver (ADIM) on the muscular activity of the trunk and the lower limbs during stair ascent. The subjects were healthy 15 men and 8 women who were in their 20s. After maintaining ADIM by using a pressure biofeedback unit for 15 min, the subjects performed stair as-cent and their muscular activity of the right trunk and the legs was measured to determine difference between when the subjects main-tained ADIM and did not. The activities of the sternocleidomastoid, the splenius capitis, the rectus abdominis (ABD), the external abdominal oblique (EO), the transverse abdominis (TRA), the elector spinae (ES), the vastus medialis (VM), and the vastus lateralis (VL) were measured using surface electromyogram (TM DTS). The collected data were sta-tistically processed by the SPSS ver. 18.0 and analyzed with a paired t-test. The muscular activities of the TRA, VM, and VL significantly in-creased (P<0.05), while the activity of the ES significantly decreased (P<0.05) during stair ascent when the ADIM was maintained than when it was not. In conclusion, the stair ascent with ADIM maintained activated the abdominal muscles to control trunk balance and perform lumbar stability, simultaneously reducing excessive lumbar lordosis or pelvic anterior tilt which will help to improve the function of the muscu-loskeletal system.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the activity of ankle muscles during normal gait by simulation method using the human musculoskel-etal model. The equipment used in this study was three-dimensional motion capture system and force platform, and OpenSim was used for simulation. Collected data was scaled to Gait2392 that is the human musculoskeletal simulation model using in the OpenSim. Tibialis anteri-or (TA) worked as a major muscle during gait, producing a higher force than other muscles. Main muscles contributing to propulsion were gas-trocnemius medial head (GMH) and soleus (SOL) with their maximum forces appear to be more than 1.5 times the body weight. GMH and SOL showed cooperation for maintaining propulsion around left foot initial contact in the gait cycle. This study has shown a difference between activation and force pattern. The peak-activation of the TA and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) was similarly shown to be around 0.8 in the initial double stance, but the peak-force produced by these muscles in the same period showed a difference with 0.4 Newton/body weight higher in TA than in EDL. We suggest that when assessing muscle contribution to gait, it would be reasonable to consider the force generated because the human movement was generated by the mechanical net force of muscles.

This study investigated the effect of winter skiing on stress levels in col-legiate students and also observed psychological factors related to heart rate, apprehension, and enjoyment. Two hundred thirty-eight male students were randomly classified into the control group (n=117) or the ski group (n=121). The control group received lectures on skiing; how-ever, the ski group received practical ski training. Psychological mea-sures included stress, apprehension, and enjoyment; physical mea-sures included heart rate at pre- and postday. There were significant correlations between stress and apprehension (r=0.366) and stress and enjoyment (r=-0.441). Specifically, apprehension negatively correlated with enjoyment (r=-0.599). Between both groups, a significant interac-tion effect was found among stress, apprehension, and enjoyment. Moreover, compared with the control group, the ski group’s stress and apprehension were significantly reduced, whereas the enjoyment was significantly enhanced. This study suggests that winter skiing is a suit-able sport for reducing stress and providing a high level of enjoyment for collegiate students.

Sedentary lifestyle as a predisposing factor of chronic diseases like hypertension, diabetes, stroke and obesity is a common phenomenon in the banking job. Studies suggest that fitness training improves health of bankers but has not been established among Ghanaian bankers. This study examined the physiological, anthropometric parameters, and balance skill responses of relatively healthy bankers to fitness training. Twelve bankers aged 28 to 55 years (36.41± 7.16 years) in Kumasi completed a 6-month fitness training program (FTP) of 30-min gym workouts and 1-hr swimming per session. Physiological, anthropometric parameters, and balance skill variables assessments were conducted in three trials: pretraining, midtraining and post-FTP. FTP caused significant decrease in pre-post systolic blood pressure (P= 0.001), diastolic blood pressure (P= 0.000), heart rate (P= 0.006), waist circumference (P= 0.007), waist-to-hip ratio (P= 0.007), and bone density (P= 0.038). There was significance decrease in body mass index (P= 0.047) between preand midtraining status. Weight significantly decreased among the three trials (P= 0.017). Pre-post opened (P= 0.043) and closed (P= 0.015) eye balance skills increased significantly. Effects of FTP were significantly higher in female (P< 0.05). Participants who were at the stage 1 and 2 hypertensions pretraining became normotensive posttraining. Six months FTP has beneficial effects on the physiological, anthropometric parameters, and balance skill of relatively healthy bankers.

We examined the different effects of body mass index (BMI) level on resistance training during menstrual cycle. Thirty-six female subjects performed resistance training and subjects were divided into three groups: BMIunder, BMInorm, BMIover. Subjects completed 12 weeks of sub-maximal resistance training with 3 sets of 8–12 repetitions. Maximum isometric force test was measured before and after training in the fol-licular phase (FP) and the luteal phase (LP). Maximum isometric force of whole groups (BMIunder, BMInorm, BMIover) was significantly increased both FP and LP after 12-week resistance training. Maximum isometric force after training and absolute increase value in BMInorm and BMIover were no significantly different between FP and LP. However, significant different of maximum isometric force after training (FP, 79.08±11.60; LP, 84.05±12.38) and absolute increase value (FP, 9.63±5.47; LP, 15.13±6.06) were found between FP and LP just by BMIunder. We suggest that if mus-cle strength is measured in the FP (LP) before training and then they should be measured same phase, such as FP and LP after training and BMIunder can be influenced muscle strength in LP.

Triathlon is becoming more popular sport due to recognition of the posi-tive effects of triathlon. Generally, participants in these strenuous activi-ties are well considered as healthy individuals pursuing a healthy life-style. However, there is still controversy on the beneficial effects of pro-longed exercise training and endurance sport events. The duration of exercise required to elicit cardiac dysfunction and the mechanisms un-derlying this phenomenon have not been fully elucidated. There are only limited data in literature for exercise-induced changes of cardiac and muscle damage biomarkers in athletes participating in different tri-athlon distances. Monitoring cardiac and muscle damage biomarkers in triathletes participating in different triathlon distances will help re-searchers, coaches, and athletes better understand how to design training cycles minimizing overtraining and injury risk. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine for evidence of blood bio-markers during triathlon events of two different distances such as stan-dard- and ultra-distance triathlon in male triathletes. The results of the present study showed that ultra-distance showed greater muscle dam-age markers such as creatine kinase, myoglobin and lactate dehydro-genase than standard-distance. We also found that the distance of tri-athlon did not lead to an increase of troponin T in male triathletes.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of static rest, massage, aro-matherapy, and acupoint acupressure on the levels of fatigue substanc-es and stress hormones produced after a session of boxing sparring. The study was conducted on female adolescent boxers (n=12) who underwent four recovery methods with a 7-day rest period between each session. The order of these methods was decided randomly. Prior to each method, the participants performed five rounds of 4-min boxing sparring, and the maximal intensity was set as 70%–80% of the maximal heart rate. The effects of the four recovery methods on the blood levels of fatigue substances and stress hormones after boxing sparring were investigated. Static rest, massage, aromatherapy, and acupoint acu-pressure significantly decreased the lactic acid levels. The creatine phosphokinase levels decreased in the aromatherapy and acupoint acupressure groups, while the lactate dehydrogenase levels signifi-cantly decreased in the massage, aromatherapy, and acupoint acu-pressure groups. Further, the levels of stress hormones, cortisol, and epinephrine, showed no significant changes after massage and acu-point acupressure. However, a significant decrease in the cortisol level was observed in the aromatherapy group and an increasing trend was observed in the cortisol level in the static rest group. The adrenocorti-cotropic hormone level significantly decreased in the aromatherapy group and showed a decreasing trend after the participants received massage or acupoint acupressure. High-intensity exercise results in not only physical, but also psychological fatigue. Massage and aroma-therapy can improve the physical and psychological stabilities and per-formances of athletes.

In this study, the pattern of depressive mood in patients following radical prostatectomy (RP) for localized prostate cancer (PCa) was determined. A total of 30 patients (aged 68.03± 6.1 years) who were diagnosed with localized PCa and underwent RP within 1 month entered the study. Evaluations included body mass index, prostate-specific antigen, testosterone, underlying disease, international prostate symptom score and quality of life (QoL), international index of erectile function as well as Beck depression inventory (BDI), both at the initial stage and 3 months later. Basic demographic data, laboratory results, and questionnaires were analyzed statistically. The BDI score significantly decreased 3 months after the surgery. In correlation analysis, BDI was related with the international prostate symptom score but not with the underlying disease, QoL or international index of erectile function. Body mass index was identified as one of the risk factors to decrease the probability of BDI score (≥ 3) significantly. Underlying disease increased the probability of BDI score. In the assessment of the correlation between BDI and each subscale, sadness, self-dislike, self-criticalness, and worthlessness showed high correlation. In the early period, depressive mood was improved at the short-term follow-up in localized PCa patients after RP. Voiding symptoms were only related with the depressive mood, but not with other parameters, including sexual function. The depressive mood had no effect on the QoL in the early stage.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether gaze stability exer-cises would result in improvements of cognitive function, balance ability and subjective health status in old people with and without mild cogni-tive impairment (MCI). Old people with MCI (n=9) and healthy old peo-ple (n=9) performed gaze stability exercises for 4 weeks. Pre and post Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) for cognitive function, Timed Up and Go test for dynamic postural ability, Activities-Specific Balance Confidence for balance confidence and subjective health status were measured in both groups. After participating in gaze stability exercises, all outcome measures were significantly improved in MCI group and normal group also improved significantly in all outcome measures with the exception of balance confidence. In addition, there were significant differences in cognitive function and balance confidence between the two groups, and more improvements in MCI group. These results pro-vide evidence that gaze stability exercises is beneficial to improve cog-nitive function as well as balance ability which affected on quality of life in old people with and without MCI.

This study aimed to provide evidence for the development of an algo-rithm to identify older adults with a high risk for repeated falls, along with strategies to prevent repeated falls, by analyzing the known physi-cal, psychological, and environmental factors related to falls in older adults. One hundred fifty-seven community-dwelling older adults aged 65 years or older who experienced a fall within the past year were en-rolled in this study. Participants’ physical, psychological, environmental, and fall prevention-related characteristics were surveyed using struc-tured questionnaires to identify the risk factors for repeated falls. The use of antidepressants, depression score, and compliance with fall pre-vention behaviors were found to differ significantly between the two groups, and the use of antidepressants and depression were found to be significant predictors of repeated falls. Depression should be con-sidered as a major variable when developing an algorithm to identify the risk of repeated falls among older adults living at home. Also, the practice of fall prevention behaviors was higher in the repeated-falls group, likely due to that group’s efforts to prevent additional falls.

The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in body shape, physical fitness, and cardiovascular health-related factors after a 1-year combined exercise program in rural old men. Subjects were fourteen old men with more than 65 years of age living in Korean rural areas. The combined exercise program consisted of 90-min dynamic and static exercise sessions at a frequency of 3 days per week. Body shape (body weight [BW], body fat percentage [%BF], muscle mass [MM], body mass index [BMI], waist hip ratio [WHR]) and physical fit-ness levels (grip strength, standing up-right, one leg standing, sit and reach, and 2-min walking) were measured before, 6 months and 1 year after the program started. Cardiovascular health-related factors, includ-ing blood glucose, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pres-sure (DBP), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), and triglyceride (TG) were measured. There were no significant changes in BW, BMI, %BF, and MM after the training. WHR was significantly decreased at 6 months and 1-year follow-up points compared to baseline. There was no statistically significant difference in grip strength, but there was a significant increase after 6 months and 1 year after standing up right, one leg standing, sit and reach, and 2-min walking tests. There were no significant differences in the levels of glucose, SBP, DBP, TC, LDL-c, and TG, but there was a significant increase in HDL-c after 1-year.

The abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) exercise has been com-monly applied to recover lumbopelvic stability and normal movement in the clinical field. Although many researchers investigated its effects us-ing several methods, there is further need for comparing those meth-ods. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of ADIM with three different methods including a pressure biofeedback unit, a foam-roller, and the quadruped posture on lumbopelvic rotation and muscle activities. Twenty-five healthy participants (14 males, 11 fe-males) who volunteered for this study were randomly divided into three intervention groups. We obtained pre- and postintervention data through application of a three-dimensional motion analysis system and a surface electromyography. Results showed that lumbopelvic rotation degree was significantly decreased in all groups (P<0.05). The muscle activities of external oblique, internal oblique of left side, and gluteus maximus were significantly increased (P<0.05). The muscle activities of erector spinae and biceps femoris were not significantly different (P>0.05). The muscle activity of internal oblique of the right side showed significant differences (P<0.05), between ADIM with pressure biofeedback group and ADIM with foam-roller group, and ADIM with foam-roller group and ADIM with quadruped group. Three kinds of ADIM were effective to recover lumbopelvic stability. This study sug-gests that the proper method of ADIM should be applied to a given pa-tient considering abilities to maintain equilibrium and to control muscu-lar strength.

The aim this study was to analyze the association between insufficient physical activity and dysmobility syndrome (DS) in community-dwelling older adults. In total, 375 subjects were evaluated aged ≥ 60 years. For the diagnosis of DS the presence of ≥ 3 clinical factors was considered: (a) low muscle mass; (b) low muscular strength; (c) low gait speed; (d) high body fat, and (e) osteoporosis. Information relating to the practice of habitual physical activity (HPA) was obtained using a questionnaire and accelerometry. The chi-square test was used to verify the association between HPA and DS and analysis of binary logistic regression to build multiple models. Insufficiently active older adults are approximately 2 times (95% confidence interval, 1.14–3.79) more likely to have DS, independent of body mass index, smoking and ethnicity. The insufficient practice of physical activity is associated with DS in older adults, mainly in women and older.

The purpose of this study is to propose an effective exercise interven-tion program to prevent and control osteopenia and osteoporosis that result from aging. To the end of this study, a circuit training intervention was performed for 8 weeks among participants with osteopenia who resided in Gyeonggi Province and were aged 65 and whose T-score of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry was between -1.0 and -2.5. Based on the effect of this intervention on their bone metabolism markers and bone density, the following conclusions were derived: First, it turned out that the circuit training intervention had statistically significant interac-tive effects on bone metabolism markers (osteocalcin and deoxypyrid-inoline) of old women with osteopenia depending on the measuring tim-ing and groups. Second, it turned out that the circuit training interven-tion had statistically significant interactive effects on the bone density (T-score) depending on the measuring timing and groups. The conclu-sions above indicate that the circuit training intervention showed posi-tive effects on bone metabolism markers and bone density of old wom-en with osteopenia, being viewed as an effective intervention program applicable in order to prevent and control osteopenia and osteoporosis in line with bone density decrease.

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of connective tissue ma-nipulation (CTM) for improving pain, mobility, and well-being in chronic low back pain (CLBP). Sixty-six patients with CLBP were randomized to three groups: CTM, sham massage (SM) and control groups. The groups got standardized physiotherapy and the related applications 5 days/wk, 3 weeks. Pain intensity, mobility, and well-being (Hospital Anx-iety and Depression Scale [HADS], Oswestry Disability Index [ODI], and Short Form-36 [SF-36]) were assessed before and after the applications. Pain, mobility, and disability improved in all groups (P<0.05). There were differences in resting pain, HADS, and SF-36 scores in CTM, resting pain in SM, and SF-36 scores in controls (P<0.05). Activity pain, HADS scores decreased, mobility and physical component of the SF-36 in-creased in CTM compared to SM (P<0.05). Pain, ODI, and HADS scores decreased, mobility and SF-36 increased in CTM, and ODI scores de-creased in SM compared to controls (P<0.05). In conclusion, pain in-tensity during activity and at night and disability decreased, and spinal mobility increased in all groups. However, CTM showed superiority in improving pain, mobility, and well-being in patients with CLBP.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the combined isotonic technique (CIT) for proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation and taping intervention on pain and grip strength in patients with lateral epicondylitis (LE). Twenty subjects with LE were treated 5 times a week for 4 weeks. Patients were randomized to an experimental group (n=10) with taping after CIT and a control group (n=10) with taping after stretching. A visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to measure chang-es in pain. A hand dynamometer was used to measure grip strength. A paired t-test was performed to compare differences after the interven-tion. We used an independent t-test to compare the differences be-tween experimental and control groups. All statistical significance lev-els were set at α=0.05. Within-group changes in VAS and grip strength were significantly different in both the experimental and control groups (P<0.05). Between-groups after intervention, VAS and grip strength showed more improvement in the experimental group than in the con-trol group (P<0.05). This study showed that by applying CIT and taping to patients with LE, significant improvement in pain and grip strength could be obtained. Since the intervention had positive effects on LE by reducing pain and increasing grip strength, additional studies on effi-cient intervention will be conducted to develop exercise programs.

This study examined the effect of two different aerobic training modali-ties in a boy with spinal muscular atrophy type II. Motor functions were measured with Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale (HFMS) and Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM). Spirometry was utilized for assessing pulmonary functions and PedsQL 3.0 Neuromuscular module was utilized for quality of life of child. Ergometer training was applied 3 times per week for the duration of 12 weeks. After 6 weeks of wash-out period, aquatherapy was applied for twice a week for the duration of 12 weeks. HFMS and GMFM scores, and pulmonary functions of the child and quality of life scores of his parents were improved during both mo-dalities. These improvements were largely maintained during 1-year follow-up. This study showed that both modalities had similar effects on our case’s pulmonary, motor functions and quality life of himself and parents. It will be a guide for researchers working in the area of chil-dren with neuromuscular disorders regarding plan and diversification of therapy program.

In Egypt, type 2 diabetes is higher in females than in males. Moderate- intensity continuous training (MICT) has been the most widely used exercise form in type 2 diabetes. This study aims to compare the classical MICT to the newly popular high intensity interval training (HIIT) with regard to changes in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and estimated average glucose (eAG) in female type 2 diabetics. Twenty-six female patients with type 2 diabetes were assigned into three groups: a control group (n= 9), a MICT group (n= 9), and a HIIT group (n= 8). Patients in both groups exercised on treadmill three days/ week for 8 weeks. Patients in MICT exercised continuously for about 40 min at 65%–75% of peak heart rate (HRpeak). Patients in HIIT exercised for 4× 4 min at 85%– 90% of HRpeak with 3-min recovery in between at 65%–75% of HRpeak. Results showed that HbA1c was reduced significantly from 8.2% (7.45%– 8.65%) to 6.9% (6.6%–7.15%) in MICT and from 8.23% (7.94%–8.85%) to 6.25% (6.1%–6.89%) in HIIT after interventions. Likewise, eAG was significantly reduced from 188.64 mg/dL (167.11–201.55 mg/dL) to 151.33 mg/dL (142.72–158.50 mg/dL) in MICT and from 189.64 mg/dL (181.18– 207.29 mg/dL) to 136.69 mg/dL (128.37–151.04 mg/dL) in HIIT. No significant difference was found between HIIT and MICT in the measured variables. It is concluded that the less physically demanding MICT is as good as HIIT for normalizing hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetic females. Therefore, recent interests surrounding HIIT should not overemphasize it compared to the traditional MICT for improving glycemic outcomes.

The aim of the study was to analyze the cardiac compression force us-ing the vertical force with normalized (100%) in cardiopulmonary resus-citation. Nineteen subjects with basic life support license and instructor career participated in this study. Cardiac compression was performed in a situation positioned practical manikin on ground reaction force and with 1,000 Hz of sample rate. Cardiac compression force in vertical di-rection showed significant difference among 30 times cardiac com-pression. Vertical cardiac compression force (N) showed significant difference according to the 30 times of cardiac compression in each di-astole (45.79 N) and systole (714.38 N) phase. Also, normalized vertical force showed significant difference according to the 30 times cardiac compression in each diastole (6.80%) and systole (93.20%) phase. This suggests that there is a greater difficulty in performing diastole forces close to 0% than performing a sufficient maximal cardiac compression force in cardiopulmonary resuscitation.