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The purpose of this study was conducted to enhance the performance and prevent injuries in golf by comparing the activation of lower limb muscle according to whether wear the golf shoes or not during iron swing. 9 participants who are lower than handicap of 5 were selected for this study, and the results are as follow. Right side of rectus femoris, bicep femoris and tibialis anterior did not show the differences in significance level about the activation of muscle during iron golf swing whether the subjects wear the golf shoes or normal shoes. However, with the result of right side of gastrocnemius, the average score showed significant differences whether participants wear the golf shoes or normal shoes(P<.03). Left side of rectus femoris, bicep femoris, tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius did not showed any significant differences whether subjects wear the golf shoes or normal shoes. Thus, wearing golf shoes increase the torque of feet and quicken the movement for center of body. It also helps to transfer more power at impact during golf swing with small power rather than normal shoes. So, the results can be seen that golf shoes have more stability.

The purpose of this study is to find meaning and essence of teaching experiences using phenomenological approach which makes figure out universal and essential aspects of human phenomena. To do this, in-depth interview was made to know teaching experiences of golf coach, the interview results were analyzed, and the analyzed results were understood from their views. The subjects for this study were 10 participants and they were observed and interviewed from September to December, 2011. For analysis of collected data, data were transcribed and coded, and went through the creation of subject. Based on teaching experiences of golf coach, in-depth approach was made in advance. As a result, some concepts were suggested as follows. First, meeting with golf. Second, pleasure from participation in golf. Third, value of golf that golf coach thinks. Fourth, it was known that teaching experiences of golf not only include simple activity of external expression but also include private, social, and cultural inner value by formation of ego through coaching golf. By these reasons, it is expected that teaching experiences of golf can play a great role in cultivating capacity of many golf coaches because teaching experiences of golf can be utilized as very useful subject and tool in qualitative study

This research was conducted with the purpose of providing the basic document on the effectiveness of psychological skills training on professional golfers. The researchers conducted 8 week psychological skills training on skilled golfers preparing to be professional golfers, analyzed the changes in their psychological states before and after the training and measured their performances. 1. Changes in the psychological state The change in the level of Challenging Spirit during the 8 week training indicated no difference in the training results between the training group and the control group. The change in the level of Imagery, Self-confidence, and Concentration after the 8 weeks training showed meaningful difference and indicated the higher levels for the training group. The change in the level of Arousal Score during the 8 week training showed not significant in the training group in comparison with the control group. 2. Performances The changes in the number of strokes after 8 weeks training showed statistically meaningful difference between the training group and control group. And verification between groups after 8 weeks also showed a statistically meaningful difference. Among potential internal/external factors which affect golf performance, psychological factors are considered to be the most critical elements on overall golf performance for both skilled and unskilled golfers. And this requires an effective training method for psychological skills. In addition, psychological skills training programs to meet the needs of both skilled and unskilled players need to be systematically developed and applied.

The purpose of this study was to examine the eye movement in golf putting depending on different skill levels and address pattern. Golfers(5 experts and 5 non-experts) performed a golf putting task of 2m distances. The Eye tracker(Dikablis 2.0) has been used to examine the eye movement while two-way ANOVA has been conducted to analyze the fixed eyesight value obtained the process. During golf putting, eye movement analysis of the skills and visions are on the ball and the hole which are as follows: the number of glances was significant differences in the visual pattern. mean glance duration, percentaged glance proportion, maximal glance duration, and minimal glance duration showed significant differences in the skill. When putting the skills and vision for the eye movement depending on the hole showed the difference between the mean values​​, but did not show statistically significant differences. Therefore, the ready position of putting address before the swing, visually related behavior of the backswing to the impact depending on the address pattern and skills to putt. Also the skills and address pattern of attention that determine the athletic capacity in terms of putting technique are expected to serve as basic materials for activating training and education programs for beginners and intermediate-level golfers.

The purpose of the study was to characterize the ball movement on the sloped green while putting stroke. For this study, a plate(1 m length, 0.9 m width, 0.03 m depth) was made with pine tree. This plate can make four different types of slope which are uphill slope, downhill slope, hook slope, and slice slope. To identify the ball rolling conditions, same energy is provided by putter head. That is why the mechanical swing machine was used in this study. This machine can hold the putter and moves like a pendulum. If the club head moves backward(35 cm) in same distance, it can produce the same energy. The distance of ball movement was set on 2 meters. The origine(0,0) was set on the corner of the plate and the ball(target line) was set on 70 cm difference from the origin. Therefore the coordinates of the ball are (70,0). In this study, x-axis stands for direction and y-axis stands for distance. The results are as follows. On flat, ball was stopped 69.0 cm which is 1 cm difference with target line. On uphill and downhill slope, ball was stopped 71.0 cm and 71.2 cm, respectively. In this case, the differences are only 1.0 cm and 1.2 cm. On side hill slope(hook plate), ball was stopped 14.7 cm which is 54.3 cm difference from the target line. From the point of view of direction, side hill slope can affect mainly during the ball moving conditions. On flat, ball was moved 204.3 cm from the original position. On uphill slope, ball was moved only 117.2 cm. It is only 57% comparing with flat slope. On downhill slope, ball was moved 338.8 cm. It is about 166% comparing with flat slope. On side hill slope, ball was moved 196.6 cm. The difference between flat and side hill slopes is only 7.7 cm. Definitely, uphill and downhill slope can affect the total distance of ball.

The purpose of this study seeks to meet the increasingly varying needs of golf spectators. It can be said that the analysis of golf spectators’ behaviors such as their spectating tendencies and values in golf events may be significantly meaningful and serve as important data to find out golf spectators’ leisure perception, their tendencies and spectatorship values inclinations. It is judged that this study may offer basic data with differentiation and development-potential so as to promote golf-related industry and marketing and hold golf events for golf spectators. Based on analysis of between golf spectators’ leisure perception, spectators’ tendencies and spectatorship values, this study aims to point out golf spectators’ spectating problems and satisfaction and offer a plan of how to activate golf spectating culture. As a result of the above data analysis, the following conclusion came out. First, in the analysis of relation between Golf spectators’ leisure perception on the spectators’ tendencies of Participation. Second, in the analysis of relation between Golf spectators’ leisure perception on the spectatorship values of Participation.

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of self-management behaviors and sport flow on state anxiety in golf players and provide materials for improving their performance and play. In order to achieve this purpose, this study was conducted with 455 high school and college golf players in G Metropolitan City and C Province and the following results were obtained. Self-management behaviors had a positive effect on sport flow and sport flow had a positive effect on state anxiety. Self-management behaviors also had a positive effect on state anxiety. In conclusion, all research hypotheses influenced positively. Based on the results, it is considered that golf players should devote themselves to individual self-management behaviors and improve a flow on the golf game. Furthermore when coaches gives systematic training to reduce players' state anxiety and checks their self-management behaviors steadily before golf games, their performance will be greatly improved.

This study made an empirical analysis on the significance and satisfaction of screen golf course selection attributes through IPA method and the results are as follows. First, both significance and satisfaction are high in the 1st quadrant, which are the attributes requiring maintenance and management under current status. Attributes belonging to the 1st quadrant are number of screen rooms, preparation of golf club, cleanliness, convenient parking, appropriateness of general fees, appropriateness of membership fees and types of program. Second, 2nd quadrant shows attributes with high significance but low satisfaction, which are the attributes requiring top priority improvement. Kindness, convenient reservation system, distance, discount for long-term use are the attributes belonging to the 2nd quadrant. Third, attributes in the 3rd quadrant are not necessary to be considered at this time for their low significance and the degree of achievement. Safety, number of layer of business place, comfortableness, beverage & refreshment provided, recommendation by surrounding people, reputation of golf course, promotional materials, level of program and diversity of program are included in the 3rd quadrant. Fourth, 4th quadrant is showing the attributes with low significance but high satisfaction, which shall be considered in respect of current efforts belonging to the excessive efforts, but not found in this study.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of self-control psychological skills training program on psychological skills and performance of golf players. For the purpose of this study, psychological skills training and self-control training program including psychological characteristics of subject was operated. The psychological training program detailed and analyzed includes goal setting, relaxation, self-talk, stoop, grid, image and routine training. Ten male high school golfers were selected as the research subject and was subsequently subjected to 21 trails of the program over a course of 10 months. The measurements were both quantitative and qualitative in psychological skill scale for golfers and depth interview. The main findings of this study were as follows. Anxiety, challenge, visualization, self-confidence, concentration, arousal control factor and golfer's scoring average were showed progressively improvement.

This study analyzes a structural model on PGA players’ athletic performance and identifies differences in the structural model based on the players’ performance level, using multiple-group analysis. For this purpose, the players were classified into two groups according to the collected three-year athletic performance data: superior group for those who earned over USD 50,000, and non-superior group with earnings below USD 50,000. The collected data include driving distance, driving accuracy percentage, greens in regulation percentage, scrambling, sand save percentage, putts per round, and scoring average. The data were analyzed using AMOS 7.0. The analysis result shows that the average of the PGA players in the superior group is influenced by driving distance, driving accuracy percentage, greens in regulation percentage, scrambling, and putts per round. Driving distance has the most influence. On the contrary, such elements as driving distance, driving accuracy percentage, greens in regulation percentage, scrambling, sand save percentage, and putts per round influence the average of the non-superior group players. Greens in regulation percentage is the element with the most influence. In conclusion, there was a difference in the athletic performance found in the structural model analysis of the superior and non-superior groups. Moreover, the biggest differences in the athletic performance in the two groups are affected by scrambling and the performance is much higher in the superior group.

This study investigated the effects of the presence of the pre-shot routine before the performance routine and shot in a competition on the autonomic nerves, swing action, and kinematic variables directly with respect to 9 college golf players. The results can be summarized as follows. Although the performance routine and pre-shot routine applied before a golf game for the golf players who are burden to their score may improve the average number of heart rates, it was verified that it decreased the sympathetic nerve and increased the parasympathetic nerve according to the general stabilization in autonomic nerves.

This study aimed to restore the first generation golf swing (1G swing) in its original shape and verify its power compared with the contemporary golf swing. Based on the review of relevant literature and visual materials including two images of the golf swing from the 19 century antique drawings, it first identified three characteristics of the 1G swing: 1) the three-rod swing with a bent left arm and flying right elbow, 2) a big body turn with lift left heel, and 3) a backward moving head position in the backswing. Then, adopting a trial and error method, the restoration of the 1G swing was made at four stages. At the initial stage, the shape of the 1G swing was imitated by the researcher as close as possible and the swing form was video-taped. At the enhancement stage, the swing was refined by video feedback until the imitated swing looked visually identical to the prototypical images shown in the antique drawings. At the exploration stage, various shot making methods were explored while maintaining the imitated shape of the swing. At the final confirmation stage, the most powerful and consistent shot making method was emerged. This shot making method was regarded as the 1G swing. Once the 1G swing was restored visually, it was described in detailed words using contemporary swing concepts. To verify the effect of the restored 1G swing, a golf teaching professional compared the power of the 1G swing to that of the contemporary swing across various aspects. The result showed no significant differences between the two swing methods in general elements such as the flying distance, height of a ball, club head speed at impact. Only flight duration was significantly longer for the 1G swing (p<.05). Based on the result, implications and potentials of 1G swing were discussed.

Recently, the legislator passed a new labor standards law, which limits the maximum working time to 40 hours per week. In accordance, the today’s increasing focus on the leisure activities, especially in golf, is encouraged not only with the increased spare time for the working class people, but also with the current social inclination in well-being of the lifestyle. To participate in the sport, people need suitable equipment, clothes and shoes. Accordingly, sport marketing area has become an area of war. To reflect these consumer needs, various products market has developed and the competition between companies become even severer. These industrial developments resulted in virtually homogeneous products, giving product providers hard time in attracting consumers. This research used convenience sampling of nonprobability sampling among 700 golfers who have experiences of buying golf club. Of 700 questionnaire, 638 were collected, and 575 were found valid. The measurement tool used was the survey questionnaires. Besides, in order to analyze the collected materials, the statistical program such as PC/SPSS 15.0 ver. for Windows use was also applied. The reliability test used 15.0 and Frequecy Analysis, T-Test, One-Way ANOVA, Correction Analysis, Multiple Regression and Path Analysis through surveys were applied. Like the above, through materials' analysis using research methodologies and procedures. The results of the study are as follows: First, based on the study subject, the consumer buying-decision process on various kinds of golf clubs is depended on the demographical characteristic. Second, the demographical characteristics of the study group also affect the degree of awareness in the brand equity. Third, repurchasing behavior is influenced by the consumer-buying decision making factors as they are also interrelated to each other. Forth, The brand equity recognition and the repurchasing behavior are interrelated to each other as loyalty to a certain brand is mainly influenced by the the level of appreciation on the brand equity.