Earticle

Recently, in Yeongjong Island, Incheon, remains of Proto-Three Kingdoms Period have been unearthed and are the good data to understand the Proto-Three Kingdoms Culture of the western part of Gyeonggi area. Remains of Proto-Three Kingdoms Period(~Baekje), Yeongjong Island, are subdivided into 5 periods. Among them, 1 period(Dwelling site and Pit of Yunbuk-dong) and 3․ 4 periods(Shell mound of Yunnam-dong, Wood coffin Tombs with ditch of Yunseo-dong and Jungsan-dong) are attracting interest. It is estimated that 1 period appeared in the negotiation process of Lorang(樂浪) and Samhan(三韓). And also, it is estimated that the most prosperous 3․4 periods had relationship with the inland area of the western part of Gyeonggi area. Out of consideration for reduction of the number of the remains in Baekje, it is estimated that character of the Yeongjong Island area changed.

This article attempts to represent and interpret the origin of the Baekje's peoples and their living culture through the historical documents, artifacts, etc. regarding the Baekje Kingdom. Through surveys and researches on the historical resources of the Baekje Kingdom, it is true that the upper class Baekje's people immigrated from the Goguryeo separated from the Jolbon Buyeo had originated from the North Buyeo, and the lower class Baekje's people lived in the Federal Mahan Tribe, and lived in the Mahan Chiefdom partly kept on their own traditions. Due to the social hierarchies, the Baekje's people is constituted of the noble man, the chiefs, the common people, and the servants. As the result of surveyed of Buyeo County people 100years ago, there are two types of Baekje's offsprings: one is the aboriginal immigrated from the Pacific Ocean 10,000 years ago, and the other is the immigrants from the Siberia Continent from the prehistory period. In the beginning of the Baekje Kingdom, the dominant culture was from the upper class people immigrated from the Goguryeo Kingdom and the Buyeo Kingdom. On moving to the south part of the Federal Mahan Tribe and the Mahan Chiefdom, the dominant culture changed and transformed into the aboriginal culture. During the Ungjin period, through communicating and trading with the neighbour countries as the Southern China and Japan, the Baekje Kingdom as an Ocean Kingdom had well developed and achieved the characteristic and high level in the perspective of home and abroad. And during the Sabi period, the Baekje Kingdom couldn't undergo the socio-cultural integration based on the Buddhism and distributing the advanced institution although the Baekje Kingdom attempted to integrate the dualism between the upper class and lower class.

百濟と新羅建築との基礎工法を比較すると、百濟建築基礎は堀壙版築基礎で、新羅建 築基礎はは堀壙積石基礎であるのをしれる。堀壙積石基礎は堀壙版築基礎より工力がす くなって、工事期間も短縮するのができる利點がある。 堀壙版築基礎で解る部分は版築の太さや固める棒の直徑も5㎝內外で、これは固める のに多くの人力が投入されたのを解る部分である。このような情性で工事をしたので、 まだ版築基礎が沈下した例はない。一方、堀壙積石基礎は積石が大きいのが30~40㎝ で、小さいのが10~20㎝ほどで、２~8層の固める工力が減るので工事期間や工力を減 るのができる。 古新羅時代の堀壙積石基礎は統一新羅時代に入って獨立積石基礎に發展し、もと多く の工力や工事期間を減させる劃期的な基礎工法に發展したのが解る。 このように、基礎工法の發展は長い間多くの經驗によって得るのができて、堀壙版築 基礎から堀壙積石基礎への變化は版築基礎と積石基礎とは荷重をうけるので別に差異が ないのを認知した後で變化したと思われる。構造物の基礎は何よりも安全性が保障され るべきで、單純に工力や工事期間の短縮という利點だけでは基礎工法の變化を期待する のはできない事だと思われる。 堀壙積石基礎から獨立積石基礎への變化は本当に劃期的な基礎工法だと言われる。工 力や工事期間の短縮面からみて、堀壙版築基礎と堀壙積石基礎と比較ができないほど多 くの工力や工事期間を減させる基礎工法である。だが、工力や工事期間の短縮に加え て、構造安全が檢證されるべきだ。これは現代工法のように實驗から得るのではなく、 長い間、多くの經驗によって得られる結果だと思われ、その時の寺刹造成の技術者たち の高い技術力を推察するのができる部分だと判斷される。

This study was performed to grasp the shape and size of Jingryemun, the South Gate of Kyungju Eupsung in the Joseon Dynasty, through relevant documentary and photo data as well as researches at site in order to provide basic data for its restoration by estimating its original form. The study results on its shape and size estimated by analyzing such relevant data are as follows: First, we studied the old documents relevant to construction of Kyungju Eupsung, which indicated that it had been already built and then added and renovated several times in the Goreyo Dynasty; was destroyed through Imjin War; and its four main gates were constructed again in turn in the 10th year of the King Injo (1632). With these facts, we have quite clearly grasped the names of the castle-gates and construction time of Jingryemun, which still remained early in the Japanese occupancy period. Second, we collected old maps and photo data to grasp the shapes of the castle-gates, so that we could overview the formative characteristics of the four main gates shown on the Map of Kyungju-eup, which was estimated to be drawn around the 22nd year of the King Jeongjo of the Joseon Dynasty (1796) and then understood the general view of the South Gate (Jingryemun) of Kyungju Eupsung shown on a photo shot during the Japanese occupancy period. In addition, the comparison between the Map of Kyungju-eup and its relevant Cadastral Map drawn during the Japanese occupancy period made it possible to grasp every location of the four main gates of Kyungju Eupsung. Then, we put such locations on its relevant Cadastral Map currently used, so that we could grasp the relatively exact locations of the gates' lands. Third, we compared and analyzed the sizes of Eupsung gates of the Joseon Dynasty that still existed and then looked through their typical characteristics in order to grasp the sizes of the castle-gates of Kyungju Eupsung. Then, we estimated the approximate size of the remaining Jingryemun through photo compensation work. In order to restore the analyzed size of Jingryemun in its original shape as much as we could, we used the King Yeongjo's Measurement Unit prevailing the relevant period to recalculate its size; and applied the typical characteristics of the castle-gates constructed in the other regions during the Joseon Dynasty to the forms and sizes that were not well shown through such photo compensation work. The result of the study for restoration of Jingryemun indicated that it was the biggest Munru among the Eupsung castle-gates of the Joseon Dynasty that could be grasped. Through this study, we did not only make it clearer about the shape of Jingryemun that had been shown only on some documentary recordings and a few pieces of photo but also calculate its size, so that we acquired the basic data for restoration of the castle-wall of Kyungju Eupsung. This study was, however, also thought to show its own limitation caused by the little volume of its analyzed data. Such limitation, therefore, should be continuously overcome by finding out more recordings and through more results that would be gotten together with the achievements on excavation researches of gates' lands of Eupsungs.

史跡を整備する事でなによりも重要なものは史跡の眞正性である。また、史跡を整 備する事の基本は遺構の保存を最優先にしながらその遺構を一般人が 接近し易く、理 解し易くに活用するものだ。すなわち、史跡整備の活動を遺構の保存のための活動や 遺跡の理解を助ける活動で分かるのができる。けれども、各々の史跡はその性格や規 模、周邊の環境など多樣な變數によって、一律的な整備方法を使うのはできない。故 に、本硏究では國內外の多樣な事例調査によって、史跡の保存や活用のための整備方 法に対してその類型を分類し、類型別の特性を考察して史跡の特性に合う整備方向を 提示する。 研究の過程で、史跡を整備するためには一つの方法だけではなく様様な整備方法が 使用される事及び史跡の性格や狀況によって整備方法に一定な方向性が存在する事を 確認することができた。また、点的な遺構を中心にする史跡や面的な遺跡地を中心に する史跡の整備方法が區別される差異があるのを見ることができた。その結果は次の ようだ。 1．史跡の整備類型は現狀保存, 保護施設の設置, 覆土整備, 修復, 復元, 地區整備, 移 轉, 再現などの八つの類型で分類され、復元はまた基壇復元, 一部復元, 全體復元 の三つの類型で分類される。 2．史跡の性格や狀況による整備方法は、陵墓では現狀保存が、城郭では現狀保存が、 寺刹では覆土が、先史遺跡では覆土が、近代遺跡では現狀保存が、宮闕․官衙では現 狀保存や一部復元が、窯では覆土が、鄕校․書院では現狀保存が、祠堂では現狀保存 や修復や一部復元が、住居では現狀保存が、祭壇では現狀保存の方法が主なる整備 方法である。 3．保護施設の設置は史跡整備では主なる方法ではないが、遺構保護の目的以外に史跡を訪問す る訪問者たちには史跡の價値を知らせる情報の提供場所で役割をしてい る。特に、そんな觀覽施設がない場合は史跡を認知するのが難しい問題點がみえ る。故に、史跡の整備では必ず史跡の價値を知らせる施設の設置が必要である。

Among researchers in Japan and South Korea's archaeological excavations unearthed through metal, timber, and other relics recognized the need for conservation treatment are settled. And conservation science researchers suggest new ways to improve the conventional treatment method to restoration and adhesion skills for developing conservation treatment. However, both Japan and South Korea remain a priority of the conservation treatment, so study on the aging of the remains of storage managemant(storage environment artifacts or storage management) is almost no progress. Therefore, conservation treatment is essential and semi-permanent conservation will be possible by 'aging' checking and appropriate 'storage management' after conservation treatment. In order to promote this study, the specific details of the two countries remains secular change of custody status and the need to identify and preserve the remains of wood after treatment, as well as exhibitions, storage management facilities are subject actual observation. From July 7, 2010 to July 11, 2010, researchers observed 檜山郡江差 町, 江別市 Hokkaido buried cultural center, 余 市 郡 余 市 町 mainly of Hokkaido and the western region of each agency's facilities. And this is the survet results of the Hokkaido Archaeological Operations Center that a central agency of conservation treatment of Hokkaido. In addition, this report based on the Heisei 22 year research grants for scientific research (A) Project Title 'wood products research and conservation and management of the secular comparative study after conservation treatment' (research project No. 21251002 Kenji Ito Representative).

Hwangnyonsa temple was excavated and organized for a long time. Weathering, including biological damage, is proceeding because the site was released to public and placed outside. We analyzed damage pattern of stone and estimated material properties for scientific conservation. We studied temperature and humidity, physical and chemical factor of the soil for environmental survey. The foundation stone weathered through physical and chemical, biological factor. Three of 15 stones(20%) were classified to soil because of it was totally weathered. The higher weathering index, the higher external temperature was to 3.5~9.8℃ and the higher temperature difference with grass. We confirmed 8 species of lichens, 1 species of algae, 1 species of bryophyte, 4 species of herbage. The acidity of soil was measured pH 5.8~6.2(slightly acid). We decided that this acidity can accelerate growth of grass and plants. As above, the stone inside Hwangnyongsa temple was weathered and damaged rapid progress because of multiple factor. General conservation scientific study and research are needed.