Earticle

The purpose of the study was to find the development of novice golfers' putting stroke technique. Twenty eight females(university students) were trained for 8 weeks and executed a putt as accurate as possible, in order to reach a target distance of 3m. Each golfer hit the ball 5 times repeatedly and the final position of the ball was marked in the data collecting paper for analyzing the characteristics of ball controlled. The results are listed below. During the first stroke, 90% of the strokes did not make the target position which is 60cm circle. Most of strokes were moved further than the target position. During the second stroke, the percentage of error was decreased about 75% of the total positions. At third stroke, the percentage of error was about 60% and the rest of them were the same. Based on 4 different quadrants, 1st quadrant was about 43.6% and 2nd quadrant was about 33.9%. When the novice golfers did the putting strokes, they hit the ball strongly and made the clubface opened and closed.

This study was conducted in order to create profiles of indoor golf users based on their lifestyle and socio-demographic characteristics and to verify the difference between service satisfaction and experience of flow according to users’ profile. The study used the survey data from 288 indoor golf users for analysis. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 18.0 and, according to the purpose of the study, applied various analysis including factor analysis, reliability analysis, frequency analysis, cluster analysis, cross-analysis, and analysis of variance (ANOVA). When significant differences are found between groups after ANOVA, Tukey’s HSD post-hoc test was conducted. First, four profiles were created based on lifestyle and socio-demographic characteristics; they are achievement and tradition, achievement and trend, tradition oriented, achievement oriented. Second, according to service satisfaction based on the profiles, significant difference was found between facility service and cost. Third, in terms of differences in experience of flow, significant difference was found among four sub-factors. These results are meaningful in that they provide strategies for marketing usage through creating profiles of indoor golf users.

This study was to examine the effects of regular golf exercise on body composition, blood components and basic fitness in mid-aged women. Therefore, 32 participants were divided into 2 groups such as 17 for control group and 15 for experimental group, and the results are as follows. The experimental group significant decreased body fat from 30.15±3.93% to 28.77±4.48%, glucose decreased from 91.07±7.81㎎/㎗ to 81.07±3.53㎎/㎗, low density lipoprotein decreased from 115.41±19.30㎎/㎗ to 101.33±21.78㎎/㎗, but only high density lipoprotein increased from 47.27±6.31 to 55.13±8.99㎎/㎗ after regular golf exercise. Moreover, forced vital capacity(FVC) showed significant increase from 2553.57±442.56㎖ to 2851.42±494.72㎖ after regular golf exercise, but sitted reach forward decreased significantly from 12.84±6.87cm to 15.04±6.42cm after regular golf exercise. With those results, the golf swing exercise which is normally carried out at the driving range considered that does not have any improvements and enhancement on body component, blood components and basic fitness, but if golf swing exercise performed continuously for a long time, it will increase the exercise intensity. Therefore, it might has the positive results on body component, blood components and basic fitness.

This study is about how the perceived fairness influences the related service quality and loyalty of golf tourists using international airline services. To achieve this goal, related determinants were extracted through precedent studies and data was collected through a survey. The analysis results are as follows. First, interactional justice has a huge influence on customers' satisfaction as well as their commitment. Second, like interactional justice, distributive justice has a significant influence on customers' loyalty if customers are satisfied with airline employees' service. Third, customers' commitment and satisfaction have an influence on their loyalty. Therefore, customers' general emotional state experienced through appointed service is a critical determinant in inducing customers' loyalty for airline companies

The Purpose of this study was to investigate selected muscle activities of trunk during a golf driver swing. 25 elite male golfers were used as subjects. Wireless surface EMG electrodes were attached on the right and left trapezius, latissimus dorsi, psoas, and external oblique muscles which was used to monitor muscle activities and one high speed camera was also used to define events and phases of the swing with sync unit. The results indicated that trapezius muscle showed high activity but psoas muscle showed low muscle activity. Particularly, left trapezius muscle showed the highest activity during back swing phase and left psoas muscle showed the lowest activity during late follow-through phase. These results can be used to understand correct muscle movements durung a golf swing and also may contribute to develop golf strength and conditioning program or assisting gear.

This study aimed to identify the effect of the balance training on the fitness and golf scores of the elite golf players and provide an applicable data for scientific training needed for improving professional fitness and golf techniques of the professional and amateur golfers. Dividing 22 professional golfers into 12 people in experiment group and 10 people in control group, sixty minutes of training, which included 10 minutes of warm-up and 40 minutes of main exercise, were conducted. The fitness (muscular strength, quickness, and balance), the total score, and the head speed were measured, compared and analyzed. The collected data were analyzed through technical statistics, paired-sample t-test and two-way ANOVA. The statistical significance in all areas was set by p < 0.05. First, the 12-week balance training on elite golf players did not show significant difference on development of muscular strength. Also, there was no statistically significant difference in period and also in group effect, and no difference was detected in period X group interactive effect. Second, the 12-week balance training on elite golf players showed a positive effect on development of balance. Also, there was no significant difference in period and group effect, and there was significant difference in period X group (F=8.409, p<.01). Third, the 8-week balance training had a positive effect on the development of quickness. Also, there was no significant difference in period and in group effect, but was significant difference in period X group (F=10.524, p<.01).

The study has the purpose to examine the golf performance motives and experiences of the present golf coaches and reveal the studies phenomenally on their career change courses when participating as coaches. the qualitative research method was utilized and 10 research participants who are able to keep communicating positively with the researcher with positive self-expression were selected. Through this research course, below results could be acquired. If golf coaches who are considered to be professionals cannot discern self-control about their actions as strong professional courses, this must bring about exterior control, namely heteronomous regulations. This means that if organizations couldn’t regulate the spread of golf coach’s misconducts or non-ethical actions, golf coaches would take opinions against the whole national interest for their own group interest and inevitably face national controls.

Despite the variety of different aiming situations in golf performance, according to the state of the art of the current aiming theory, all of the methods share the one principle, the one point aiming method: the target direction matches with the club face direction. In this manner the golfer may directly control the ball to move to the target direction. However, the results of the one point aiming brings about the frustration and psychological tension to the golfers because, in most cases, the balls tend to be scattering off the target without expectable regularities. The purpose of this study was to propose a new aiming theory based on the effects of separating the aiming point in address position from the aiming point in down swing path. The new aiming method involves generating a regular distortion to the traveling path of the ball by aligning the body and club position to the first target and swinging the club toward the second target. By generating such regular distortion, the swing method achieves controlling and moving the ball to the desired area by generating 'concentration effect'. To verify the theory, twenty four professional golfers participated in the study. Each of them hit 22 balls at the pin from the distance of 100 meter by the one point aiming method and the dual point aiming method respectively. The experiment showed the practical possibilities of the dual point aiming method. There were no statistically significant difference in the absolute distance from the pin and the dropped point of the balls between the two methods. However, the dual point aiming method showed statistically significant advantages in distance control and the concentration tendency of dropped golf balls.

This study was conducted from three weeks, and has been made to analyze psychological skill factors of amateur housewife-golfers. In Gumi, 221 amateur housewife-golfers using golf clubs have been surveyed. This study came to the following conclusions. First, the amount of time that they have played golf had significant effects on the psychological skill factors of amateur housewife-golfers. The study has shown the differences in risk management, stress release, goal aiming, mental readiness, confidence, motive of achievement, and reliance on coach; which are included in the psychological skill factors. Secondly, the study has also shown that the amount of time amateur housewife-golfers have played golf had significant effects on these psychological skill factors. The study has shown the differences in goal aiming, mental readiness, confidence, and motive of achievement which are included in the psychological skill factors. Thirdly, average figures had significant effects on the psychological skill factors of amateur housewife-golfers. The study has shown the differences in risk management, releasing the stress, goal aiming, mental readiness, confidence, and motive of achievement that are also included in the psychological skill factors. Lastly, whether they had a club membership or not didn't have much effects on psychological skill factors of amateur housewife-golfers.

This study aimed at figuring out the level of importance and the order of priority of the factors (the instructional ability, physical conditions, attitudes and career) golfers were satisfied with regarding a golf instructor through an AHP analysis. In order to achieve the aim, a survey was conducted involving 100 golfers sampled from the golfers using a golf range in Seoul. Of the collected questionnaires, 28 were excluded due to their inconsistency in the AHP analysis and the other 72 questionnaires were subjected to the analysis. Through these procedures, the following conclusions were acquired. First, the golf driving range membership types available for a daily membership motivation and physique condition, coupons, membership expression and age, month membership leadership and build conditions, the expressive and aesthetic conditions year membership showed that more important. Second, the period of participation in golf in the golf career of more than 10 years, the importance of the leaders to qualify, while more than 11 years if the map showed that the period is more important. Third, the frequency of participation in golf, is less than or equal to 10 times, deadlines, while important, expressive, 11-20 times a leadership and motivation, at least once every 21 to 30 showed that more important. Fourth, in a round of golf experience, availability, non-beginners any physique condition, important deadlines, while Microscope-experienced important than the aesthetic criteria that appear to be better. Fifth, the golf handicap, 11-20 handicap is only noticeable difference, the leader's satisfaction is more important in the leadership and found that eligibility.

스포츠에서 추구하는 '좋은 연습’은 훈련이나 수행에 있어서 탁월함을 추구하기 위하여 필요한 행위의 집중과 주관적인 의미를 고취시키는 하나의 다이내믹한 상태를 의미한다. 본 연구에서 스포츠현장에서의 좋은 연습법의 상태와 관련된 특성들을 열거하고, 스포츠에서의 그것의 실질적 기능과 실천을 위한 심도 있는 이해를 구하고자 하였다. 연구의 결과로서 다음과 같은 사항들이 제시되었다. 첫째, 도덕적인 관점에서 좋은 연습이 된다는 것은 선수가 연습을 통하여 고결하게 됨을 의미한다. 둘째, 신체의 근육 활동, 피로 및 대사체계와 관계되는 수의적인 실패의 한계를 월하기 위한 끈기와 의지의 강인함이 생리학적 관점에서의 좋은 연습에 부가되는 덕목이다. 셋째, 목적론적 관점에서 좋은 연습은 선수는 외재적 결과들을 추구하기 보다는 연습 그 자체를 추구하고자 함을 말한다. 넷째, 인식론적 점에서 좋은 연습은 연습과정에서 형성된 자신만의 명제적 지식이 절차적 지식과 부합됨을 말하며 이는 좋은 연습의 의미, 가치 및 기준이 되는 것이다. 다섯째, 미학적인 관점에서 볼 때 선천적 주관성과 이에 따른 미적 감각의 지각과 체험은 좋은 연습에 매우 유용함을 가져다 줄 수 있다.

The purpose of this study is to enumerate and examine upon those characteristics of being that are most central to the condition of right practice, and to develop a more comprehensive understanding of its function in sport. Right practice is a dynamic condition that guides and imbues training and performance with the subjective meaning and intensity of involvement necessary to achieve excellence. Aspects of this condition of right practice include - the moral. focusing on the internal and external goods of practice; the physiological, focusing on surpassing physical limitation; the teleological, focusing on means-ends and process-product orientation and value; the epistemological, focusing on knowing-that and knowing-how; the aesthetic, focusing on form and feeling, technical mastery, the flow experience, and ultimate contest. In conclusion, each of separate components and views investigated and proposed above discussion provides partial insight into the condition of being in right practice.