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Accumulating evidence suggests that neuroinflammation plays an important role in etiology of psychiatric disorders. Neuronflammation involves a combination of psychological, neuroendocrine, and nervous systems resulting in changes of neurotransmitter metabolism, dysregulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, pathologic microglial cell activation, impaired neuroplasticity, and structural and functional brain changes affecting cognition and emotional behavior. Inflammatory cytokines have been postulated to be the possible link and culprit in the disruption of these systems. The outcome of any type of dysregulation of the immune system in the brain might lead to occurrence of depression, anxiety. This review focuses on the possible impact of dysregulated cytokine networks which may cause pathogenesis of affective disorders such as depression and anxiety.

The purpose of this review was to analysis the effects of treadmill train-ing on gait function in children with cerebral palsy. Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Cochrane Central Regis-ter of Controlled Trials, Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), PubMed and Web of Science were searched. Investigating the effects of treadmill training on gait endurance, gait speed, limb support time, cadence, and step length in children with cerebral palsy. Similar out-comes were pooled by calculating the standardized mean difference. Of the eight studies, 179 participants were included. The average PEDro score was 6.25/10. The results of the sensitivity test for bias evaluation using the duval and tweedie’s trim and fill method showed low publica-tion bias. The test regarding the effect of treadmill training on overall gait function yielded a moderate effect size of 0.53, which was a statisti-cally significant effect as its confidence interval did not include. The overall effect size of gait endurance was 0.85. The overall effect size of gait speed and limb support time were 0.52 and 0.73. The overall effect size of cadence and step length were 0.14 and 0.21, indicating a nonsig-nificant improvement. These findings suggested that treadmill training on cerebral palsy was effective for gait endurance, gait speed and limb support time than cadence and step length.

As the general population ages and lives longer with chronic disease and related disability, an increasing number of individuals may be precluded from participating and excelling in traditional land-based therapy or exercise alone, despite its known benefits. This article discusses the benefits of water as an exercise and therapeutic medium, as well as the value of combining both water and land modalities, which enhance the benefits of exercise synergistically. This combined water and land approach has the potential to help clients achieve greater therapeutic benefits and clinical outcomes. As an example, described in this article are the rationale and basic framework for one treatment paradigm supported by research literature, the Burdenko Method, which has utilized combined exercise in water and on land for over four decades. These perspectives will hopefully foster increased understanding and application of exercise principles and programs outside of traditional land-based approaches.

Metabolic syndrome is a collection of health-related conditions that lead to serious health condition. An individual with metabolic syndrome may acquire greater risk for adult-onset complications such as cardio-vascular or neurological disorders. The aim of this study was to review and provide the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Gulf Cooperation Council countries (GCC). Literature searches were performed on PubMed, Google scholar, and Web of Science Core Collection for English-lan-guage articles along with national studies. The following search terms were used during search: “prevalence of metabolic syndrome in GCC,” “prevalence of metabolic syndrome in middle east,” “prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Arab,” and “prevalence of metabolic syndrome name of country.” Thirty-seven studies were selected for final review out of 132 studies. The weighted pooled prevalence of metabolic syn-drome was 27.3% with high heterogeneity (I 2=98.94%; Cochran Q-test P<0.01). The results showed comparatively high and rising rate of met-abolic syndrome in the GCC area. Preventative strategy should be con-sidered to reduce the risk of morbidity or mortality related to metabolic syndrome.

Despite the widespread use of postural correction in exercise interven-tions, limited experimental evidence exists for its effectiveness. The present study aimed to systematically review the literature on the effi-cacy of exercise interventions in improving postural malalignment in head, neck, and trunk. A systematic review was performed by screen-ing four scientific databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science, EBSCO, and Cochrane database) for published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in English from 1996–2019. The review followed the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) statement guidelines. Two researchers independently performed study screening, extracting data and assessing the risk of bias for each included study using the Cochrane Collaboration tool for evaluating the risk of bias. A total of 22 RCTs comprising 1,209 participants were identified for in-clusion in the review. There was a high risk of bias across most of the included studies (12 studies). Only two studies were classified as low risk of bias, and eight studies were classified as moderate risk of bias. The intervention duration ranged from 2 to 13 weeks, frequency from 2 to 4 days per week, and duration of each session between 15 to 60 min. The insufficiency and quality of included studies did not allow an inte-grated assessment of the efficacy of exercise interventions on postural malalignments; however, the positive effects noticed in most of the studies indicate some advantages but underscores the necessity of ad-equately designed RCTs in this field.

Neuronal cell death in the hippocampus by cerebral ischemia causes disability of memory function. Cerebral ischemia also alters the expres-sions of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), cyclic adenosine monophosphate-responsive element binding protein (CREB), extracel-lular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (Akt). In the present study, we investigated the effect of treadmill exercise on cerebral ischemia in relation with ERK-Akt-CREB-BDNF signaling pathway in the hippocampus using ger-bils. Induction of cerebral ischemia deteriorated short-term memory with suppression of phosphorylation of ERK-Akt-CREB-BDNF pathway in the hippocampus of gerbils. Enhancement of apoptosis in the hippo-campus was accompanied in the ischemia gerbils. Treadmill exercise improved short-term memory through enhancing phosphorylation of ERK-Akt-CREB-BDNF pathway with suppressing apoptosis in the hip-pocampus of the ischemia gerbils. The present results suggest that im-provement of memory function after cerebral ischemia by treadmill ex-ercise may be involved in the ERK-Akt-CREB-BDNF signaling pathway, resulting in inhibition of apoptosis in the hippocampus.

Unbalanced movements between the bilateral sides may lead to dyski-nesia and reduced motor function. The upper limbs are the most com-plex joints with different rate of usage between the limbs. The dominant side is repeatedly used more than the contralateral side for better dex-terity and musculoskeletal utility. Such imbalance between the two bi-lateral sides may lead to further difference in movement ability. This study aimed to observe the feasibility of the mirror feedback method in the upper limb movements in the old people with mild cognitive impair-ment. Twenty-seven-old people with history of stroke were selected. Motion sensors were used to assess the location and motion of two limbs in synchronized lateral raise that include the abduction and ad-duction motions during the mirror feedback and no feedback trials. The results of the mirror feedback showed comparatively similar motions between the left and right upper limbs. The results of the study may in-dicate possible recommendation of mirror feedback method for syn-chronizing exercise motion of the upper limbs for the old people with mild cognitive impairment.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the both lower limb muscle asymmetry during sit-to-stand (STS) and spatiotemporal gait asymmetry in subjects with stroke. Twenty-nine pa-tients were included in this study, lower limb muscle (rectus femoris, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius) asymmetry during STS, five times sit-to-stand (FTSTS) and spatiotemporal (speed, step length, step time, swing time, stance time, single support time) gait asymmetry were measured. According to the results of the measurement, significant positive cor-relations between gastrocnemius and rectus femoris asymmetry during STS and step length asymmetry. Furthermore, significant positive cor-relations between rectus femoris asymmetry during STS and step time asymmetry. In addition, significant negative correlations between the FTSTS and gait speed. This study’s results suggested that necessary to apply exercise that the gastrocnemius and rectus femoris symmetry during STS for improving step length and step time symmetry of gait, and necessary to apply exercise that increase STS speed for gait speed.

Physical activity, a key component of maintaining health, is becoming an essential alternative in reducing medical expenses for the old peo-ple. This research was intended to analyze 51 research papers pub-lished in the Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation (JER) through semantic network analysis. The subjects of the study were the keywords that the authors of each paper used in journal search sites from 2013 to 2019. The present researcher analyzed the frequency, density, and centrality of the keywords of the indicators through semantic network analysis and then visualized them on the basis of findings using UCINET6 and the NetDraw program. Also, the researcher classified the hidden clus-ters by CONCOR (Convergence of iterated Correlations) analysis, which is a kind of cluster analysis. As a result, it was found that the keyword with the highest frequency was “exercise,” followed by “cognition, “physical-activity,” “old-women,” “Korean,” “fall,” and “training.” It was also found that most of the high-frequency keywords, such as “ex-ercise,” “cognition,” “old-women,” “program” and “depression” had high centrality. These keywords were classified into four clusters: (a) mental health research, (b) physical health research, (c) social behavior research, and (d) leisure efficacy research. This suggests that the old people-related research papers published in the JER have derived ef-fective methods of maintaining physical and mental health using scien-tific exercise programs, and especially address the effects of exercise intervention for old women.

There is a growing body of research on the effectiveness of rehabilita-tion programs in a Young Offenders’ Institution (YOI). The aim of the present study is to investigate the effectiveness of rugby training as a rehabilitation intervention in a YOI in the United Kingdom. Young adult males (n=46) currently serving sentences at the YOI were split into two groups, intervention (n=25; mean age, 19.64±0.81 years) and no inter-vention (n=21; mean age, 19.76±0.89). Participants completed the Crim-inal Attitudes and Associates (MCAA) instrument at three different time cycles and then pre/post for intervention group. Additionally, qualitative interviews (one to one and focus groups) were carried out with the in-tervention and no intervention groups during the same cycles of the study. The results of questionnaire analysis showed no significant dif-ference in MCAA measures taken before and after rugby intervention. Interestingly, the intervention group showed more pro-criminal attitudes on their responses compared to the no intervention group. Finally, anal-ysis of the 3 cycles of data collected showed that the time of the year the questionnaire was completed has a significant impact on the re-sponses given. In contrast, the qualitative interviews showed a very positive change of attitude towards rehabilitation from the intervention group after rugby training. The implications of the results in relation to studies aimed at evaluation of the intervention programs in YOI are dis-cussed.

The purpose of this pilot case study is to investigate the effects of Pi-lates training on hamstring/quadriceps ratio, trunk strength, shoulder strength, and body composition in adolescent baseball players. Eight adolescent baseball players, 15 years of age, participated in Pilates program (supervised training, 50 min per session for three times a week for 8 weeks) using reformer and Cadillac. The intensity of the program was progressively increased by applying beginner level for 1–2 weeks, intermediate level for 3–6 weeks, and advance level for 7–8 weeks. To verify the effect of the Pilates program on hamstring/quadriceps ratio, trunk strength, shoulder strength and body composition, participants performed bioelectrical impedance analysis and isokinetic testing at pre- and posttraining. After the Pilates training, there were significant increases in body weight (P<0.01), left arm muscle mass (P<0.01), and trunk muscle mass (P<0.01). In addition, there were significant increas-es in left and right knee flexion peak torque (P<0.01 and P<0.05, re-spectively), right knee extension peak torque (P<0.05), left and right hamstring/quadriceps ratio (both P<0.01), trunk flexion peak torque (P<0.05) and shoulder flexion peak torque (P<0.05) after 8 weeks of training. Therefore, Pilates training increased muscle mass, hamstring/quadriceps ratio, trunk and shoulder strength, suggesting that it may help baseball players do better performance and prevent future injuries in adolescent players.

The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the difference of isokinetic muscle functions, anaerobic capabilities, pedaling power and maximum strength according to race-class of Korea racing cyclists. The participants in this study were 57 racing cyclist candidates who graduated from the Korea racing school. One year after graduation, we confirmed race-class of candidates and they were divided into three groups: the first-class racer group (FC, n=14), second-class racer group (SC, n=29), third-class racer group (TC, n=14). The isokinetic muscle strength of trunk and knee flexion/extension was measured us-ing HUMAC NORM and basic physical strength such as squat and bench press was analyzed by Ariel device. As results of this study, % Fat (percentage of body fat) in FC group was the lowest compared to other groups. Isokinetic knee flexion strength was higher in FC group than SC and TC racer groups. Peak and average pedaling power as well as maximum muscle strength were significantly higher in FC group than in other groups. Our findings suggest new evidence that pedaling power and isokinetic muscle strength might be closely associated with race-class of Korea racing cyclists.

To analyze the effects of 10-week combined training (aerobic and resis-tance exercise) in three groups that were divided according to the total exercise dose per week and elucidate its effects on insulin and leptin (lipid metabolic regulatory hormones) and metabolic syndrome index. We included 24 obese male college students with body mass index ≥25 kg/m2. Each 8 subjects were randomly assigned according to the total exercise dose per week into the 150-, 270-, and 450-min/wk exer-cise groups, which performed 50-, 90-, and 90-min exercise per day for 3, 3, and 5 times a week, respectively. To maintain a constant level of exercise intensity, aerobic exercises were performed while maintaining 60%–70% of the maximal heart rate and resistance exercise at 60%–70% load of the initial 1 repetition maximum; 1 repetition maximum was measured every 2 weeks. Training effects on lipid metabolic regulatory hormones in the blood and metabolic syndrome index according to the total exercise dose/week were analyzed. Insulin and leptin levels de-creased in the 270- and 450-min/wk exercise groups but no significant difference was observed in the 150-min/wk exercise group. Waist cir-cumference showed a significant decrease in all groups, but blood pressure did not change. Fasting blood glucose levels significantly de-creased in the 270- and 450-min/wk exercise groups. Triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels significantly decreased in the 450-min/wk exercise group. Combined training with an appropriate total exercise dose may prevent diseases caused by obesity by improv-ing energy expenditure and insulin sensitivity and triggering positive changes in glucose and lipid metabolism.

Rib fracture is almost recovered with conservative management includ-ing oral medication. Pain is easily controlled with medication, but physi-ologic function is not readily evaluated. This study is aimed to investi-gate the factors influencing to recovery of pulmonary function test (PFT) and changes according to times after rib fracture. From August 2015 to January 2018, medical records of patients with rib fracture were re-viewed retrospectively. Factors may influencing to recovery of PFT (age, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, numbers of fractures, intercos-tal nerve block) were evaluated, and serial (initial, 1 month, 2 months) changes of parameters PFT (forced vital capacity [FVC], forced expira-tory volume in 1 sec [FEV1], total lung capacity [TLC], vital capacity [VC]) for 2 months were observed. Total patients were 60, and PFT was com-pleted 38 and 27 patients after 1 month and 2 months respectively. Mean age was 55.1 years (20–84 years) and mean numbers of fracture were 3.98 (1–11). Intercostal nerve block and rib fixation were per-formed in 32 cases and 2 cases respectively. Age, numbers of fracture and intercostal nerve block were not significant factors to changes of PFT. But chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was significant factor to recovery of FEV1 in 1 month. PFT was improved in FVC, FEV1 through 2 months, and improved in TLC, VC in 1 month. This study showed the evi-dence and prognosis of physiologic recovery after rib fracture. And we could tell about physiologic recovery to rib fracture patients with this study.