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Recently as local golf players have advanced into the American LPGA or PGA with the golf player, Seri Pak, as a start, it has been adding magnificent stories to Korean golf history and making tremendous issues in American golf as well. Although overseas sport history and sociology sectors are paying higher attention to the reason for the successful sport of Korean female golfers and its ripple effect, domestic academic sectors have hardly conducted researches to analyze the socio-cultural functions of golf. Thereupon, this article attempts to understand the socio-cultural functions and effects of golf by examining golf’s British origin hypothesis, its introduction to America, and the developmental process of female golf which are considered to influence the sociocultural evolution of golf significantly in the sociological context. The followings summarize the results of this research. First, in terms of its origin, the Scottish origin hypothesis seems influential. Based on this study, golf was enjoyed as play by common people at first, and then it became positioned as a game for royal families and upper class people around the 16th century. After that, it was more organized and internationalized along with the wave of the industrialization in the 18th century. Second, it is presumed that golf was introduced to American society around the end of 19th century. Clubs were formed centering around New York. It was even transmitted to women, too. From its initial induction, golf seems to have been characterized by professionalism based on capital. Third, golf which had been exclusively enjoyed by men became popularized within women as well in American society from the latter half of the 20th century. These sorts of transitional aspects in golf can be found from the records of female golfers and the golf wear. Accordingly, the development of American female golf reflects the social participation of women and its continuity, and this kind of climate is thought to influence world’s golf culture as well as Korea’s considerably.

The golf industry is quickly developing according to a continuous increase of young consumers and woman consumers with the existing consumers, thanks to the masses’ high recognition about the necessity of leisure life with the boom of the tourism industry and golf industry out of the leisure sports industry. In the contemporary society, sports tourism occupies very high weight in leisure. Especially, consumers’ desire for golf tourism connected with golf gets higher and a lot of overseas golf tourism goods are being developed. Now such a change of market and consumers’ desire for golf tourism are growing together. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to construct a strategic foundation to induce tourists who want to participate in golf tourism and to secure them as a customer by disclosingwhat difference there are in service quality satisfaction according to tourists’demographical characteristics with golf touristsand analyzing what effect satisfaction for the service quality had on repurchase behaviors. The study carried out a survey through convenience sampling method out of non-probability sampling method with consumers who participated in golf tourism in 2007. The study used total 399 copies judged that there is reliability lastly as an effective sample, excepting questionnaires including data with poor or unrecorded answers out of collectedsamples. A survey had 22 questions sorted into service quality, repurchase behavior and demographical characteristics. The study carried out frequency analysis, factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis and multi regression analysis with SPSS Ver. 12.0K. The conclusions through the above process were as follows. First, there were significant differences among each group in service quality satisfaction according to age and job out of demographical characteristics of golf tourism participants. Second, the service quality satisfaction of golf tourism participants had a significant effect on repurchase behaviors of golf tourism.

The customer satisfaction of driving range users is gradually being attached great importance. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to present basic data, applicable to the marketing strategy of driving ranges, through ascertaining the actual condition of using the driving ranges having screen simulators and customer satisfaction measurement. The 378, living in Daegu, who live in Daegu, Korea and frequently use driving ranges, were question naired and their satisfaction measurement and the intention of reuse were analyzed. The followings are research results. First, gender-based customer satisfaction measurement and the intention of reuse were not statistically significant in all subordinate variables, and the respondents who are in their thirties and fifties, who are well-educated, who have large incomes, and who are unmarried showed high satisfaction measurement respectively in the subordinate variable of marketing mix. Second, the expend of using driving ranges and monthly rounds were not statistically significant. Third, the group, who uses between three and five times a week, showed the high satisfaction measurement irrespective of the screen simulator. Likewise, the groups who uses it one or two hours every time, who expend between 100 and 150 dollars in using driving ranges, who are monthly membership, who uses it among friends or associates, who make much of practice condition, who mostly use between 06:00pm and 10:00pm, who use it with an introduction from the same member, and who decided to join it by the influence of friends showed the highest satisfaction measurement. Forth, programs, trainers, facilities and services did not show significant differences statistically. With regard to the intention of reuse, a statistical significance was observed within 1 percent. The satisfaction measurement showed high value in the driving ranges in which screen simulators are not equipped. Fifth, it was known that customer satisfaction measurement has a significant influence on the intention of reuse statistically. Specifically, trainers (β=.513), facilities (β=.242), programs (β=.127) exerted positive influences in order (p<.001). Considering the explanatory proportion of the customer satisfaction measurement of driving ranges related with the variable of the intention of reuse, it accounted for 51.1%(R2=.511).

The purpose of this study was to identify critical parameters of a putting performance using jerk cost function. Jerk is the time rate of change of acceleration and it has been suggested that a skilled performance is characterized by decreased jerk magnitude. Four elite golfers(handicap≤2) and 4 novice golfers participated in this study for the comparison. The 3D kinematic data were collected for each subject performing 5 trials of putts for each of these distances (random order): 1m, 3m, 5m. The putting stroke was divided into 3 phases such as back swing, down swing and follow-through. In this study, it was assumed that there exist smoothness difference between elite and novice golfers during putting. The distance and jerk-cost function of Putting stroke for each phase were analyzed. Results showed that there was a significant difference in jerk cost function at putter toe (at medio-lateral direction) and at the center of mass between two groups by increasing putting distance. From these it could be concluded that jerk can be used as a kinematic parameter for distinguishing elite and novice golfers.

The purpose of this study wasto examine and analyze the coaching behaviors of golf instructors to find the distinctive characteristic coaching behaviors. A total of four (Female = 2 Male = 2) golf instructors were selected. To collect data, each participant was asked to demonstrate their "best" lessons for 30 minutes and complete a demographic questionnaire. A systematic computer software (i.e. BEST) was used to analyze the data. The results showed that coaches provided feedback to their athletes approximately every 30 seconds and the single largest category of the participants’ behavior was silence. However, when seven categories (pre-instruction, concurrent instruction, post-instruction, questioning, physical assistance, positive modeling and negative modeling) which are directly related to the instruction (Lacy & Darst, 1989) were combined, instruction became the largest behavior of all behaviors. In addition, the praise to scold ratio and the positive to negative modeling ratios were approximately 4:1 and 3:1, respectively.

The purpose of this study was to know the result about study of golf teaching method for using image training. The 20 golfer was selected and divided by two groups with 10 each player. One was image training group as a experimental and other was control group. The both groups were trained basic skills by two instructors who was PGA member and professor. Profesisonal golfer taught players the basic skills of golf with short game, field and indoor. Professor taught image training to image training group after players finished their work. The collected data was used SPSS Glm and one way ANOVA. As a result of this study, firstly, image training group was effectively conceivd the training method when golfers trained that skills for at least 6 weeks. Secondly, There were no correlation between image group and control group. Finally, control groups skills were increased step by step continually, however, experimental group there skills downed until two test, after that it was increased.

The sports performance is up to constitutional physical ability, daily physical conditions and multi-factors. However, these factors are meaningful, only when the nutrition status is enough, in many sports aspects as well as golf sports. The preventive nutrition prescription for sleep disorders and water deficit is important in pre-competition day. And carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion for mental concentration is also the name of the game to golf performance. The type of CHO is prefer complex type like whole grain (brown rice) to simple type like sugar. The water supplement for every 10-20 minutes is very importance during golf play because the exercise performances including golf sports are decreased by dehydration less than 1% of body weight. During golf play, the CHO supplement, the most fast absorption rate, is recommended to endurance ability and mental concentration. Also, branched chain amino acid (BCAA) ingestion during golf play could decrease central nervous fatigue and peripheral fatigue according to increasing blood latic acid level. After golf rounding, vitamin C and E ingestion are critical factors for anti-oxidants. Theses nutritional considerations and education for golf athletes would improve golf performance.

The purpose of this study was to figure out the differences of physical strength, body balance, and body composition between 10 athletes who had worked or were working as regular members of the national golf team and 10 high school athletes registered with the Korea Golf Association. For detailed variables of measurements, with regard to physical strength, we measured forward and backward trunk flexions for flexibility, grip strength (left and right hands) and abdominal muscle strength for muscular strength, push-ups and sit-ups for muscular endurance, and sergeant jump for elastic strength; with regard to body balance, we measured left and right arms, trunk, left and right legs; with regard to body composition, we measured total body water, body fat mass, percentage body fat, percentage abdominal fat and body mass index. To figure out the differences between the two groups, we carried out independent t-tests using the statistics package program SPSS 12.0, with the significance level of 5%. The results were as follows: first, significant differences were found regarding physical strength in backward body bending (p<.001) for flexibility, left hand grip strength (p<.05) and abdominal muscle strength (p<.05) for muscular strength, and push-ups (p<.05) for muscular endurance; second, with regard to body balance, significant differences were found in right arm (p<.05), right leg (p<.05), and left leg (p<.01). Third, with regard to body composition, significant differences were found in body fat mass (p<.05), percentage body fat (p<.05), percentage abdominal fat (p<.05), and body mass index (p<.01).

This study was to find out whether taping can improve the golf drive distance of pro golfers. The study consisted of applying the taping measures to 10 professional golfers and observe its effects, before and after such measure. The taping was applied to the upper body muscles; trapezius, deltoid muscle, pectoral muscle, and on the latissimus dorsi. And also for the lower body muscles; Rectus Femoris Muscle, gastrocnemius, Tibialis Anterior, and on the sartorius. All the data obtained from the measurements made from this study were dealt with the SPSS win 12.0 program. The mean and the standard deviation of the measurement figures of each golfers tested, were calculated. The difference verification of each taping measure made for measurements, were made by the t-test. The level of significance for all statistical analysis was set at p<.05. A basic training that consist of explanation of test methods and the anticipated changes to the drive distance after taping, was given to the golfers undergoing this test. As for the real test procedure, the differences between the driver distance measured, before and after taping were compared and analyzed. Specifically, the 5 measurements were made for 5 drive swings, and after taping, 30 minutes were given for rest, before undergoing another 5 measurements. Results obtained from this study are as the following. First, whole average driver distance of flying increases +7.9 m more than without taping. Second, in case of azimuth, taping makes swing more effective as measuring ±1.3° in error range. Third, in case of launch angle, we can see azimuth 2.17° lower because of increasing swing speed and conceive of rising distance, taping rather than not to do so.

This study was conducted to find the effects of using PGR of trinexapac-ethyl on incline, which requires wide surface treatment.This study focused on finding the more effective way of PGR treatment based on the results of different amount of water treatment. The following are the results, In terms of turf length, we controlled the most when we used 150ml of water per ㎡, 250ml per ㎡ and non- treatment of water respectively. But, there could not find much difference between 150ml and 250 ml of water. In addition, there was not much difference between the PGR treatment and non-treatment after 4 weeks. In result of visual quality, 150ml of water scored highest, followed by non-treatment, and 250 ml respectively. I hope this study helps superintendent to find more effective way of applying PGR on the incline.