Earticle

As the economy drastically develops recently, golf has become popular and many Korean female pro golfers have been produced. As a result, their advancement into LPGA, the dream of female pro golfers, and news about their winning give hopes to golfers in Korea. Besides, the fact that golf was adopted as an official event in Olympic Games since 2016 clearly shows the possibilities of its worldwide popularization. Although golf has become popularized in a global scale, golf-related association, home and abroad, have released few studies on the social and cultural functions of American female golf. Thus, this study examines the development and organizational changes of US female golf associations after the Second World War, when US female golf started to be developed into the modern day formation, in order to present the understanding and vision of US female golf. The findings are as follows First, USA after the Second World War resumed its economic, social, and cultural attempts, and thus female golf circles too resumed the pro-golfers activities and matches. As a result, women started to advance into the society, which resulted in great economic values that brought in social and cultural changes; Second, the replacement of WPGA to LPGA initiated the activation of female golf matches, and formation of various female golf associations such as the four major competitions and foundation of the Hall of Fame contributed to the development of US female golf; Third, the US sponsorship in association with female golf associations improved the skills of US female pro golfers. As the marketing strategies of companies by means of female pro golfers were successful, the profits created led to social returning works, which also contributed to the social, cultural, and economic development of USA. To sum up, the development of US female golf was affected by the sponsorship of US female golf association and various related companies as well as by female golfers' zealous activity.

In this present society, golf is a world wide favorable sport and there are many Korean golf players who have become world wide stars and have helped the popularization of golf in Korea. By recent years, there have been many natural scientific researches on golf, however, there have not been many cases to investigate the origin and its organization process in terms of socio-cultural function. The birth place of golf was St. Andrews, Scotland, UK and the modern golf evolved through its modern organization. In the 13th century Scotland, golf, a past time for common people, had many restrictions through its history, in contrast, the development started with the athleticism among the royal family and the middle class and in the 18th century through organized golf association and standardized game rules, golf today can exist. This research corrects the errors of golf history and can be a fundamental study to understand the development of gold in the global history and also to be able to provide the popularity of golf.

The purpose of this study was to introduce new bentgrass cultivars and its characteristics and describe problems when the new bentgrass cultivars are planted in the golf courses in Korea without the investigation of new cultivar and its adaptation to the climate of Korea. Since the middle of 1990s, the application of new bentgrass cultivars has increased in the newly-constructed Korean Golf courses. However, due to the limitation of information on new cultivars with regard to Korean weather and other conditions, new released bentgrass cultivars have shown problems in their growth and adaptation to golf courses in Korea. Therefore, it is supposed to elucidate the characteristics of new bentgrass cultivars which developed since the 1990s. In conclusion, this study found that newly introduced betgrass cultivars should be evaluated for the Korea weather condition and geographical situation of individual golf course. Moreover, appropriate management of new bentgrass cultivars should be established and supplied to the course manager and turfgrass growers. Then, golf courses in Korea could be provided good quality of turfgrass which is placed on putting green to customer and players.

This research analysed the effect of service quality on the customer satisfaction and revisit intention in golf clubs and give some information for golf course management. Some researches on measurement of service quality management were reviewed. As a result of this study, seven factors were come out as important factors for managing golf course. These factors are staff, caddy, golf course, price, reservation, course managing and geography. 312 survey are collected and analysed by t-test, one-way ANOVA, multiple-regression analysis by using SPSS/PC+12.0 statistical package. The results are as follows. 1. The customer's satisfaction is effected by service quality factors and the customer's individual characters(gender, age, handicap, number of visit) have effect on the service quality factors of golf course. Female are more satisfied than male in all factors. Elder person are less satisfied than younger person in pice factor. person who have 9 handicap and visit golf course for many time are not satisfied in all factor. 2. The customer's satisfaction has a significant effect on the customer's revisit intention. These factors are golf curse, price, corse managing, and geography.

This research provides base data to establish sponsorship strategy using professional golf player by investigate the golf sponsor brand image ultimately effect intention of purchase. To conduct this research, researchers and investigators explained object of the research and distribute questionnaire to members if golf practice range in Seoul and Kyung-gi. The questionnaire filled by respondents themselves and uses Window SPSS ver. 12.0K program to analyze the data. Researchers use Frequency Analysis and Descriptive Statistics to examine the demographic trait of golf gallery and frequency of each question. To verify consumer’s sports sponsorship recognition level, purchasing action according to advertisement of golf sponsorship enterprise, researchers use exploratory Factor Analysis and computed Cronbach’s a value to validate the credibility. According to content of questions uses Cross tabulation Analysis, t-inspection, one way-Analysis of Variance to compare the average. Use periodic analysis to examine the golf sponsor ship brand image effects purchasing intention. The result that process material analysis and research, it present conclusion as below.First, professional golf player sponsor ship is more effective to male, aged, large income golfer. Therefore, set the marketing strategy due to lifestyle. Second, the advertisement through pro golfer has to set the target to consumers who concentrate in golfer advertisement. Also, logograms on hat and chest are effective. Third, the enterprise image is related to every factors and the enterprise has to raise Corporate Favorite Index, Industrial Advertising, Contribution to society. As the result above, keep up the relationship between enterprise and consumer, the enterprise need to research for golf marketing.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of playing golf on employees' leisure satisfaction. This study surveyed 200 male employees who are currently working at the P Steel Company in Gwangyang. The questionnaire for this study consisted socio-demographic characteristics and leisure satisfaction. A t-test, a One Way ANOVA and a regression analysis were conducted on the data with SPSS program, and the results of this study are as follows, The research shows that there are no statistically significant differences between sociodemographic characteristics and the participation in golf. In terms of the leisure satisfaction according to sociodemographic characteristics, psychological, physical and relaxant satisfactions were relatively high depending on the frequency of the participation. With regard to the factors concerning the leisure satisfaction, the more frequent the participation in golf, the higher the level of leisure satisfaction.

The purpose of this study was to figure out the motives of golf instructors, and teaching experiences they encounter as they pursue their careers from an in-depth phenomenological approach. Among many methods, the qualitative research method was implemented and five participants who could actively communicate to the researcher were selected. After the research process, the following results were drawn. For most participants, the recognition of golf was first introduced from their parents. Furthermore, only few participants started playing golf for their own needs. These people consider golf as a part-time job, a future investment, and a tool for selfconsciousness. Thus, it is more like mandatory to play golf rather than playing as amusements. From their perspective, golf as a necessary device for their success, they strongly emphasize that golf takes a significant role in their sociability, and it keeps the door open for their possibilities to succeed.

This study aims at providing a basic material which is useful for improving athletic performance by seeking the psychological hindrance that can arise during a game and the treatment method. The subject of this study is 60 tour professional golfers registered for KPGA(Korea Professional Golfers' Association) and 60 applicants who wish to be a professional golfer in Korea. The data were processed by SPSS 12.0 Version, and both cross tabulation(Χ2) and t-test were used to analyze the statistical data. The results of this study are detailed as follows. First, it showed that would-be professional golfers had greater psychological hindrance than tour professional golfers in the situations of ‘‘the decline in concentration’’, ‘‘the anxiety, tension and excitement’’ , ‘‘the loss of desire or decline in motivation’’, ‘‘taking a penalty stroke during a favorable game’’, ‘‘the lack of skills and strategies’’, ‘‘the variation of a game schedule or time assignment’’, ‘‘the variation of the method of progressing a game’’ and ‘‘the lack of training’’. Second, there wasn’t a significant difference in the effect of psychological hindrance for wouldbe professional golfers in the situations of ‘‘the mistakes in choosing a club’’, ‘‘when the opponent's ball approaches the hall first’’, ‘‘when 3 putting is expected’’, ‘‘slump’’, ‘‘the fear of an outcome’’, ‘‘the method of progressing a game’’ and ‘‘the disagreement with a caddy’’. However, there was a significant difference in the effect of psychological hindrance on a game for both tour professional golfers and would-be professional golfers in the other 21 situations except these 7 situations (p<.05), and would be professional golfers have been influenced more than tour professional golfers in those situations. Third, there was a significant difference in the treatment method for psychological hindrance for both tour professional golfers and would be professional golfers in the situations of ‘‘the fear of a mistake or failure’’, ‘‘the anxiety, tension and excitement’’, ‘‘the excessive selfconfidence ’’, ‘‘the fear of an outcome", ‘‘the loss of desire or the decline in motivation’’, ‘‘when 3 putting is expected’’, ‘‘the mistakes in choosing a club’’, ‘‘the lack of skills and strategies’’, ‘‘the pace of the other player’’, ‘‘the method of progressing a game’’, ‘‘the lack of training’’, ‘‘the lack of physical strength’’ and ‘‘when the opponent’s ball approaches the hall first’’ (p<.05). In the follow-up research, it is required to examine the psychological training method to cope with the psychological hindrance and the effect. The athletic performance can be improved by carrying out both a psychological and technical training exercise.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of golf teacing method for using Muscle looseness Training and Swing Machine. The 13 golfer in university were selected for sample. Their major are golf and 10 males and 3 females. Two times per week, golfers were trained with Muscle looseness Training and they practiced driver shot in the class. The driver distance, driver speed, tempo, and rounding scores of golfers were checked for each two weeks until 8 weeks. The golfers hit the ball with driver and their swing were analysed with swing machine for each two weeks to know dirver distance and head speed were increased or not as well as tempo score was different or same. The results of this study were as follows: First, driver head speed of golfers were statistically no significant difference. Second, Driver distance of golfers were statistically no significant difference except third test and fifth test. Therefore, third and fifth test were statistically significant difference. Third, Tempo was statistically no significant difference. Finally, Rounding scores were statistically significant difference at only second test.

The purpose of the study was to examine what phenomenon took place after swing with three kinds of drivers manufactured specially to examine an effect of change of head weight in swing on quality of pitch. For test, the study manufactured clubs with different balances-DO, D2.5 and D5- and analyzed quality of pitch with trackman. When pro golfers hit balls in about 107mile head speed, the study investigated their accuracy and direction. As the results, a club with D2.5 in head weight was the best accuracy and direction. In the light head D0, the study could see that swing orbit moved toward outside/in, had a high trajectory and consequently had a lot of hooks. A club with heavy head of D5 had the same result as D2.5 club in the side of efficiency. However, in all factors of overall driving distance and direction, it was not beyond D2.5. Averagely as much as head is light, there were diverse deviations such as hook, slice, fade and throw after impacting. The deviation was reduced as much as head was heavy. Examining D2.5 club with the best result, it had fade moving to the right side in the landing point although face was somewhat closed in the impact point. In flight time, fade had less time than hook. However, in direction and driving distance, it had a little deviation and the best direction and driving distance.

For the purpose of developing the education of Golf, we have to take it into consideration with other experts in Golf. According to a survey of the course after graduation, for instance, most of the students majoring dreamed of being a professional golfer or Instructor. Of course, it is such a natural phenomenon(reaction) for them; however, it's also a waste in comparison with the rate of population. Therefore, I think that we should give some changes to our current curriculum to make a distinction at any price. As an alternative idea in the field of Golf Industry, we must to provide a characterized education programme and it must be developed as an area of occupation. In conclusion, I do believe and expect that the application of the development in Caddies education programme and the curriculum related with Golf would be a positive model for the next generation.

The purpose of this study was to introduce new bentgrass cultivars and its characteristics and describe problems when the new bentgrass cultivars are planted in the golf courses in Korea without the investigation of new cultivar and its adaptation to the climate of Korea. Since the middle of 1990s, the application of new bentgrass cultivars has increased in the newly-constructed Korean Golf courses. However, due to the limitation of information on new cultivars with regard to Korean weather and other conditions, new released bentgrass cultivars have shown problems in their growth and adaptation to golf courses in Korea. Therefore, it is supposed to elucidate the characteristics of new bentgrass cultivars which developed since the 1990s. In conclusion, this study found that newly introduced betgrass cultivars should be evaluated for the Korea weather condition and geographical situation of individual golf course. Moreover, appropriate management of new bentgrass cultivars should be established and supplied to the course manager and turfgrass growers. Then, golf courses in Korea could be provided good quality of turfgrass which is placed on putting green to customer and players.